英美文学复习提纲

OutlineforReview复习提纲I.Fillintheblanks.RobinsonCrusoeanadventurestoryisuniversallyconsideredasDanielDefoesmasterpiece.Beowulf\sapaganpoemdescribinganall-roundpictureofthetribalsociety.BeowulfdescribestheexploitsofaScandinaviaheroBeowulfinfightingagainstthemonsterGrendelhisrevengefulmotherandafire-breathingdragon.TheworkthatpresentedforthefirsttimeinEnglishliteratureacomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeismostlikelyGeoffreyChaucersTheCanterburyTalesAlfredtheGreatisnotonlyaprosewriterbutalsoakingofWessex.Theherointheromanceisusuallythe.knightInEnglishpoetryafbur-linestanzaiscalledquatrain.GeofferyChaucerthe“fatherofEnglishpoetry“andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetryofEnglandwasborninLondonabout

1340.“Readingmakethafullmanconferenceareadymanandwritinganexactmanisoneoftheepigramsfoundin“isoneoftheepigramsfoundinFrancisbaconsOfstudies\.Ofallthe18thecenturynovelistsHenryFieldingwasthefirsttosetoutintheoryandpracticetowritespeciallya“comicepicinprose”andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.ModernEnglishnovelaroseinthe18thcentury.In1765becauseBritainhadaccumulatedlargedebtsfromthewarwithFranceParliamentpassedtheStampActinordertogeneraterevenuesthatwouldhelppayforthecostofmaintainingapermanentforceofBritishtroopsinNorthAmerica.TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementgoingonthroughoutEuropeinthe18thcentury.“IfwintercomescanspringbefarbehindistakenfromOdetotheWestWind西风颂.AllthefollowingarenovelswrittenbyJaneAustenEXCEPTShirley.A.MansfieldPark《曼斯斐尔德花园》B.Shirley小说《雪莉》作者•洛蒂・勃朗特【曾写过《简transmission.Itisanimportantfeatureinthe15thcenturyandaliteratureofEnglishpeoplepeasants.Astorytoldinsongusuallyin4-linestanzaswiththe2ndandthe4thlinesrhymed.Metaphysicalpoetry:玄学;派诗歌metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.2witharebelliousspiritthemetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanorNeoclassicalperiodsandechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.Romanticism浪漫主义1inthemid-18thcenturyanewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.2itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicismwhichemphasizedreasonorderandelegantwit.Insteadromanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassionemotionandnaturalbeauty.3Inthehistoryofliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstosectheindividualasthecenterofalllifeandexperience.4theEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetry.ThisprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to

1832.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworthByronandShelly.Enlighlenment:启蒙运动EnlightenmentwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.2itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophicalandartisticideas.3itcelebratedreasonorrationalityequalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.IV.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothefollowingpassage.Passage1OliverTwistandhiscompanionssufferedthetorturesofslowstarvationforthreemonths atlasttheygotsovoraciousandwildwithhungerthatoneboywhowastallforhisageandhadntbeenusedtothatsortofthingforhisfatherhadkeptasmallcook-shophinteddarklytohiscompanionsthatunlesshehadanotherbasinofgruelperdiemhewasafraidhemightsomenighthappentoeattheboywhosleptnexthimwhohappenedtobeaweaklyyouthoftenderage.Questions:Whichnovelarethelinesabovequotedfrom■—OliverTwistWhoistheauthorofthenovel一CharlesDickensSummarizethelinesabove:---Oliverandhisyoungcompanionssufferthetorturesofslowstarvation.MOnenightatdinneronechildtellstheothersthatifhedoesnothaveanotherbowlofgruelhemighteatoneofthem.Passage2Thebowlsneverwantedwashingneededwashing.Theboyspolishedthemwiththeirspoonstilltheyshoneagain孩子们非用汤匙把碗刮得重乂明光铮亮了才住手；andwhentheyhadperformedthisoperationwhichnevertookverylongthespoonsbeingnearlyaslargeasthebowlstheywouldsitstaringalthecopperwithsucheagereyesasiftheycouldhavedevouredtheverybricksofwhichitwascomposed；employingthemselvesmeanwhileinsuckingtheirfingersmostassiduouslysuckingtheirfingerswithallonesmight;closelywiththeviewofcatchingupanystraysplashesneverlettingpassanyfallingstrayofgruelthatmighthavebeencastthrownthereon.Boyshavegenerallyexcellentappetites.粥碗从来用不着洗，孩子们非用汤匙把碗刮得重又明光铮亮了才住手进行这一道工序的时候这绝对花不了多少时间，汤匙险些就有碗那般大了，他们坐在那儿眼巳巴地瞅着钢锅，恨不得把垫锅的砖也给吞下去，与此同时，他们下死劲地吸着手指头，决不放过可能掉落下来的汁水粥粒男孩子大都有一副呱呱叫的好胃口Questions:Whichnovelarethelinesabovequotedfrom--OliverTwistWhoistheauthorofthepoem一CharlesDickensSummarizethelinesabove.―Inthispartthedetaileddescriptionofchildrensexpressionduringthemealsisquiteexciting:polishedthemwiththeirspoonstilltheyshoneagainstaringatthecopperwithsucheagereyesasiftheycouldhavedevouredtheverybricksofwhichitwascomposedsuckingtheirfingersmostassiduouslywiththeviewofcatchingupanystraysplashesofgruelthatmighthavebeencastthereonetc.SoisthedescriptionofthemasterMr.BumbleandMr.LimbkinssresponsetoOliversaskingforsomemoreporridge.Thisisasuperlativeirony.此外，这部分关于孩子们吃粥时的细节描写也非常精影:“用汤匙把碗刮得干干净净，重新又闪闪发亮/眼巴巴地盯着那口大铜锅恨不得能把那些搭锅的砖头也吃下去不停地吸着手指头，指望能把偶尔溅到手指上的一点粥吃到”等当然对于大师傅，班布尔先生以及林金斯先生在听到奥利弗要求多给些粥时反应的描写也同样精彰此处讽刺的描写达到了极致Passage3Ihadthreeencouragement.

1.Asmoothcalmsea.

2.Thetiderisingandsettingintotheshore.

3.Whatlittlewindtherewasblewmetowardstheland.AndthushavingfoundtwoorthreebrokenoarsbelongingtotheboatandbesidesthetoolswhichwereinthechestIfoundtwosawsanaxeandahammerandwiththiscargoIputtosea.ForamileorthereaboutsmyraftwentverywellonlythatIfounditdrivealittledistantfromtheplacewhereIhadlandedbeforebywhichIperceivedthattherewassomeindraftofthewaterandconsequentlyIhopedtofindsomecreekorrivertherewhichImightmakeuseofasaporttogettolandwithmycargo.Questions:Whichnovelarethelinesabovequotedfrom…RobinsonCrusoeWhoistheauthorofthepoem—DanielDefoeMakeabriefcommentontheheroofthenovel--RobinsonCrusoeisoneoftheprotagonistdrawnmostsuccessfullyinEnglishnovels.Heisdepictedasaherostrugglingagainstnatureandhumanfatewithhisindomitablewillandhand.Fromanindividuallabourertoamasterandcolonizerhestandsforthebourgeoiscreativitywhenitwasarisingandmoreenergeticclassintheinitialstageofitshistoricaldevelopment.Passage4Thewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOut-didthesparklingwavesingleeApoetcouldnotbutbegay.Insuchajocundcompany:Igazed-andgazed-butlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbroughtQuestions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--IWanderedLonelyasaCloudWhoistheauthorofthework—WilliamWordsworthSummarizethestanzaabove---Thewavesofthelakedancedmerrilybutthedaffodilsoutdidthemingleeandthepoetcouldonlybehappyinsuchajoyfulcompany.Thetradercaughtafullglimpseofherjustasshewasdisappearingdownthebank;andthrowinghimselffromhishorseandcallingloudlyonSaniandAndyhewasafterherlikeahoundafteradeer.Inthatdizzymomentherfeettoherscarceseemedtotouchthegroundandamomentbroughthertothewatersedge.Rightonbehindtheycame;andnervedwithstrengthsuchasGodgivesonlytothedesperatewithonewildcryandflyingleapshevaultedsheerovertheturbidcurrentbytheshoreontotheraftoficebeyond.Itwasadesperateleap-impossibletoanythingbutmadnessanddespair;...Thehugegreenfragmentoficeonwhichshealightedpitchedandcreakedasherweightcameonitbutshestaidtherenotamoment.Withwildcriesanddesperateenergysheleapedtoanotherandstillanothercake;stumbling-leaping-slipping-springingupwardsagain!Hershoesaregone-herstockingscutfromherfeet—whilebloodmarkedeverystep;butshesawnothingfellnothingtilldimlyasinadreamshesawtheOhiosideandamanhelpingherupthebank.Questions:Whichbookisthisparttakenfrom--FromafamousnovelentitledUncleTomsCabin.Theauthorofthebookis-HarrietBeecherStoweSumupthepartabove.―ShethrowsopenthedoortoherroomwhichfacestherivergrabsHarryandleapsovertherushingcurrentsontoaraftofice.Passage6Somebooksaretobetastedotherstobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatissomebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstobereadbutnotwithcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwhollyandwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputyandextractsmadeofthembyothersbutthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantargumentsandthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters.Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--OfStudiesWhoistheauthorofthework-FrancisBaconSummarizethemainideaofthewhole---ItanalyzestheuseofstudiesthedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudiesAndhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Passage7Abooklayspreadonthesillbeforeherandthescarcelyperceptiblewindfluttereditsleavesatintervals.IbelieveLintonhadlaiditthere:forsheneverendeavouredtodivertherselfwithreadingoroccupationofanykindandhewouldspendmanyanhourintryingtoenticeherattentiontosomesubjectwhichhadformerlybeenheramusement.Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--WitheringHeightsWhoistheauthorofthework一EmilyBronteSummarizethepassageabove---Lintonherhusbandhadlaidabookonthesillbeforeherhewouldspendmanyanhourintryingtoattractherattentiontosomesubjectwhichhadformerlybeenheramusement.Passage8ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkywayTheystretchedinnever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabayTenthousandsawIataglanceTossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom---1WanderedLonelyasaCloudWhoistheauthorofthework…WilliamWordsworthSummarizethestanzaabove---Hecatchesholdofafieldofdaffodilsbesidealakedancingflutteringandstretchingendlesslyalongtheshore.Passage9Clareperformedtheirrelevantactofstirringthefire;theintelligencehadnotevenyetgottothebottomofhim.Afterstirringtheembersherosetohisfeet;alltheforceofherdisclosurehadimparteditselfmow.Hisfacehadwithered.Inthestrenuousnessofhisconcentrationhetreadledfitfullyonthefloor.Hecouldnotbyanycontrivancethinkcloselyenough;thatwasthemeaningofhisvaguemovement.Whenhespokeitwasinthemostinadequatecommonplacevoiceofthemanyvariedtonesshehadheardfromhim.“Tess!”“Yesdearesl.”“AmItobelievethisFromyourmannerIamtotakeitastrue.Oyoucannotbeoutofmind!Yououghttobe!Yetyouarenot...MywifeMyTessnothinginyourwarrantssuchasuppositionasthat”“Iamnotoutofmymind.Shesaid.“AndyetHelookedvacantlyathertoresumewithdazedsenses:WhydidntyoutellmebeforeAhyesyouwouldhavetoldmeinawaybutIhinderedyouIremember!^^“Inthenameofourloveforgiveme!”shewhisperedwithadrymouth.Ihaveforgivenyouforthesame!”Andashedidnotanswershesaidagain“Forgivemeasyouareforgiven!Iforgiveyou;Angel.”“Youyesyoudo.”“Buiyoudonotforgiveme^^“OTessforgivenessdoesnotapplytothecase!Youwereoneperson;nowyouareanother.MyGodhowcanforgivenessmeetsuchagrotesqueprestidigitationasthat^^^Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--TessoftheDurbevillesWhoistheauthorofthework—ThomasHardySummarizethepassageabove-InthepassageTessConfessesafterClarehadtoldheraneveningofdebaucheryinhispastandshehadforgivenhimofheraffairwithAlecinthehopeofhisforgivingness.ButtohersurpriseClareisstunnedandthenfeelssohurtthatherefusestospeaktoher.ClarethinksitistoomuchforhimtoforgivethushetellsTessthatsheisnotthewomanhelovesandmarriesbutastrangerwhoisbeyondhisacquaintance.TheincidenthighlightstheselfishnessandhypocrisyofAngelClareinstringcontrastwiththefranknessandhonestyofTess.DeathbenotproudthoughsomehavecalledtheeMightyanddreadfulforthouartnotsoForthosewhomthouthinkstthoudostoverthrowDienotpoordeathnoryetcanstthoukillme；FromrestandsleepwhichbutthypicturesbeMuchpleasurethenfromthccmuchmoremustflowAndsoonestourbestmenwiththeedogoRestoftheirbonesandsoulsdelivery.ThouartslavetofatechancekingsanddesperatemenAnddostwithpoisonwarandsicknessdwellAndpoppyorcharmscanmakeussleepaswellAndbetterthanthystroak；whyswellstthouthenOneshortsleeppastwewakeeternallyAnddeathshallbenomore；Deaththoushaltdie.死神，你莫骄傲，尽管有人说你如何强大，如何可怕，你并不是这样；你以为你把谁谁谁打倒了，其实，可怜的死神，他们没死；你现在也还杀不死我休息、睡眠，这些不过是你的写照，既能给人享受，那你本人提供的一定更多；我们最美好的人随你去得越早，越能早日获得身体的休息，灵魂的解脱你是命运、机会、君主、亡命徒的奴隶，你和毒药、战争、疾病同住在一起，罂粟和咒符和你的打击相比，同样，甚至更能催我入睡；那你何必趾高气扬呢？睡了一小觉之后，我们便永远觉醒了，再也不会有死亡，你死神也将死去Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--DeathbenotproudWhoistheauthorofthework—JohnDonneExplain“deaththoushalldie”—Christianideathatafteronesdeathhemayhaveeternityoflifeinthissensethereisnodeath.Passage11Thesameconvictionhadstrickenhimasmefromtheinstanthebeheldherthattherewasnoprospectofultimaterecoverythere—shewasfatedsuretodie.OhCathy!Ohmylife!howcanIbearitwasthefirstsentenceheutteredinatonethatdidnotseektodisguisehisdespair.Questions:WhichworkisthepassagequotedfromiHeightsWhoistheauthorofthework…EmilyBronteSummarizethepassageabove-TheinstanthebeheldCatherineHeathcliffgottheconvictionthatshewasfatedsuretodie.HeregardedCatherineashislifehisonlymeaningoflife.Heathcliffwasingreatdespair.Passage12OmyluveloveislikearedredroseThatsnewlysprunginJune;OmyluveislikethemelodicThatssweetlyplayedintune.Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom一ARedRedRoseWhoistheauthorofthework―RobertBurnsSummarizethepassageabove-Thebeautyofmylovecanbecomparedwitharedroseandthesweetvoiceandshapeofmylovearelikepieceofsoftmusic.Passage13TillatheseasgangdrymydearAndtherocksmeltwi*thesun;AndIwillluvetheestillmydearWhilethesandsolifeshallrun.Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--ARedRedRoseWhoistheauthorofthework…RobertBurns.Summarizethepassageabove-MydearIwillloveyoutillalltheseasgodryandtherocksmeltwiththesun.IwillloveyoufirmlysolongthereisalifekeepingtimeorIwillloveyouuntiltheendofmylife.Passage14Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofagoodwife.Questions:Whichworkisthepassagequotedfrom--ThePrideandPrejudiceWhoistheauthorofthework一JaneAustenSummarizethefunctionofthissentenceforthenovel---ItbrisklyintroducesthearrivalofMr.BingleyatNetherfieldtheeventthatsetsthenovelinmotion.Passage15Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;NorshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshadeWhenineternallinestotimethougrowst:SolongasmencanbreathoreyescanseeSolonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.Questions:WhichworkisthepassagequotedfromiSonnet18Whoistheauthorofthework—WilliamShakespeareSummarizethestanzaabove-Anicesummersdayisusuallytransientbutthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.VTranslationPutthefollowingCommentintoEnglish.生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹抿一口留在口中回味，它的廿甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨与智慧Keytotranslation:Lifeislikeacupofwine;peoplewholoveitdiscoverinexhaustiblewondersfromit.Holdinthehandandgazeatitthedarkredcolorisreminiscentofthebloodwhichistheimpressoflife.Takeasipofitandappreciatethetastethebittersweetflavorisexactlythesamewithlifewhichiscomplicatedandblurred.Oncethesipisswallowedthelingeringfragrancepleasestheheartandrefreshesthemindleavingapersonlifelongbenefit.Therewasaremarkableresemblancebetweenlifeandwine:thetastebecomesmoredeliciousasthewinemellowsjustaslifegetsbetterasitbecomesmoreabundant.Whenlifecomestotwilightyearsitlookscalmandtastesfullofwisdomandgenerosityjustlikeabottleofwinetobesavored.PutthefollowingCommentintoChinese.RobinsonnamedthesavageFridayandtoldhimthathisownnamewas*master*whichformallyestablishedthemaster-and-senzantrelationshipbetweenthem.FromRobinsonspointofviewhewasdoubtlesslyaconqueroranddominator.Sofarhehadbecomearealcolonistfromaformerlaborerandexploiter.OfcoursehewasnotacommonlaborerbutanexploiterfromthecapitalistsocietyaswellasarealcolonistwithgreatdesireofappropriationandthecomingofFridaydemonstratedthebeginningofRobinsonspatriarchalcolonyandrealizationofhisempiredreamMeanwhileRobinsontaughthimEnglishgavehimmilkandbreadfordrinkingandeatingandeducatedhimtobeacivilizedman.Allthesewereactuallyasortofspiritualcolonization.鲁滨逊将野人取名为“星期五”，并告诉他自己的名字叫“主人”的言行正式界定了他们之间的主仆关系在鲁滨逊心目中，他理所当然的是征服者、支配者，至此他从一个早期的“劳动者”、”开拓者”成为真正意义上的“殖民者”当然鲁滨逊并不是一般意义上的劳动者，而是以“占有”为目的的资本主义拓荒人一个不折不扣的殖民主义者“星期五”的到来表明鲁滨逊父权制殖民地的开始和帝国梦想的实现同时，鲁滨逊还教他英语，给他吃羊奶和面包，对其进行文明教化爱》】C.Emma《爱玛》D.Persuasion《劝导》奥斯丁的六部小说《理智与感伤》1811《傲慢与偏见》1813《曼斯斐尔德花园》1814《爱玛》1815以及作者逝世以后出版的《诺桑觉修道院》1818和《劝导》

1818.In1843Wordsworthwasmadepoetlaureate桂冠诗人.TheRomanticperiodisagreatageofallliterarygenresEXCEPTdrama.WhichofthefollowingplacedocsGullivervisitfirstinGulliversTravelsLilliput.Inwhichnovelcan“Yahoo“befound.JonathanSwiftsGulliversTravels“ShaHIcomparetheetoasummersday”ThisisthebeginninglineofShakespeares.sonnetsTheriseandgrowsofrealisticnovelisthemostprominentachievementofthe18thcenturyEnglishliteraturewhichhasgiventheworldsuchwritersasDanielDefoeJonathanswiftandHenryfielding.ThomasHardy\worksarcknownas“novelsofcharactersandenvironment”.TessoftheDUrberviHesoneofThomasHardysbest-knownnovelsportraysmanashavingnocontroloverhisownfate.《德伯家的苔丝》TessoftheDUrbervilles1891是他最优秀的小说，写出身贫苦的少女苔丝被本家恶少亚雷・德伯奸污，后在牛奶场当了挤奶工，不久与牧师之子克莱相爱、结婚，新婚夜坦诚地向克莱讲了往事，结果遭弃，最后她杀死亚雷，被判绞刑Inliteratureastoryinverseorprosewithadoublemeaningisdefinedasallegory.Allegoryisadeviceinwhichcharactersoreventsrepresentorsymbolizeideasandconcepts.WhydoesGawaintaketheladysgreengirdleBecausehedoesntwanttodie.Theherointheromanceisusuallytheknight.WhichofthefollowingplaysdoesnotbelongtoShakespeare\greattragediesRomeoandJuliet.A.OthelloB.MacbethC.RomeoandJulietD.Hamlet莎士比亚四大悲剧，包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》ShakespeariansonnetisalsocalledElizabethansonnet.ItisdifferentfromPetrarchanorItaliansonnetinitsmetricalform.Shakespeariansonnetconsistsofthreequatrainsandacoupletwiththerhymeschemeababededefefgg.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.其实质就是精神殖民PutthefollowingCommentintoEnglish.《呼啸山庄》WMzeMig中的爱情几乎是一种病态的爱情morbidlove通过这种描写，作者强烈地抨击了奥本主义制度下的婚姻观念和社会偏见希斯克里夫与凯瑟琳之间的爱ThelovebetweenHeathcliffandCatherine实际上是对传统的道德观念和社会规范的挑战小说的场景奇特，故事情节生动感人，具有哥特式小说的特点小说采用了间接叙述的方法，是一个框架似的故事，两位故事叙述人奶妈爱伦丁太太和房客洛克伍德先生Mrs.EllenDeanandMr.Lockwood冷静理智，他们的讲述使这个难以让人相信的故事变得令人信服难怪许多评论家认为埃米莉・勃朗特是三姐妹中最有天赋的一个WutheringHeightsisastoryofalmostmorbidloveaswellasapowerfulattackonthebourgeoismarriagesystemaridsocialprejudice.ThelovebetweenHeathcliffandCatherineisreallyagreatchallengetothetraditionalmoralvaluesandtheestablishedinstitutions.ThescenesinthenovelarcquitedramaticandthestoryismostexcitingjustlikeaGothicnovel.Itisaframestory:storywithinanotherstorywithtwosensiblenarratorsMrs.EllenDeanandMr.Lockwoodtomakeanalmostunbelievablestorybelievable.NowondersomecriticstakeEmilyBronteasthemostgiftedofthethreesisters.PutthefollowingCommentintoChinese.WitheringHeightsexposesthepictureofoneabnormalsocietyandthedistortedhumanitythroughalovetragedywhichdescribestheseriesofhorrifyingstoriesbyfourstagesinsuccession.ThemajordevelopmentlineandhighlightwasthedeephatredloverevengeandtherecoveringhumanityofHithcliff.Accordingtothislinethisstorywasconstructedinthetoneofmysteriousandhorribleambience.Sometimesitwascarriedoutinaghastlyatmospherewailinglikeghostsoritwasplottedinagruesomeyardinaviolentstorm.WitheringHeightshasbeenseenasthemostspecialnovelandamysteriousstrangebookinthenovelhistoryofBritain.Justlikeapieceofunusuallyricpoetrywithrichimaginationandhurricane-likefierceemotionamongitswordsithasaheart-shockingartforce.Inthisnovelnatureastheshelterfortheprotagoniststoescapefromtheirfamilyformsthestrikingcontrastwiththeclosenessanddepressionoffamily.〈呼啸山庄〉通过一个爱情悲剧，向人们展示了一幅畸形社会的生活画面，勾勒出被这个畸形社会扭曲了的人性及其造成的种种恐怖的故事情节整个故事的情节实际上是通过四个阶段逐步铺开的:希斯克利夫的爱、恨、复仇、人性的复苏0它们既是小说的精髓部分，又是贯穿始终的一条基线作者依此脉络，谋篇布局，把场景安排得玄妙莫测，有时在阴云密布、鬼哭狼嚎的旷野，有时乂是在风狂雨骤、阴森惨暗的庭院，故事始终笼罩在一种神秘和恐怖的气氛之中..〈呼啸山庄〉出版后一直被人认为是英国文学史上一部最富奇特激情的作品，是一部玄妙莫测的怪诞小说它宛如一首奇特的诗，字里行间充满着丰富的想象和暴风般猛烈的情感，其艺术力最极具震撼力，经久不衰在小说中，大自然作为男女主人公逃避家庭痛苦的避难所，与封闭和压抑的家形成了鲜明的对照PutthefollowingCommentintoChinese.Thiswell-knownsoliloquyexactlyexpressesHamletsindecisiveness.Themelancholyprinceisponderingonthequestionoflifeanddeaththinkingthatdeathmaybeagoodmeansofescapefromthisworldthatisfullofuslingsandarrows”theinjusticeconspiracyandthebetrayalinthesociety.Butfearofdeathutheundiscoveredcounlry”makeshimratherbearthesufferingsinthisworld.Italsoshowshisutterworldwearinessandhisdisillusionmentwiththecorruptanddegeneratedsocietyinwhichhelives.InthisplayShakespearesingshighpraiseofthenoblequalityofthePrince.这一有名的独白准确地表现了哈姆雷特王子的优柔寡断忧郁的王子思考着是生存还是死亡的问题，认为死亡也许是逃离这个充满了不公、阴谋和背叛的“剑林弹雨”的世界的最好的方式但是对死亡的惧怕一一这一未被发现的国度一一使他宁愿忍受这世间的痛苦这一独白也反映了哈姆雷特的厌世情绪和他对这个腐败堕落的世界完全失望的心境在这个喜剧中，莎士比亚歌颂了哈姆雷特王子的人文主义思想和高尚的品格PutthefollowingCommentintoChinese.“Renaissance“isaFrenchwordthatmeans“rebirth”.TheRenaissancefirstbeganinItalyinthe13thand14thcenturiesanditwasarebirthoflearningandart.InliteratureDantePetrarchBoccacciowereprominent.TheRenaissancespreadgraduallyalloverEuropeandgottoEnglandinthe16thcentury.OneofthefeaturesoftheRenaissanceisthethirstycuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureespeciallyGreekandRomanliterature.Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestinmanandhumanactivities.文艺复兴是一个法语词，意思是“再生”文艺复兴起源于13世纪和14世纪间的意大利，是文学艺术和知识的复兴但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘都是这一时期文学界的解除代表文艺复兴的影响逐步遍及整个欧洲，于16世纪到达英国文艺复兴的特点之一是人们对于古典文学，尤其是对古希腊和古罗马文学表现出极大的兴趣和渴望，另一个特点是对人和人的活动给予热情的关注JonathanSwift1667-1745wasagreatpoliticalessayistandsatiristofthe18thcentury.HewasborninDublinIrelandofEnglishparents.Hisfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.HehadtoacceptaidfromhisrelativesandfinishedhisstudyatDublinUniversity.Afterhisgraduationheworkedassecretaryinthehouseofadistantrelativewherehewaslookeduponasaservant.GulliversTravelsisanoutstandingsatiricalbookwhichisdividedintofourparts:1avoyagetoLilliput;2avoyagetoBrobdingnag;3avoyagetoLaputaLuggnaggGlubbdubdribandJapan;4avoyagetothecountryofHouyhnhnms.TheplotofthebookcomprisestheextraordinaryadventuresofDoctorLemuelGulliverdescriptionoffantasticlandsvisitedbyhimtheirsocialsystemswaysandcustomsofthepeople.乔纳森・斯威夫特1667-1745是18世纪伟大的政论文家和讽刺家他出生在爱尔兰的都柏林，父母是英国人在他未出生前父亲去世所以他是靠亲戚的接济完成了在都柏林大学的学业毕业后，斯威夫特在一个远亲的家里当秘也地位如间仆人《格利佛游记》是一部杰出的讽刺作品这部作品共分为四部分1小人国游记;2大人国游记;3飞岛等列国游记;4智马国游记该书主要讲述了主人公莱缪尔・格利佛医生非同寻常的冒险经历，描述了他曾到过的奇异国度，以及那里的社会制度、风土人情V.literaryEssaywritingTheStoryandCharacteristicsofOliverTwistOliverTwistisCharlesDickensfirstimportantnovelaboutsocialproblems.IttellsthestoryofanorphanboyOliverTwistwhowasborninaworkhouseandbroughtupunderextremelycruelconditions.OliversuffersalotalthehandsofBumbletheparishbeadle.《奥利佛•退斯特》是狄更斯描写社会问题的第一部重要小说firstimportantnovelaboutsocialproblemso小说讲述『一个名叫奥利佛・退斯特的孤儿的故事奥利佛・退斯特出生在一所济贫院，在极其恶劣的环境中长大borninaworkhouseandbroughtupunderextremelycruelconditions在教区执事班坡的手下受尽折磨suffersalotatthehandsofBumbletheparishbeadleo后来他到一家殡葬馆当学徒，同样遭到虐待Aftertheexperienceofanunhappyapprenticeshiptoanundertakero奥利佛逃到伦敦却不幸落入一个偷盗团伙的魔掌，这个团伙的头目是一个名叫费金的犹太人他们想方设法教唆奥利佛偷盗ranawaytoLondonwherehefallsintothehandsofagangofthieveswhoseheadistheoldJewFaginoAftertheexperienceofanunhappyapprenticeshiptoanundertakerheranawaytoLondonwherehefallsintothehandsofagangofthieveswhoseheadistheoldJewFagin.TheymakeeveryefforttoconvertOliverintoathiefandabadpersonnamedMonksissomehowinterestedinkeepingtheboyinthegang.IntheendthethievesarearrestedandFaginisexecuted.MonksiscompelledtoconfessthatheisthehalfbrotherofOliver.HetrieshisbesttoruinOliverinordertogetthewholeofhisfathersproperty.Thestoryendshappily.OliverisadoptedbyMr.Brownlowhisfathersfriend.Monksdiesinprison.他们想方设法教唆奥利佛偷盗makeeveryefforttoconvertOliverintoathiefo这时，一个名为蒙克斯的人对奥利佛颇感兴趣abadpersonnamedMonksissomehowinterested极力要把奥利佛留在盗窃团伙里inkeepingtheboyinthegango几经磨难，最后盗匪们被抓住，费金被处死，蒙克斯被迫讲出真相，原来他是奥利佛・退斯特的哥哥，他竭尽全力毁掉奥利佛目的是得到父亲的全部遗产trieshisbesttoruinOliverinordertogetthewholeofhisfatherspropertyo故事的结尾endshappily皆大欢喜，奥利佛被父亲的朋友布朗劳收养、蒙克斯死在监狱adoptedbyMr.Brownlow...Monksdiesinprison.ThroughthedescriptionoftheadventuresofOliverTwistDickensexposestheinhumanityofcitylifeundercapitalistsystem.ThefirstelevenchaptersofthenovelprovideabittercondemnationoftheterribleconditionsintheEnglishworkhouseofthetimeandthecrueltreatmentoftheboybytheso-calledphilanthropists.通过对奥利佛•退斯特一系列的历险故事的描写theadventuresofOliverTwist狄更斯揭露了在资本主义制度下悲惨的城市生活exposestheinhumanityofcitylifeundercapitalistsystem小说是对当时济贫院里的恶劣条件provideabittercondemnationoftheterribleconditionsintheEnglishworkhouseofthelime以及那些所谓的慈善家们虐待儿童的恶行的控诉andthecrueltreatmentoftheboybytheso-calledphilanthropistso小说生动地描写了伦敦的下层社会knownforitsvividdescriptionoftheunderworldofLondon抒发了作者对穷苦大众的深切同情andfortheauthorssympathytowardsthepoor许多评论家指出asmanycriticshaveremarked狄更斯对善必胜恶必败的坚定信念是他的小说皆大欢喜的结局Thehappyendingofthenovel的根本原因probablytheresultofDickensoptimisticbeliefintheinevitabletriumphofgoodoverevil.ThehappyendingofthenovelasmanycriticshaveremarkedisprobablytheresultofDickens1optimisticbeliefintheinevitabletriumphofgoodoverevil.例如盗窃团伙的头目费金残忍之极，让读者难以相信，而奥利佛退斯特懦弱之极，也难让人信服JaneAustensWritingStyle简•奥斯丁的写作风格一JaneAustensworkscriticizethenovelsinsensibilityinthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcenturyandarepartofthetransitiontonineteenth-centuryRealism.AlthoughlivingthroughtheperiodoftheIndustrialRevolutionthisgreathistoricalchangeneverhadanyinfluenceonherworks.Thestoriesandthecharactersinherpenarealloflyricalandpastoralflavor.Austenlivedinasmalltownwhatshecontactedwerecountryclergymenlandownersandrectorsaswellastheircomfortableandcalmlifesohernovelsdescribedanarrowrangeofsocietyandevents;aquietprosperousmiddle-classcircleinprovincial乡下的surroundingswithawomanskeenobservation敏锐的观察力andpenetratinginsight领悟.OwingtoherlivingenvironmentandlimitedpersonalexperiencesAustensfieldofversion描述oftenfocusedontheordinarysimplelifeandtheassociationofthemiddle-classfamiliesinvillageswithwhichshewasquitefamiliar.Herworknevertoucheduponthethemesofsexviolencedeathdramaticconflictsandtragediesaboutwhichthewritersinthepasttookdelightintalkingwhatshewasconcernedaboutwereeverydaycomicsinvillagefamiliesespeciallythecomicexperienceofprovincialgirlshuntingforhusbands.TheBennetdaughtersinPrideandPrejudicearethoselikethat.TheAnalysisofMajorCharactersElizabethBennet-TheseconddaughterintheBennetfamilyandthemostintelligentandquick-witted伊丽莎白:贝纳特家的二女儿，聪明机智，Elizabethistheprotagonist主角ofPrideandPrejudiceandoneofthemostwell-knownfemalecharactersinEnglishliterature.Heradmirablequalitiesarenumerous—sheislovelycleverandinanoveldefinedbydialoguesheconverses谈吐asbrillianllyasanyone.贝纳特家的二女儿，聪明机智伊丽莎白是《傲慢与偏见》的女主角，也是英国文学作品中最著名的女性角色之一她具有很多优点一可爱，聪明，从她机智的谈吐中可以发现她不逊色于小说中任何一个人物Herhonestyvirtue美德andlivelywit力“智enablehertoriseabovethenonsenseandbadbehaviorthatpervade遍及herclass-boundandoftenspitefulsociety.Neverthelesshersharptongueandtendencytomakehastyjudgmentsoftenleadherastray;她的诚实、美德和机智使她超越了充斥着那个讲究阶级差别、常常带有恶意的社会的蠢言恶行但是，她的伶牙俐齿和匆忙下结论的习惯常常使她误入歧途AlthoughnotsobeautifulasheroldersisterJaneElizabethisquiteattractive.HerstrikingeyesandflashingwitdenoteapersonalityeverybitthematchforDarcys.PrideandPrejudiceisessentiallythestoryofhowsheandhertrueloveDarcyovercomeallobstacles—includingtheirownpersonalfailings—tofindromantichappiness.Elizabethmustnotonlycopewithahopelessmotheradistantfathertwobadlybehavedyoungersiblings姐妹，andseveralsnobbishantagonizingfemalesshemustalsoovercomeherownmistakenimpressionsofDarcywhichinitiallyleadhertorejecthisproposalsofmarriage.AndherrealizationofDarcysessentialgoodnesseventuallytriumphsoverherinitialprejudiceagainsthim.她那跳动的眼神和惹人注目的智慧都意味着她和达西的性格极其相似小说的故事就是围绕她如何克服重重障碍一包括她的个人缺点一追求幸福的故事情节展开的伊丽莎白要应付的不仅仅是她不可救药的母亲，冷漠的父亲，两个举止鲁莽的妹妹以及身边几个势利的令人反感的女人，她还要克服自己对达西的偏见，正是这种偏见让她一度拒绝了达西的求婚她最终认识到了达西高货的人格也认识到了自己当初对达西错误的偏见FitzwilliamDarcy舟GThesonofawealthywell-establishedfamilyandthemasterofthegreatestateofPemberleyDarcyisElizabethsmalecounterpart匹酉己.ThenarratorrelatesElizabethspointofviewofeventsmoreoftenthanDarcyssoElizabethoftenseemsamoresympatheticfigure.ThereadereventuallyrealizeshoweverthatDarcyisheridealmatch.Intelligentandforthrighthetoohasatendencytojudgetoohastilyandharshlyandhishighbirthandwealthmakehimoverlyproudandoverlyconsciousofhissocialstatus过度关注自己的社会地位.Indeedhishaughtinessmakeshiminitiallybunglehiscourtship.InthebeginningofthestoryataballDarcyhaughtilyrefusestodancewithElizabethwhichmakeseveryoneviewhimasarrogantandobnoxious讨庆.他矜持自负，拒绝与伊丽莎白跳舞，大家觉得他高傲和令人庆恶Atsocialfunctions*舌动oversubsequent后来数周weekshoweverMr.DarcyfindshimselfincreasinglyattractedtoElizabethscharmandintelligence开始为伊丽莎白的魅力和敏捷的智慧而着迷.OnedayhemakesashockingproposalofmarriagewhichElizabethquicklyrefuses.ShetellsDarcythatsheconsidershimanogantandunpleasant.Herrejectionofhisadvancesbuildsakindofhumilityinhim.DarcydemonstrateshiscontinueddevotiontoElizabethinspiteofhisdistasteforherlowconnectionswhenherescuesLydiaandtheentireBennetfamilyfromdisgraceandwhenhegoesagainstthewishesofhishaughtyauntLadyCatherinedeBourghbycontinuingtopursueElizabeth.DarcyproveshimselfworthyofElizabethandsheendsuprepentingherearlieroverlyharshjudgmentofhim.取交■他营救了私奔的莉迪亚挽救了贝纳特一家的耻辱;他不顾傲慢的姨妈的反对继续追求伊丽莎白达西证明他配得上伊丽莎白，她最终忏悔自己先前对他过于严厉的判断

3.CommenlonHarrietBeecherStowesUncleTomsCabin852isthestoryofthetrialssufferingandhumandignityofUncleTomanoldNegroslave.Heiscruellytreatedbytheplantationowner--SimonLegreeanddiesasaresultofahardbeating.Tomiskind-hearted:herescuesalittlegirlfromdrowningandhelpstwowomenslavesrunawayandwouldratherdiethantellwheretheyhavegone.Legreeisportrayedasthetypicalsouthernslaveownercruelbrutalinhumanandlecherous.Thegreatnessofthebookliesinitsfullswiftandtruthfulrepresentationoftheevent.Mrs.Stowesdescriptionandcharacterizationareconvincingmovingandtouching.Itseffectwasgreat.Itstirredagreatnationtoitsdepthandhurriedonagreatwar.UncleTomsCabinisananti-slaverynovelbyAmericanauthorHarrietBeecherStowe.Publishedin1852thenovelhadaprofoundeffectonattitudestowardAfricanAmericansandslaveryintheUnitedStatesandintensifiedthesectionalconflict派系间leadingtotheAmericanCivilWar.Stoweanactiveabolitionist废除主义者，focusedthenovelonthecharacterofUncleTomalong-sufferingblackslavearoundwhomthestoriesofothercharacters-bothfellowslavesandslaveowners-revolve.Thesentimentalnoveldepictstherealityofslavery.UncleTomsCabinwasthebest-sellingnovelofthe19thcenturyandthesecondbest-sellingbookofthatcenturyfollowingtheBible.Itiscreditedwith归功于;_有.助于helpingfueltheabolitionistcauseinthe1850s.Inthefirstyearafteritwaspublished300000copiesofthebookweresoldintheUnitedStatesalone.ThebooksimpactwassogreatthatwhenAbrahamLincolnmetStoweatthestartoftheCivilWarLincolnisoftenquotedashavingdeclaredSothisisthelittleladywhomadethisbigwar.HowmanyworksdidWilliamShakespeareproduce37plays154sonnetsand7longpoems.ShakespearesComediesareTheMarchantofVenice;TheTwelfthNight;AMid-SummerNightsDreamandAsYouLikeit.四大喜剧《威尼斯商人》TheMerchantofvcnice《仲夏夜之梦》AMidsummerNightsDrcam《皆大欢喜》AsYouLikeIt《第十一夜》TwelfthnightWhatisasonnetAsonnetisalyricof14linesusuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.ThomasHardy1840-1928wasthelastimportantVictoriannovelist.TessoftheDUrbervillestellsthetragiclifestoryofabeautifulcountrygirlTessDurbeyfieldadaughterofapoorpeasantwhofoolishlybelievesthatheisthedescendantofanancientaristocraticfamily.Ofallthe18thccenturynovelistsHenryFieldingwasthefirsttosetoutintheoryandpracticetowritespeciallya“comicepicinprose”散文体喜居U史诗andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.IntheWilliamBlakespoetrythefatherandanyotherinwhomhesawtheimageofthefathersuchasGodPriestandKingwasusuallyafigureoftyranny.布莱克Hardyisveryskillfulindescribingnature.Inhiswritingnatureisfulloflifecolormoodandmystery.By1890theBritishEmpirehadcomprisedmorethanaquarterofalltheterritoryonthesurfaceoftheearthandwascalledtheempireonwhichthesunneversets.TheVictorianliteratureismarkedbythepredominanceofnovelsandthedeclineoflyrics.“RenaissanceisaFrenchwordthatmeansrebirth**.Itwasarebirthoflearningandart.TheRenaissancefirstbeganinItalyinthe13thand14thcenturies.OneofthefeaturesoftheRenaissanceisthethirstycuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureespeciallyGreekandRomanliterature.Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestinmanandhumanactivities.WutheringHeightsisastoryofalmostmorbidloveaswellasapowerfulattackonthebourgeoismarriagesystemandsocialprejudice.TheBrontesisterswerealltalentedbutunfortunatelytheyalldiedyoung.TheBrontesistersnovelsarenotedfbrtheirstrongromanticelements.ThelovebetweenHeathcliffandCatherineisreallyagreatchallengetothetraditionalmoralvaluesandtheestablishedinstitutions.ThechiefsubjectmatterfbrWilliamWordsworthspoemsisnatureandhislovefornatureisboundless..WilliamWordsworthbelievesthatGodandtheuniversearcidenticalandGodisomnipresentinnature.Hegetspowerpeaceandgreathappinessfromnature.WilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridgeandRobertSoutheyareoftenmentionedasLakePoetsbecausetheylivedintheLakeDistrictinthenorthwesternpartofEnglandandmoreimportantlybecausetheywalkedthesamepathinpoliticsandliterature.ThesuccessofJaneEyreisnotonlybecauseofitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsocietybutalsoduetoitsintroductiontotheEnglishnovelthefirstgovernessheroine.WhoisthegreatestoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetryJohnDonneThefinestthinginParadiseLostisthedescriptionofhellandSatanisoftenregardedastherealheroofthepoem.TheprologueprovidesaframeworkforthetalesinTheCanterburyTalesanditcomprisesagroupofvividpicturesofvariousmedievalfigures.WaltScottisfamousforhistoricalnovelshismasteipieceIvanhoebelongstothisgenre.InATaleofTwoCitiesthetwocitiesareLondonandParisinthetimeofRevolution.JamesJoyceisthefounderofthe“Streamofconsciousnessschoolofthenovelwriting.JaneAusiensmasterpieceisPrideandPrejudiceSonsandLoversisD.H.Lawrence\semi-autographicalnovel.ThethemeofATaleofl\voCitiesis.Revolution.The出leofThackeraysVanityFairistakenfromThePilgrimsProgressInthe18thcenturypre-romanticismfounditsexpressionchieflyinpoetryespeciallythatofWilliamBlakeandRobertburns.BittersatireisatypicalfeatureofSwiftswritings.“Beautyistruthtruthbeauty^^isanepigrammaticlineby.JohnKeatsThestoryofPrometheusUnboundistakenfrom.GreekmythologyItisgenerallyregardedthatKeatssmostimportantandmaturepoemsareintheformofodeMr.Rochesterisacharacterin{JaneEyreAftertheNormanConquestfeudalsystemwasestablishedinEnglishsocietyILMajorAuthorsandTheirWorksGeoffreyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟TheParliamentofFouls百鸟会议TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集WilliamShakespeare威廉・莎士比亚AMidsummerNightsDream《仲夏夜之梦》MerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》TwelfthNight《第十二夜》TragedyofRomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Hamlet《汉姆莱特》Othello《奥赛罗》KingLear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克佩斯》AirsWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》MeasureforMeasure《量罪记》JohnMilton约翰・弥尔顿ParadiseLost失乐园ParadiseRegain复乐园JohnDonne约翰•多恩TheFlea跳蚤DeathbenotproudAVALEDICTION FORBIDDINGMOURNINGDanielDefoe丹尼尔・笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记JonathanSwift江奈生•斯威夫特AModestProposal一个温和的建议GulliversTravels格列佛游记HenryFielding亨利•菲尔丁TheHistoryofTomJonesaFoundling汤姆•琼斯WilliamBlake威廉・布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongsofExperience经验之歌RobertBurns罗伯特・彭斯MyHeartsintheHighland我的心呀在高原ARedRedRose一朵红红的玫瑰WilliamWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯LyricalBallads抒情歌谣IWanderedLonelyasaCloudGeorgeGordonByron乔治•戈登・拜伦DonJuan唐璜SheWalksinBeautyPercyByssheShelley波西・比希・雪莱OdetotheWestWind西风颂OdetotheSkylark致云雀JohnKeats约翰・济慈OdetotheNightingale夜莺颂ToAutumn秋颂JaneAusten简•奥斯丁PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见SenseandSensibility；理智与情感Emma爱玛CharlesDickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812-1870HeisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistsintheVictorianAge.HisnovelsofferamostcompleteandrealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhisage.ThePickwickPaper匹克威克外传NicholasNickleby尼古拉斯・尼克勒比HardTimes艰难时世DavidCopperfield大卫・科波菲尔GreatExpectation远大前程OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记OurMutualFriends我们共同的朋友CharlotteBronte夏洛特•勃朗特1816-1855JaneEyre简爱Shirley雪丽Professor教授EmilyBronte爱米丽・勃朗特1818-1848WutheringHeights呼啸山庄AnneBronte安妮・勃朗特1820/849TheTenantoftheWildfellHall王尔德费尔庄园的佃户ThomasHardy托马斯•哈代1840-1928FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣TessoftheD^rbcrville德伯家德苔丝JudeoftheObscure无名的袭德TheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长RobertLouisStevenson罗伯特・路易斯・史蒂文森TreasureIsland金银岛Kidnapped诱拐GeorgeBernardShaw伯纳•德•萧WidowersHouses鳏夫的房产MrsWarren^Proffesion华伦夫人的职业JamesJoyce詹姆斯・乔伊斯Dubliners都柏林人APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungman青年艺术家的画像Ulysses尤利西斯VirginiaWoolfTotheLighthouse到灯塔去Waves海浪MrsDalloway达罗卫夫人III.Definethefollowingterms.Hyperbole:Itisboldoverstatementortheextravagantexaggerationoffactorpossibility.conceit:FromtheItalian（矫V揉/造\作的文/体V）itreferstoanunusuallyfar-fetched（unconvincing;unlikely牵强的）metaphororsimile明/喻\presentingasurprisinglyaptparallelbetweentwoapparentlydissimilarthingsorfeeling.PoeticconceitsareprominentinElizabethanlovesonnetsandmetaphysicalpoetry.Conceitsoftenemploythedevicesofhyperboleparadoxandoxymoron逆喻.alliteration（辅音押韵）:Alliterationistherepetitionofthesameconsonantsoundatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatarenexttoorclosetoeachotherinaline.ItisthebasisofOldEnglishverse.Thetwopartsofalineinthepoemareunitedbyalliteration.2）头韵法:头韵法是指两个或两个以上相邻或相近的词用相同的字母或声韵开头的修饰方法头韵法是古英语诗歌的基本修饰方法在《贝奥武甫》中，每一行诗的两个部分就是用头韵法连接的Neo-Classicism新古典主义Neo-classicismwasdominantinEnglishliteratureformorethanacenturyfromaboutthemiddleofthe17thcenturytoabouttheendofthe18thcentury.ItisatendencytowardsimitationofthegreatwritersofancientGreeceandRomeandtheattempttoduplicatetheircharacteristics:simplicityunityrestraintuniversalityeleganceuniformityandcorrectness.Neo-classicwritersbelievedthatofwritingcouldbederivedfromtheclassics:toimitatethemwastoimitatenature.TheyfrownedoniiTegularitiesandhadcontemptforenthusiasm*（thatislackofrestraint）.Thethreeunitiesandthecoupletinpoetryweretheirliteraryideals.Mantheyaffirmedwastheproperstudyofmankind.Humanism:（人文主义）Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.TheHumanistsholdthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Theyarguedthatmanshouldbegivenfullfreedomtoenrichtheirintellectualandemotionallife.Inreligiontheydemandedthereformationofthechurch;inartandliteraturetheysanginpraiseofmanandofthepursuitofhappinessinthislife.CriticalRealism（批判现实主义）CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19lhandearly20thcenturies.2）Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.3）Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.4）CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.Byrovichero:（拜伦式的英雄）Byronicheroreferstoaproudmysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.2）withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowersthisByronicHerowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernmentinreligionorinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.3）ByronschiefcontributiontoEnglishliteratureishiscreationofthe“ByronicHero”Sentimentalism:（感伤主义）SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.ThetermSentimentalismcomesfromTheSentimentalJourneyanovelbyLaurenceSternethemostoutstandingfigureoftheEnglishSentimentalism.Dissatisfiedwiththesocialrealitiesofthetimesentimentalistwritersfocusedontherevealingofemotionsexpressionoffeelingsindividualityandpersonalspirituallife.Theycravedforsomethingmorenaturalandspontaneousinthoughtandlanguage.Emotionsandsentimentswhichhadbeenrepressedbegantoplayaleadingroleagain.Itwasarevoltagainstthecoldrationalismandstrictneo-classicismandisconsideredtobeapartofthepre-romanticism.OliverGoldsmithsTheDesertedVillageandThomasGraysElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardarefineexamplesofsentimentalism.Epic（史诗）Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Ilhashistoricalroot.Meanwhileitincoqoratesmythlegendandfolktale.Manyepicsweretransmittedorallybysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedHomersIliadandOdysseytheAnglo-SaxonBeowulfandJohnMiltonsParadiseLost.Romance（传奇）themostprevalentkindofliteratureinfeudalEngland.Theliteraturefortheupperclass.Alongcompositionsometimesinversesometimesinprosedescribingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero-knightPopularBallads（民谣）anonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoral。