上海市高三英语语法专题定语从句讲义

语法专题定语从句（AttributiveClause）•知识点梳理一）定义

（1）定语从句在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面

（2）先行词被定语从句修饰的成份先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句

（3）关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词关系词的作用1）引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2）必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，宾补，定语）that^which、who、whom、whose、as关系副词（在从句中只作状语）when、why、where二）关系代词的用法在定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分

1.关系代词whowhom和that的用法三者都可用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别

①who和whomwho可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom（常可省略）但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom即“介词+whom“Johnnyisapersonwhoalwayshasnovelideas.ThegirlwhowonthefirstprizeisfromZhejiang.Thepersonwho/whom/（hal（可生）youjusttalkedtoisMrDepp.=ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMrDepp.Wellgotothehospitaltoseethepatients（绝大多数）arechildren.

②who和that在定语从句中who和ihat指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who而不能用that

（1）先行词是_One_those_theones和anyone时，宜用Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.（同一个）ImwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesHereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果）as引导的非限定性定语从句多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为“正如，这一点（动词常为knowseeexpectpointoutetc.）Asweallknowsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.（as作—宾语）=■isknowntoallsmokingisharmfultooneshealtf.（as作_主语）=Itsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.=Smokingisharmfultooneshealthasweallknow.=Smokingasweallknowisharmfultoonehealth.HewasaforeignerasIknewfromhisaccent.（as作_宾语，先行词是前面整个句子）as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别

①位置的不同which引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后;as位置较灵活，也就是说空可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后如Hewaslateagainwhichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jackasyouknowisanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestmanasyouknow.或AsyouknowJackisanhonestman.

②先行词的不同as引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限定性定语从句时•，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句了Hewasproudwhichhisbrotherneverwas.（先行词是一个词）Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildrenwhichherhusbandseldomwas.HewasproudwhichIdislikeverymuch.（先行词是一个句子）Heisanhonestmanasisknowntoall.HewasaforeignerasIknowfromhisaccent.

③which在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如beseembecome等，一•般不用其他行为动词Hesawthegirlwhichdelightedhim.Hedidntsayanythingatthemeetingas/whichseemedverystrange.@as一般译为“正如就像，which翻译成“这一点”常用的结构有asweal1know;asoftenhappens;asisoflenihecase;aswecansee;asisannounced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等［常考的结构！！！八）定语从句特殊情况.way和time后接定语从句的情况Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway

①that!®_inwhich_/3省略Thisisthesecondtime_thatthePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.Thiswasatatime

①_when_/

②duringwhichtherewerenoradiosnotelephonesornoTVsets.注意1）在定语从句中，theway在从句中充当方式状语时其后的关系词可以是inwhichthat或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时其后的关系词就用that或which2）先行词是time若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略;若time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句.定语从句含插入成份定语从句中可以在主语后插入像sbfcd/think/bclieve/suppose/say…成分，这并不影响定语从句，分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了如她就是这位音乐家说的这个国家最优秀的钢琴家Thisisthewomanwhothemusiciansaidwasthemostwonderfulpianistintheworld.Wewilldiscussthebenefits_lhat/whichIfeelhaveresultedfromtheproject.Theywenttotheplacewhere_theybelievedtheycouldfindsomefood.定语从句练习填空Youmayusemorethanonewordinsomeblanks.Sheshowedmethebookforwhichshepaid5dollars.Thecommitteeconsistsof20membersfive_ofwhomarewomen.Heistheonlyperson_thatIwanttotalkto.Suchpeopleaswerementionedbyhimwerehonest.Weareinaposition_inwhich=wherevvemaylosealargesumofmoney.Thebankwhich/that_wasopenedlastweekisaverymodernone.Mr.SmithwhoisasurgeonisnowinSwedenasavisitingscholar.Thepalace_towhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.Thisisthebestfilmthathaseverbeenmade.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyouThehero_whoseleftlegwaslostinthewariswelllookedafter.GrannyWangwhoseeldestsondiedintheearthquakelivesnexttomyhouse.Onthehillweremapletreeswhoseleaveshadturnedred.Theaudiencemost_ofwhom_andmostofthemwerecollegestudentsenjoyedtheconcert.Bambooishollow_whichmakesitverylight.Asweknowwaterresourcesareverylimitedontheearth.Theyear1968_when_=inwhichtheAmericanastronautsfirstlandedonthemoonwasimportantinhistory.ThecityofPisa_where=inwhichGalileomadehisfamousexperimentoffallingobjectsisnowatouristcity.Thisisthereasonwhy=forwhichhelefthecompany.Thisisthereasonthat/whichhegaveusforhisaction.WhenIarrivedBryantookmetoseethehouse_whereIwouldbestaying.TheeveningwhichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlaterhadagreatinfluenceonmylife.Manycountriesaresettingupnationalparks_whereanimalsandplantscanbeprotected.Theairqualityas/whichisshowninthereporthasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.Ihavereachedapointinmylife_whereIamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.Wcarelivinginanageeverbcfbre._whcnmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasehaneverbefore.StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanet_wherelifehasdevelopedgradually.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_whenIlivedinthecountrywiththefarmers_whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Theoldtemple_whoseroofwasdamagedinastormisnowunderrepair.Icanthinkofmanj^cascs_wherestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldntwriteagoodessay.IwasborninNewOrleansLouisianaacity_whosenamewillcreateapictureofbeautifultreesandgreengrassinourmind.Wewentthroughaperiodtheruralareas.when=inwhichcommunicationswereverydifficultinheruralareas.HalfanhourlaterLucystillcouldntgetataxi_whcrcthebushaddroppedher.AftergraduatingfromcollegeItooksometimeofftogotravelling_whichturnedouttobeawisedecision—Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves—Yesthereisonepointthat/whichwemustinsiston.Nowadayspeoplearcmoreconcernedabouttheenvironmentlive.where=inwhichtheylive.Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_that/whicharcbuiltclosetoeachother.Hewaseducatedathelocalhighschool_afterwhichhewentontoBeijingUniversity.Salesdirectorisskillswherecommunicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesskills.TheBeatleswhich/asmanyofyouarcoldenoughtoremembercamefromLiverpool.Jimpassedthedrivingtest_whichsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice.Ifourplanetbecomesjust2Cwarmerthanpre-industrialtemperatureswemaybeplacedirreversiblyonthepathtowardlothouseEarthasituation_where_=inwhichtemperaturesaremanydegreeswarmerthantodayandsealevelsareconsiderablyhigher.IwasgiventhreebooksoncookingthefirstofwhichIreallyenjoyed._Asisknowntoeverybodythemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_towhom/withwhomtheycantalkfrequHismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestivalwhichwasbeyondhiswildestdream.Wearelivinginanagewhenmanythingsaredoneoncomputer.Thefactoryproduceshalfmillionpairsofshoeseveryyear80%—ofwhicharesoldabroad.Mozartsbirthplaceandthehouse_where=inwhichhecomposed“TheMagicFlute“arcbothmuseumsnow.Alecaskedthepolicemanwithwhomheworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.II.改错Themodempaintingwhichhepaid$1000wasactuallyworth$

10.

000.Themodernpaintingforwhichhepaid$1000wasactuallyworth$

10000.Manypeopleareinterestedinartsliketovisittheartexhibitionsregularly.Manypeoplewhoarcinterestedinartsliketovisittheartexhibitionsregularly.Ascouldbeexpectedthattheopeningceremonyprovedagreatsuccess.Ascouldbeexpectedtheopeningceremonyprovedagreatsuccess.非限制定定于从Itcouldheexpectedthattheopeningceremonyprovedagreatsuccess.主语从句YoucanlistmanyadiseasewhichIthinkarecausedbyenvironmentalpollution.YoucanlistmanyadiseasewhichIthinkiscausedbyenvironmentalpollution.TheytalkedinsuchsimpleEnglishaschildrencanunderstanditeasily.TheytalkedinsuchsimpleEnglishaschildrencanunderstand-rteasily.Thalsthewaywhichyouansweredthequestion.Thatstheway-whichyouansweredthequestion.Thatsthewayinwhichyouansweredthequestion.Hesawthegirlasdelightedhim.Hesawthegirlwhichdelightedhim.Whichisoftenthecaseheisabsent.Asisoftenthecaseheisabsent.HasallwhichcanbedonebeencloneHasallthatcanbedonebeendoneIfashopcanprovidechairsthatwomencanparktheirmenwomenwillspendmoretimeinheshop.Ifashopcanprovidechairswherewomencanparktheirmenwomenwillspendmorelimeinheshop.Itsveryhardforthosewhohasntbeentothesmallvillagetodescribeitsbeauty.Itsveryhardforthosewhohaventbeentothesmallvillagetodescribeitsbeauty.TaiwaniswhichyouknowaninseparablepartofChina.TaiwanisasyouknowaninseparablepartofChina.Hightaxationisoftenthemainreasonwhichgovernmentfall.Hightaxationisoftenthemainreasonforwhichgovernmentfall.CanyoutellthereasonthatyouaresohappyCanyoutellthereasonwhyyouaresohappyTheressomethingwhichkeepsworryingme.Theressomethingthatkeepsworryingme.in.翻译使用定语从句.科学家们说气候变化是由很多因素造成的，环境污染是其中之一bringScientistssaythattheclimatechangeisbroughtaboutbyalotoffactorsoneofwhichisenvironmentalpollution..在雪灾中，许多回家过年的人被困在高速公路上，经历了许多难以想象的艰难困苦undergoInthesnowdisastermanypeoplewhoweregoingbackfortheNewYearweretrappedonhehighwayandunderwenllotsofunimaginablehardships..一个人待人处事的方式能够反映出他是怎样的人thewayThewayinwhichthat省略关系代词aperson【realsothersandhandlesaffairs［待人处事］canreflectwhatkindofpersonheis..我万万没有想到对电脑知识一窍不通的奶奶如今也迷上了网购occurIlneveroccurredlomeL重点句型］grandmawhowasignorantof/knewnothingofcomputerknowledgeisfascinatedby/with=iscrazyabout=isfondof=iskeenononlineshoppingnowadays..他在会议上提出的建议值得三思worthThesuggestionthat/whichheputforwardatthemeeting上］worthgivingasecondthought/isworththinkingtwice.［注意:动名词要用主动！！！］魁勿、某人值得被…sth/sbisworthdoing主动表被动whoOnewho一个样的人hasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.Theoneswho那些样的人flattermedontpleaseme.Nowordsarestrongenoughtoexpressourhankstothose_who那些样的人workedhardtorescuesurvivorsintheearthquake.Anyonewho任何样的人laughslastlaughsbest.2当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用whoImetagirlinthestreetyesterdaywhogrewupinwesternYunnanprovince.ImetaforeignerintheofficeyesterdaywhocouldaskedmequestionsinChinese.一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that另一个宜用whooTheboy_thatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleader_whostudiesveryhard.4在therebe开头的句子中，宜用whoThereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyourfather.Therearemanyoldmenwhoareagainstthisplan.5在非限制性定语从句中，宜用whoThisnotewasleftbyTomwhowashereamomentago.

2.关系代词whose的用法关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物当whose指代人时，相当于_ofwhom指代物时，相当于ofwhichowhose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句WewantedtoseeourteacherMissStyleswhosehusbandlosthislifeintheearthquake.=WewantedtoseeourteacherMissStyles_thehusbandofwhomlosthislifeintheearthquake.Xianwhosewallsremainasgoodasbeforeisoneofthefewcitieswithcitywalls.=Xian_thewallsofwhichremainasgoodasbeforeisoneofthefewcitieswithcitywalls.X关系代词that和which的用法两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别

①在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用Thenewhouseihat/whichIhavejustboughtisaboutsixmilesaway.Theyplantedsometreesthat/whichdidntneedmuchwater.

②限定性定语从句中只用that的情况1主句已有疑问词who或which时酒店前面的哪些车是你的？Whichofthecarsthatareinfrontofthehotelbelongtoyou坐在湖边的那个人是谁？Whoisthepersonthatissittingbythelake2先行词既有人又有物时Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.3先行词为_allmuchlittlesomethingsomebodynobody_anythingnothingeverythingnone等不定代词时Itseasytodotherepair.Allthatyouneedisahammerandsomenails.WehavenUgotmuchhatwecanofferyou.Ikiliketotellyousomethingthatwillmakeyousurprised.4先行词有形容词最高级修饰时PollyisihemosidirectyoungwomanthatIhaveevercomeacross.Scienceisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.这是防止污染的最好方法Thisisthebestwaythatcanpreventpollution.5先行词有序数词修饰时Thisisihe【hirdlime【hattheyhavemet.［注意此句时态］HeisthelastpersonthatIwanttosee.这是我看过的第一部此类美国电影ThisisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatIhaveeverseen.6先行词有theverytheonlythesameallanyeacheveryfewlittlenooneof等词修饰时ThisistheveryroomthatIsleptinthatevening.中文意为Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.比较从句动词的单复数*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedpublishlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedpublishlastyear.7有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词己用which另一个宜用thatEdisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

③只用which而不用that的情况1引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用thatThefishwhichIboughtthismorningisveryfresh.MyhousewhichIboughttwoyearsagohasgotalovelygarden.Jimpassedthedrivingtestwhichsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheotherswhichofcoursemadetheothersenvyhim.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyearmostofwhicharesoldabroad.LondonwhichisthecapitalofUKisaverybeautifulcity.2在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用thatIwasputinaposition_in_whichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant.Therearemanyreasonsfor_whichpeopleliketraveling.Hebuiltatelescopethrough_whichhecouldstudytheskies.Thetower_fromwhichpeoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.3在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that那么另一句的关系词就需用whichLetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopen.三关系副词的用法关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等，相当于“介词+which”结构由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语

1.关系副词where的用法由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如buUdingcityroom等，where在从句中作地点状语先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如casepointsituationcircumstanceactivitystaaestate..」特别重要|Thehotelwherewestayedwasveryclean.=Thchotcithat/vvhichwcstayedatwasveryclean.=Thehotelatwhichwestayedwasveryclean.我们已经到了这些事情开始造成影响的阶段stageWehavegottenintothestagewherethesethingsarebeginningtohave/makeaninfluence/impact.你可能会进入一个你必须S即做出决定的情况/情况/情况/状态situation/circumstance/case/stateYoumaygetintoasituation/circumstance/case/statewhereyoumustmakeadecisionimmediately.社交媒体是另一种下班后活动，你需要保持控制activitySocialmediaisanotherafter-hoursadj下班后的activitywhereyoumaintaincontrol..关系副词when的用法由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主耍是表示时间的名词，如timedaydate等，when在从句中作时间状语先行词还可以是抽象的时间名词，如occasion［特别重要］neverforgetthetimewhenwefirstmet.=rilneverforgetthetimeduringwhichwefirstmet.Istillrememberthedaywhenmybrotherjoinedthearmy.=Istillrememberthedayonwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.ThedatewhenhejoinedtheANCYouthLeaguewasAugust5th.Nextmonthwhenyouwillbeinyourhometownisjustaroundthecomer.有些场合不允许开玩笑occasionTherearesomeoccasionswheniokingisnolallowed/peimilled.

2.关系副词why的用法由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语，相当于fbrwhichoThereasonwhyIgotajobwasthatIworkedhard.=ThcreasonfbrwhichIgotajobwasthat1workedhard.Amydidntgelapayrisebutthiswasntthemainreasonwhysheleft.=Ainydidntgetapayrisebutthiswasntthemainreasonforwhichsheleft.四关系代词和关系副词的选用对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，关键是要弄清楚先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分如果先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词;如果先行词在定语从句中作状语，就用关系副词Thisisthecollegethat/whichIvisited.ThisisthecollegewhereIstudiedthreeyearsago.两句中的先行词一样，都是college但关系词不一样前者用关系代词that/which因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语后者用关系副词where因为它在从句中作状语相当于ihere或inihecollege比较下列句子Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.Thisisthereasonthat/which“f省hegavefornotcoining.Thisisthefactorythat/which“J否Ivisitedyesterday.Thisisthefactory〔hat/whichsellsmedicine.ThisisthefaciorywhereTVsetsaresold.Tilneverforgetiheday【hai/which可省wespenttogether.TilneverforeelhedaywhenIgotmarried.五关系代词作介词宾语关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可放于从句之首，也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebookthat/whichyouaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands=Doyouknowthepersonwhom/thatIshookhandswithInthedarkstreettherewasntasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.IsthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweekIsthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek辨析以下词组，介词可否提前？lookatlookforlookaftertakecareofpayattentiontolookforwardtodependonEg:Youshouldntneglectthesmalldetails（that/which）youneedtopayattentionto.[to可以提前吗]•“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构⑴介词+关系代词MandelawastheblacklawyeriowhomIwentforadvice.=MandelawastheblacklawyerwhomIwenttoforadvice.⑵名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词Hewroteabook[henameofwhichIvecompletelyforgotten.Theoldmanhastwodaughtersboihofwhomaredoctors.LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstorethreeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.=LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstoreofwhichthreewereEnglishnovels.⑶形容词最高级+介词+关系代词ChinahasthousandsofislandsthelargestofwhichisTaiwan.

（4）介词+关系代词+名词IcalledhimbythewrongnameforwhichmistakeIapologized.（不能使用whose）•关系代词前介词的确定1）根据先行词的习惯搭配TheyllneverforgetJuly1onwhichHongKongreturnedtoitsmotherland.2）根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配HongKongisthecityfromwhichhecomes.3）根据定语从句的意义WuSongwasthemanbywhomthetigerwasshot.六）定语从句的种类定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种区别

1、形式上，非限定性定语从句往往用逗号隔开

2、语法上，非限定性定语从句一般不用that和why.

3、语义上，限定性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用Thisisthebook1likebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书（限定性）北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产（用非限定性定语从句翻译）BeijingwhichhasbeenChinascapitalformorethan800yearsisrichinculturalandhistoric（al）relics.

4、翻译时，限定性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为”的”字结构）而非限定性定语从句可译为两句比较Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.（有几个姐妹？只有一个）Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.（有几个蛆妹？不一定只有一个）

5、引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用whowhomwhose指物时用whichwhose指整个句子用aswhich;关系副词whenwhere指原因用forwhich.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoungwhichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tonisfatherwhoarrivedjustnowisafamousscientist.TheysetupaseparatestateoftheirownwheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.Hewasproudwhichhisbrotherneverwas.七）as引导的定语从句

1.as引导的限定性定语从句多用于thesame...as;such/so...as;as...as等结构中如Ihavethesamebookasyou（have）.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.IsawsograndaNationalDaycelebrationasIneverdreamof.Heisasgreatapainteraseverlived.翻译成比较同一个or同一类？先行词在从句中作主语在从句中作宾语在从句中作定语指代人who/thatwho/whom/that（可省）whose/ofwhom指代物which/thatwhich/that（可省）whose/ofwhich先行词关系副词关系副词在从句中充当的成分指地点where地点状语指时间when时间状语指原因why原因状语。