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英美文学选读笔记+考题Lecture1WilliamShakespeareIntroductionofthecourseThiscourseiscalledSelectedReadingsinEnglishandAmericanLiteratureacompulsorycourseforyou.Itwillbefinishedin12weeks.Andineachweekwellmeeteachothertwotimes.InthiscourseyouwillhavetoreadsomeoriginalworkstakenfromEnglishandAmericanclassics.Itmaybealittlebitdifficultforyou.HoweveritsalsoachanceforyoutoknowsomegreattreasuryinworldliteratureandIllhelpyouunderstandthem.3Comparingwiththeliteraryhistorycoursesthiscoursemainlyfocusesonoriginalproductions.Thecoursebookisaniceonewithclassicalworksanddetailednotes.Forthefinaltest10%willbedecidedbyyourattendance20%byyourhomeworkand70%bythetestpaper.Aboutthehomeworkafterwefinisheachwriter;Illgiveyouanamelistofrecommendedworkswrittenbythewriter.InthewholesemesteryoushouldchooseatleastonepieceofEnglishwritersworksandonepieceofAmericanwritersworksrecommendedbyme.Andthenyoushouldwriteasmallpaperonthepieceofworksyouchose.Thatmeansyoushouldturnintwopapersinthewholesemester.Averyimportantsuggestion:previewtheproductionsbeforetheclass;otherwiseitllbeverydifficultforyoutocatchmeintheclass.WilliamShakespeare1564-1616HistoricalBackgroundQueenElizabethI:apowerfulEnglandwiththefastdevelopmentofcapitalismRenaissance:anintellectualmovementsprungfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Twofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Anotheristhehumanismwhichmeansthenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement.ShakespearelivedinsuchaperiodandalsosuchaperiodmadehimthemostfamousandmostimportantEnglishwriter.⑵LifeReadparagraph1and2onpage1afterclass.Thesetwoparagraphsaretheintroductionofthegreatwriterslife.Hiscompleteworksinclude37plays2narrativepoemsand154sonnets.HeismainlyfamousforhisgreatplaysespeciallytheoutstandingFourGreatTragedies.HamletKingLearOthelloandMacbethHeisalsotheauthorofsomeotherfamousplayssuchasRomeoandJulietbuttodaywelllearntheexcerptfromoneofhisgreatcomedies-TheMerchantofVenicewhichwelltalkaboutalittlebitlater.Shakespearessonnetsarealsoverygood.WellfirstintroduceSonnet18themostfamoussonnetwrittenbyShakespeare.⑶Sonnet18A.Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.ItwasintroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySirThomasWyattandHenryHowardEarlofSurrey.ItisaverypopularpoemformandusedwidelyinEnglishliterature.IntheElizabetheraEdmundSpenserwasalsofamousforhissonnets.AndlaterJohnOmyluveislikethemelodiemelodie:sweetmusicThatssweetlyplaydintune.intune:harmoniouslyAsfairartthoumybonielassfair美丽;artthou:areyou;bonielass:prettygirlSodeepinluveamIAndIwillluvetheestillmydearstill:alwaysforeverTillatheseasgangdry.untilallseasbecomedry;a:all;gang:goTillatheseasgangdrymydearAndtherocksmeltwithesun!AndIwillluvetheestillmydearWhilethesandsolifeshallrun.aslongasIlive;sand指古代计算时间用的沙漏Andfaretheeweelmyonlyluvefareyouweel也就是farewellorgood-byetoyouAndfaretheeweelawhile!AndIwillcomeagainmyluveThoitweretenthousandmile!tho1:though一朵红红的玫瑰王佐良译啊!我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰，六月里迎风初开；啊!我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子，奏的合拍又和谐.我的好姑娘，多么美丽的人儿！请看我，多么深挚的爱情！亲爱的，我永远爱你，纵使大海干涸水流尽.纵使大海干涸水流尽，太阳将岩石烧作灰尘，亲爱的，我永远爱你，只要我一息犹存.珍重吧，我惟一的爱人，珍重吧，让我们暂时离别，但我定要回来！哪怕千里万里！E.DiscussionFeatures:usingofScottishdialect;formoffolksongandballadrhymeschemeandrepetition;musicalquality;plainbutpassionatelanguage4RecommendedReadingAuldLangSyneH;JohnAndersonmyjoorsomeotherpoemswrittenbyBurns
2.WilliamBlake1757-1827LifeParagraph1and2onP73borninapoorfamilyinLondon;receivedalittleformaleducationondrawingfirstanapprenticeofanengraverandlateranengraverhimselfnearlyallhislifeapiousChristiananddiedinobscurityandpoverty⑵WorksSongsofInnocence1789:picturesofmerrynatureandinnocentchildren;everythinginharmony;onlysomeminorvicesSongsofExperience1794:contrast;picturesofneedinessanddistressandshowedthesufferingsofthepoor;showingthechangeoftheauthorsworldviewandalsoshowingthechangeofthesocialbackground⑶Sample:LondonP75DiscussionQ1:DoyouthinkthispoemistakenfromSongofInnocenceorSongofExperienceQ2:DidtheauthorlovetheLondondescribedinthepoemQ3:WhatistherhymeschemeofthepoemQ4:WhatisthethemeofthepoemAnswerQI:SongofExperienceQ2:No.HeoncelovedLondonverymuchandwrotesuchlinesgoldenLondonandhersilverThamesbutLondongraduallydegeneratedinthepoetsheartQ3:abab;iambictetrameterQ4:criticizingthedarksidesofEnglishsocietyandshowingthesufferingsofcommonpeopleThepoemhasbeencalledmightiestbriefpoembecauseitemploysonlyseveralimagestodescribesomedeep-rootedsocialvicesvividly.Explainthepoemsentencebysentence.*Chineseversion伦敦王佐良译我走过每条独占的街道，徘徊在独占的泰晤土河边，我看见每个过往的行人有一张衰弱，痛苦的脸每个人的每声呼喊每个婴孩害怕的号叫每句话，每条禁令都响着心灵铸成的镣铐多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫震惊了每座熏黑的教堂不幸士兵的长叹像鲜血留下了宫墙最怕是深夜的街头又听年轻妓女的诅咒它骇住了初生儿的眼泪又带来瘟疫，使婚车变成灵柩Features:vividimagestomakethepoempicturesque;shortclearandconcise;simpleandfreshwords;mysteriousatmosphereanddifficultsymbolisminsomepoemsConclusion:aprecursorofRomanticismpaymoreattentiononinspirationandemotionratherthanreasonandneatformofthepoem4RecommendedReadingTheChimneySweeper;TheTyger;HolyThursdayetc.
3.HomeworkPreviewChapter8ComposeduponWestminsterBridgeandChapter12OntheGrasshopperandCricket.Lecture6WilliamWordsworthandJohnKeatsAgeofRomanticismTime:1798publicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgeto1832deathofSirWalterScottEssence:shiftfromreasontoemotionHistoricalBackgroundFrenchRevolution1789BastilleandAmericanIndependenceWar1776win:revolutionenthusiasmsweptnearlyallEuropeancountries.IndustrialRevolutionendofthe18thcentury:greatwealthtotherichandworsentheworkingandlivingconditionofthepoorFeaturesSubjectivismPoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:poetryexpressespoetsminds.Spontaneity:opposingrulesandregulationsfreechoiceofformEnlargingthesubjectmatter:countrysidelife;supernatural;naturalbeautyetc.SimplicityoflanguageForEnglishliteratureitwasanAgeofPoetrylotsoffamouspoetsW川iamWordsworth1770-1850LifeP79Paragraph1-4borninalawyersfamilybutlostbothofhisparentswhenhewasyoungwaseducatedinaschoolinthebeautifullakedistrictthusdevelopedaninterestinnaturegraduatedfromCambridgeandasupporterofFrenchRevolutiongraduallygrewconservativeandbecamePoetLaureate*lakepoets:threepoetsincludingWilliamWordsworthSamuelColeridgeandRobertSouthey;theylivedintheLakeDistrictinthenorthwesternpartofEngland.Theywerefriendsandtraversedthesamepathinpoliticsandinpoetry.⑵PoemsCollection:LyricalBallads1798cooperatedwithColeridgeinthePrefaceproposedsomedifferentviewsonpoetrymarkthebeginningofromanticismTwocategoriesaccordingtothemeHeismainlyfamousforhispoemsonnaturesuchasIwanderedlonelyasacloud.HealsowrotelotsofpoemsoncommonpeopleslifesuchasThesolitaryreaperShedweltamongtheuntroddenwayWearesevenetc.Sample:ComposeduponWestminsterBridgeP82DiscussionQI:formandrhymeschemeofthepoemQ2:TellthenameofthecityandtheriverdescribedinthepoemQ3:WhatisthethemeofthepoemQ4:DidthebeautifulsceneryofthecityinfluencetheauthorAnswerQI:sonnet;abbaabbacdcdcdnote1onP83Q2:London;ThamesQ3:praisingthebeautyofthesceneryofLondoninmorningQ4:Itmadetheauthorfeltadeepcalm.ThiscanbefoundfromthepoemExplainthepoemsentencebysentence.*西敏寺桥上人间没有比这更美好的景象，它是那样庄严，又那样辉煌谁能经过它身边而无动于衷这城市此刻批着美丽的晨光像穿着睡衣;坦露而又安详，那些船舶，楼阁，剧院，教堂，直伸向田野，又深入高空一切在明朗的空中熠熠闪光璀璨的朝阳从未这样美丽地照耀过大地上的峡谷和山冈我从未看到或感到这般沉静河水正在欢快的自由流淌亲爱的主啊!万物似在安睡那伟大的心灵也停止了跳荡DiscussionQuestion2onP83Answerdifferentsocialpositionofthepoet;differentaspecttoobserveLondonRecommendedReadingIwanderedlonelyasacloudThesolitaryreaperorotherpoemswrittenbyWordsworth.
3.JohnKeats1795-1821Hewasageniusinpoemcreationbutlivedashortandtragiclife.⑴LifeHewasborninapoorfamily.Andwhenhewasveryyoungbothhisparentsdied.Hehadbeenanapprenticetoasurgeonandthenassistantinhospital.Helovedtoreadpoems.AftertwocollectionsofpoemspublicationKeatsgaveuphiscareerinhospital.BecauseofKeatsfriendshipwiththoseradicalwriterssuchasHazlittHuntandShelleyhisworkswereseverelyattackedbyconservativecritics.AllhislifetimeKeatslivedinpoverty.Andbecausehetookcareofhisbrotherwhogotconsumptionhehimselfwasstrickenbysamekindofdiseasewhichcannotbecuredatthattime.AndbecauseofthediseaseKeatscannotmarrythegirlheloveddeeply.AllthemiserymadeashadowinKeatspoetry.In1821whenKeatsdiedinRomebecauseofconsumptionhewasonly26yearsold.⑵PoemsKeatswrotesomenicelongpoemsbuthewasmainlyfamousforhisshortpoems.SonnetsKeatsfamoussonnetsincludeWhenIhavefearBrightStarOnFirstLookingintoChapmansHomerandOntheGrasshopperandCricketandsoon.Odes*Odes:Alyricpoemofsomelengthusuallyofaseriousormeditativenatureandhavinganelevatedstyleandformalstanzastructure.颂诗HisfamousodesincludeOdetoAutumnOdetoaNightingaleandOdeonaGrecianUrnandsoon.Sample:OntheGrasshopperandCricketP112DiscussionQ:FormandrhymeschemeofthepoemAnswersonnetPetrarchansonnet;abbaabbacdecdeBackground:在Keats的朋友LeighHunt家中常有出题赛诗的事情.某日Hunt提议以“壁炉边欢乐的小嵋蝴为题做十四行诗一首接着和Keats一起开始即席赋诗写好后Hunt评济慈的诗”一起头便不凡「看到最后称赞”绝妙!“本世纪初美国女诗人AmyLowell在她的《济慈传》中曾称赞此诗清新可喜.Theopeningisanexcellentpicturevividandsuggestive;onecanseeitfeelitandsmellit.Explainthepoemsentencebysentence.*蛔蛔和蟋蟀大地的诗啊永远不会死当骄阳炎炎使百鸟昏晕.躲进了树荫，却有个声音在草地边，树篙间飘荡不止；那是嵋蛔在领喝，在奢华的夏日它的欢乐永远消耗不尽，因为如果它唱得疲倦过分，就在草叶下享受片刻的闲适.大地的诗啊永远不会停在寂寞的冬夜里当霜雪织出一片静寂，炉边的蟋蟀尖声吟唱歌声随着温度上升，使人在睡意朦胧中恍惚听得，绿草如茵的山坡上蛔蛔的歌曲.DiscussionWhatisthethemeofthepoemAskreaderstoappreciatethenaturalbeautyfromthetrivialthings;personsatthelowestlevelcanalsocontributetohumanworldthustheyshouldbetreatedequally.Notice:TheoneartisticaiminKeatspoetrywasalwaystocreateabeautifulworldofimaginationasopposedtothesordidrealityofhisday.HisfamoussayingBeautyistruthtruthbeautyshowshisconstantpursuitofimmortalbeauty.DifferencebetweenKeatsandtheothertwoByronandShelley:KeatsdidntshowsomuchaboutpoliticalpassionasByronandShelleydid.Keatspursuitofromanticbeautyandlibertywasrestrictedtothesphereoftheart.RecommendedReadingOdetoaNightingaleToAutumnOnFirstLookingintoChapmansHomeretc.
4.HomeworkPreviewchapter10SheWalksinBeautyandchapter11OdetotheWestWind.Lecture7GeorgeGordonByronandPercyByssheShelleyThesetwopoetsmaybequitefamousinChina.Theywerefriendsandhadnearlysametragicfate.Theyweretalentedbutbothdiedearly.GeorgeGordonByron178801824拜伦⑴LifeHewasborninanoblefamilybuthischildhoodlifewasunhappy.HeinheritedthebaronialtitlewhenhewastenyearsoldandthenhegraduatedfromCambridgeUniversity.HeenteredHouseofLordsbuthedeliveredaspeechwhichshowedhisstrongsympathywiththosecommonworksthatdestroyedthemachines.HewasstronglycriticizedbythoseconservativesandatlastByronIe代England.HestayedinItalyandthenGreecesupportingthestruggleforindependencethere.BecauseofdiseasehediedinGreeceat
36.⑵WorksHebrewMelodieslyricalpoemcollectionSheWalksinBeautyandWhenwetwopartedbothcomefromthiscollection.ChildeHaroldsPilgrimagelongpoemFourcantospublishedindifferenttimeItistheworkthatmadeByronfamous.AboutChildestravelsinEuropeandhiscommentsofeachcountryandimportanteventsDonJuanunfinishedlongpoemmasterpiece《唐璜》Heroofthelongpoem:DonJuanaSpanishyoungmanborninanoblefamily;strangeadventureshehasexperiencedGreeceTurkeyRussiaandEngland;ApanoramaofthewholeEuropeandastrongsatireSelectedpoem:SheWalksinBeautyP94Background:Byronsmostfamouslyricalpoem;wroteforhisbeautifulcousinMrsWilmotHorton;takenfromHebrewMelodiesDiscussionQI:RhymeschemeofthepoemQ2:Inthefirststanzatheauthorusedasimiletodescribethewomansbeauty.Findoutthesimileandtellwhytheauthormadeacomparisonlikethis.AnswerQI:abababiambictetrameterQ2:nightofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;becausethewomanworeablackmourninggownbrightenedwithspangles.Explainthepoemsentencebysentence.DiscussionHowdidtheauthordescribethewomansgreatbeautyPaymoreattentiononherinnerbeauty;notbrilliantbutelegantSuggestion:therearedifferentChineseversionsofthispoem.Noonecanbecalledperfect.Youcanmakeacomparisonofthoseversionsandseeifyoucanmakeanyimprovement.YoucanalsotranslateitintoChinesebyyourself.RecommendedReading“TheIslesofGreecen《哀希腊》本是《唐璜》第三章中的一支歌曲，但一直单独成篇我国在清末就已经有了马君武苏曼殊，胡适等多人的中文译本.；WhenwetwopartedPercyByssheShelley179201822雪莱⑴LifeHewasborninaconservativecountrygentlemansfamilybuthewasarebelliousstudentinEtonandOxford.HewroteapamphletcalledTheNecessityofAtheismandthenwasexpelledfromhisuniversityanddisownedbyhisfather.Hemarriedayoungschoolgirlbutitturnedouttobeanunsuccessfulmarriage.AndlaterShelleylivedtogetherwithagiftedwomanMaryGodwin.HeleftEnglandforItalyanddrownedwhilesailinginasmallboatoffthecoast.WorksLongPoems:QueenMab;TheRevoltofIslamVerseDrama:PrometheusUnboundchangingtheendoftheoriginalfamousGreektragedytoshowShelleysrevolutionaryidealShortpoemsSongtotheMenofEngland;OdetoWestWind1;ToSkylark;OnewordistoooftenprofanedSample:OdetoWestWind《西风颂》Background:此诗写于1819年秋季，雪莱在意大利佛罗伦萨附近遇上雨雹交加的风暴，有感写成.从自然界的风暴联系到人世间革命斗争的风暴，在欧洲革命的低潮期预言革命风暴必定到来，写出自己沸腾的感情和有时不免伤感的浪漫情趣.DiscussionQI:RhymeschemeofthepoemQ2:Whatarethemainideasofpart1andpart2ofthepoemAnswersQI:terzarima:iambicpentameterlinesarrangedintercetsinwhichline2ofeachtercetrhymeswith1and3ofthenextthus:ababcbcdcdedeewithafinalcoupletee.X各但丁在《神曲》中使用的诗体和莎士比亚十四行诗结合而成Q2:Part1:Strengthandfunctionofwestwind;usingcloudrainandhailtoshowthestrengthofwestwindExplainthepoemsentencebysentence.DiscussionWhatdoesthewestwindinthepoemsignifyAnswerthegreatrevolutionforcewhichcandestroyallexistingvicesinhumanworldComparingByronShelleyacceptedmoreadvancedsociopoliticaltheory.Byronpaidmoreattentiononindividualfreedom.RecommendedReadingToSkylark;Onewordistoooftenprofaned
3.HomeworkPreviewChapter9aboutJaneAusten.Lecture8JaneAusten177501817TodaywellmeetthefirstfamousEnglishfemalewriter.ShelivedintheRomanticAgebuthernovelswereanti-romantic.WhyYouwillunderstanditafteranalyzinghernovels.LifeShewasborninacountrysideclergymansfamily.Shewaseducatedathomeandnevermarriedinallherlife.Sheonlylived42yearsandonlylivedinherhometownwithoccasionalvisitstoLondon.Shepassedallherlifeindoingsmalldomesticdutiesandlivedacomfortableandpeacefullife.WorksShewrote6novels:NorthangerAbbey《诺桑觉寺》SenseandSensibility《理智与情感》PrideandPrejudiceH《傲慢与偏见》MansfieldParkH《曼斯菲尔德庄园》EmmaX《艾玛》andPersuasion1^《劝导》.Austensnovelswerenotsopopularinherdays.Buttheyturnedouttobemoreandmorepopularandespeciallyinthe20thcentury.NowAustensnovelswereregardedasclassicalnovelsinEnglishliterature.Sample:PrideandPrejudiceBackground:PrideandPrejudiceismostwidelyreadamongallAustensnovels.Plot:ReadthesecondparagraphonP85QI:WhoistheheroofthenovelWhoistheheroineDarcyandElizabethQ2:WhatdoesthetitleofthenovelmeansDarcysPrideandElizabethsPrejudiceItisaverythinplotbuttheauthormadeavividdescriptiononthedailylifeofsimplecountrysociety.ExplainseveraldifficultlanguagepointsinChapter
1.Q:WhatdoyouthinkaboutthecharacterofMr.BennetandMrsBennetA:Mr.BennetisacynicalpersonwhileMrsBennetisaphilistineandshallowwoman.DiscussionQl:WhatdoyouthinkaboutAustensviewstowardsmarriageThestoryopenswithadirectreferencetomoneymarriages.ButyoumayfeelconfusingaboutAustensattitudetowardsmoneymarriages.Ofcourseitseemstobetheauthorsintentiontocreatetwovividpicturesoutoftheheroandheroinewiththeformertypifyingpride”andthelatterprejudicebutthefactremainsthatDarcyshugeestateandhighsocialpositionarenotonlymostsatisfiedtoElizabethsparentsandtoherself.TheyoungestdaughterLydiamarriedwithapoorofficer;whichwasconsideredasamuchlessfortunatemarriageinthenovel.HowtounderstandtheauthorsattitudetowardsthemoneymarriageItiscloselyrelatedwiththevaluesAustenheld.Wellanalyzeitinthefollowingpart.Q2:FeaturesofAustensnovelsAustenwasatraditionalandconservativepersonincertaindegreewhoheldthemoralvaluesproposedinChristianity.Shethoughtpeopleshouldhaveself-controlandself-knowledge.Andatthesametimepeopleshouldbepracticalandresponsible.MaybethisisthereasonwhyAustendidntliketheradicalromanticpassionpopularinherage.Hernovelsweresimilarwiththenovelsproducedinthecriticalrealismtrend.Sheneverincludedanycontentsrelatedwiththosepoliticalandsocialupheavalsinherage.Hernovelsonlycenteredonthesmallworldaroundher.Sheespeciallylikedtowritenovelsconcerningwithloveandmarriagebetweenyoungladiesandgentlemenfromwell-to-dofamilies.Andshewasgoodatcreateyoungwomencharacters.Hernovelsincludeskeenobservationandpenetratinganalysisofhumannatureandhumanrelationsthoughsheonlyportrayedthosecharactersfrommiddleandhighclasses.Hernovelsarehumorousandwithnumerouswittydialoguesandsomemodestsatire.Sheherselfoncecomparedherworktoafineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare.Thisisanexcellentcomment.RecommendedReadingAll6novelswrittenbyJaneAustenespeciallyPrideandPrejudiceorSenseandSensibility;watchingmoviesadaptedfromAustensnovelsisalsoOK.HomeworkPreviewChapter13aboutCharlesDickens.MiltonByronandKeatsallcontributedexcellentsonnets.B.Thoughthesonnetisafixedformbuttherhymeschemeofthesonnetisnotfixedfewminutesforstudentstofindoutthispoemsrhymescheme.Answer:ababcdcdefefgg.ThisisatypicalrhymeschemeusedbyShakespeareinallhissonnets.C.Explainthepoemsentencebysentence.temperate:moderateormild;roughwinds:strongwinds;darling:lovely;lease:租约;complexion:appearance;dim:darkenwithcloud;brag:boast;D.discussTheme:expressingthedeeplovetohisfriendTheMerchantofVeniceFamouscomedywrittenbyShakespeareinhisyouthSetting:VenicetheMiddleAgeCharacters:BassanioAntonioShylockPortialetstudentsdiscussthecharactersPortia:ShakespearesidealwomanbeautifulintelligentculturedgraciousindependentadaughterofRenaissanceShylock:mostsuccessfulcharacteraJewagreedyandmercilessusurerandalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecutionsympathyPlot:ReadtheintroductionfromP3toP
4.DiscussTheme:Mercywinsovermalice.Theselectionisthemostfamoussceneofthewholeplayandalsotheclimaxoftheplay.Askstudentstoreaditthoroughlyaftertheclass.Intheclasswelllearnashortparttakenfromthescene.PIOtoPllthefamousstatementaboutmercymadebyPortiathelastbutnotleastformoftheplay:versedramawritteninblankversemostlyblankverse:unrhymediambicpentameter.SoonafterblankversewasintroducedbyHenryHowardEarlofSurreyinhistranslationofVirgilsworksitbecamethestandardmeterforElizabethanandlaterpoeticdramasandsomepoetssuchasJohnMiltonalsoemployedthisformtowritetheirlongpoems.RecommendedReadingSonnet29;Sonnet73;Sonnet116;Fourgreattragedies;RomeoandJuliet;AMidsummerNightsDream
3.HomeworkPreviewthenextchapteraboutJohnMilton.FindouttheformandrhymeschemeofthepoemToCyriackSkinneronP
23.Lecture9CharlesDickens1812-1870HeisthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealismandhewascalledtheexpressionoftheconscienceofhisage.CriticalRealismTime:themiddleofthe19thcenturyRepresentatives:CharlesDickensandWilliamThackerayetc.Background:IndustrialRevolution1760-1840employmentofmachines;extremelywealthyandextremelypoor;unemployment;Chartistmovement1838-1848宪章运动；workersunionstorequireforpoliticalrights;ThePeoplesCharter;severalpetitionstoParliamentbutfailed;greatinfluencetothesocietyFeaturesintroductionofanewsetofcharactersfromtheworkingclassPstronghatredforvicesexistinginthesocietyanillusionofbringingaboutsocialjusticeandharmonybyreformsaninterestinthethemeofwomanemancipationmainlyCharlotteBronte*1819-1901QueenVictoriathuscalledVictorianAgeLifeofCharlesDickensHewasborninamiddleclassfamily.Hisfatherwasaclerkbutanextravagantspenderandwasthrownintoprisonbecauseofdebts.Heoncewasachildlaborandworkedinashoe-blackingfactory.Afterhisfatherwasreleasedhewassendtoschoolagain.Whenhewas15heworkedasalawyersclerk.Whenhewas19hebecameareporter.Whenhewas21hepublishedfirstessay.Thenhegraduallybecameasuccessfulwriter.Afterhisdeathhewasburiedatthepoetscorner.MajorWorksThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub;匹克威克外传OliverTwist;雾都孤儿DombeyandSon;董贝父子DavidCopperfield;大卫科波菲尔HardTimes;艰难时事ATaleofTwoCities;双城记GreatExpectations远大前程DavidCopperfieldBackground:autobiographical;OfallmynovelsIlikethisbest.byDickensPlotP118toP119rathercomplicatedthanpreviousnovelsDavidCopperfield-aposthumouschildDavidsmother-agentleandweakwoman;deathbecauseofdepressionMr.Murdstone-DavidsstepfatherarichmerchantbutcruelmanSteerforthandTraddles-DavidsfriendsinschoolMr.Micawber-DavidslandlordinLondonwhenheworkedasachildlaborBetseyTrotwood-DavidsgreatauntMr.Wickfield-MissTrotwoodslawyerAgnesWickfield-Mr.Wickfieldsdaughter;DavidssecondwifeMr.Spenlow-alawyer;DavidonceworkedforhimDora-Mr.Spenlowsdaughter;DavidsfirstwifeClaraPeggotty-DavidsnurseHam-nephewofMr.PeggottyEmily-anorphangirlraisedbythePeggottyUriahHeep-controlMr.Wickfieldsbusinessbytricks;punishedbyDavidTheExcerptDavidasachildlaborinLondonWheredidDavidworkWhatsDavidsworkingplacelikeWhatsDavidstaskWhoarehiscompaniesWhatshisfeelingaboutthemFindtheappearanceofMr.Micawber.AnycharacteristicsofMr.MicawbersspeechHowdoesMr.MicawberdealwithdebtsWhatsMr.MicawbersadvicetoDavidDoeshepracticehimselfAtlastMr.Micawberwouldbesetfree.Guessifhisideaswouldchange.CharacterofMr.Micawber:kindpoorvainunpracticalFeaturesofCharlesDickensnovelsAtendencytodepictthegrotesquecharactersHischaractersalwayshavepeculiarhabitsmannersorbehaviorssuchasMicawberBelievinginsocialreformstochangetheworldthussometimescreatedunnaturalhappyendingforhisnovelsDelicatestructureandplotwell-designedandattractiveGoodatdepictingpatheticscenestoarousesympathyGoodatusingrhetoricaldevicestomakehislanguagevividandhumorousRecommendedReadingsAnyoneofDickensnovelsHomeworkReviewthenextchapter.Lecture10WilliamMakepeaceThackeray181101863LifeHewasborninIndiaandhisfatherwasanEnglishofficialtherewhodiedwhenhewasfourandleftalargesumofmoneytohim.HewaseducatedinthepublicschoolandCambridgebutheleftuniversitywithouttakingadegree.Helosthismoneybygamblingandbadinvestmentsandhehadtomakealivingbywritingarticlesfornewspapersandmagazines.4HisfirstliterarysuccesscamefromaseriesofsatiricalsketchesnamedTheSnobsofEngland.Thisbookisapreludetohislaterworksbecauseitcontainsalltheimportantideasexpressedinhislaternovels.
⑤HismasterpieceVanityFairwaspublishedin
184701848.HealsowrotesomeothernovelsincludingPendennisTheNewcomes1HenryEsmondandTheVirginians.However;thesenovelscantmatchwithVanityFair.VanityFair《名利场》BackgroundThetitleofthenovelcomesfromJohnBunyansThePilgrimsProgress.ThesubtitleofthebookisAnovelwithoutahero.OriginallyThackeraywantedtousethisasthetitleofthenovelbecausehisintentionwasnottoportrayindividualsbutthebourgeoisandaristocraticsocietyasawhole.Anditalsomeanstherearenopositivecharactersinthenovelaccordingtotheauthor.StoryReadthestoryfromP137toP138byyourself.Makeclearaboutthedevelopmentoftheplotandrelationsbetweenmaincharacters.RebeccaSharpAmeliaSedleyJosephSedleySirPittCrawleyRawdonCrawleyLordSteyneGeorgeOsborneWilliamDobbinExcerptHowmanypeoplecametoVauxhallinthechapterRetellthemaineventsmentionedinthechapter.WhomdoestheIrefertointhechapterTheauthorAnalyzethecharacterofRebeccaSharpandfindproofsfromthechaptershrewdsophisticatedhypocriticalCharacterofAmelia:good-naturedsentimentalandsimple-mindedCharacterofGeorgeOsborne:snobbishcausticselfishandsimple-mindedCharacterofJosephSedley:vainselfisheffeminateCharacterofWilliamDobbin:good-naturedhonestComparisonbetweenThackerayandDickensTheywerecontemporariesandrepresentativesofcriticalrealism.TheywerebothnovelistshumoristsandcriticizedtheVictoriansocietysatirically.Theirdifferences:TheworlddescribedbyThackeraywasadifferentonefromthatofDickens.ThackeraymainlydescribedthelivesofaristocratsandrichpeoplewhereasDickenschiefcontributionwashisdescriptionofthecommonpeoplelikeOliveTwist.Dickenswasasentimentalist.Helikedtoseizeeveryopportunitytoarousetheemotionsofhisreaders.Hewasnotedforhispatheticscenes.Thackeraywasacynicwhosawnogoodinanythinganddoubtedthegoodnessofhumannature.Eveninpatheticsceneshewaslikeaspectator.UnlikeDickenswhoadvocatedsocialreformsThackeraywasnotacrusaderforgoodcauses.WhereasDickenswasaromanticistinmanyaspectsThackeraywasagainstallromanticconventions.HeoncesaidIhavenobrainsabovemyeyes;andIdescribewhatIsee.HissatireisneverpersonallikePopesorbrutallikeSwiftsandistemperedbyhumor.Hepresentedhischaractersastheyarerealinlife.Herecordedtheirshortcomingswiththeircapacities.SomecriticsthoughtthathischaracterizationismoresubtlethatDickens.Theformerscreationsareroundentireandquitealiveandconvincing.1RecommendedReadingVanityFairthewholenovelHomeworkPreviewthenextchapteraboutEmilyBronte.Lecture11EmilyBronte181801848LifeoftheBrontesistersCharlotteBronte39yearsEmilyBronte30yearsandAnneBronte29yearsallwrotesomeniceliteraryworks;alltalented;alldiedearlyTheyweredaughtersofapoorcountryclergymanandborninYorkshiremoors.TheBrontefamilyhad5daughtersand1son.ExceptAnne4girlsweresenttothecharityschool.2elderdaughtersdiedinthecharityschoolbecauseofbadlivingconditions.describedinJaneEyreCharlotteandEmilyonceworkedasgovernessesinrichfamiliestomakealiving.In1848Emilyandherbrotherdiedofconsumption.In1849Annealsodiedofconsumption.OnlyCharlottelivedalittlelongerandmarriedaclergyman.Charlottewrote4novels;Emily1novelandAnne2novels.Thethreesistersalsopublishedapoemcollectiontogether.Inthe19thcenturyCharlottesnovelswerewelcomedbetterbutinthe20thcenturyEmilyBronteisconsideredasthemosttalentedinthethreesisters.WutheringHeights呼啸山庄PlotReaditonP156:astoryabouttwofamiliesandanintrudingstragerPointofview:firstpersonpointofview;employingtwodramaticnarrators:Mr.LockwoodHeathcliffstenantandNellyDeanthehousekeeperExcerpt:Chapter15QI:WhatdoesthechaptermaintalkaboutFinalmeetingofHeathcliffandCatherinebeforeCatherinesdeathQ2:IstheIinfirstparagraphthesamepersonwiththeIintherestofthechapterNoIinthefirstparagraphisMr.LockwoodandIintherestofthechapterisNellyDeanQ3:WhatwereCatherinesbehaviorswhenshemetHeathcliffinthischapterWhatthosebehaviorsmeanShestilllovedHeathcliffdeeplybutshewasafraidthatHeathcliffmightforgether.Q4:WhatwereHeathcliffsbehaviorswhenhemetCatherineinthischapterWhatthosebehaviorsmeanHealsolovedCatherineverymuchbuthecomplainedaboutCatherinesmarriagewithEdgarLinton.NoticethecharacterizationofCatherineEarnshaw.DiscussionIfyouwereCatherinewouldyouchooseEdgarLintonorHeathcliffActuallyCatherineisacommongirlwhometanuncommonlove.ShedidnthaveenoughstrengthtochooseHeathcliffasmostcommonpeople.YoucanseeinthenovelintheCatherinesheartthestrugglebetweentrueloveandtraditionneverceased.AndwecansayitwasthecontradictionwhichcausedCatherinesearlydeath.ThuswecannottakeCatherinesimplyasavainorevensnobbishcharacter.Shewasonlyacommongirlwhowasborninawealthyfamily.ShedidnthaveenoughcourageandstrongmindtochooseHeathcliff.Thischaracterisaquiteauthenticone.Themeofthenovel:strongcriticismuponthemammonismandsocialdiscriminationprevailinginthesocietyThethemeofthenovelcanalsobeunderstoodlikethis:hatredandrevengearemeaningless;onlylovecanlastforeverFeaturesofthenovel:strongRomanticcolorfocusingonprivatepassionandpersonalemotions;lotsofdescriptionofnaturetocreateaspecifiedatmosphere;GothicelementsRecommendedReadingThewholenovelofWutheringHeightsHomeworkPreviewthenextchapteraboutThomasHardyandreadtheexcerptofChapter
13.考研英国文学复习要点1[2006-3-3119:47:00|By:Iiteraturel23]考研英国文学复习要点（参照教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》）本文供考研英国文学复习第二遍和第三遍的时候使用第一遍要把教材细读一遍.很多人觉的文学学的乱七八糟，主要是因为脑子里没有一个清晰的纲领，在临考前脑子里要对文学有很清晰的纲领，这样就算复习的差不多了.有人又问什么是纲领比如说英国文学吧你要知道英国文学大致分为多少个时期，每一个时期有什么总体特点有什么总体的literarytrend然后这个时期有那些重要的作家每一个重要的作家都写过什么重要的作品，这些重要的作品大致内容是什么，有什么意义，有什么写作特色除了这些之外，再对基本的文学术语有所了解就差不多了•当然如果要求选读的，选读作品得另看这里名词解释都没有具体打上，因为我在做另外一份专门的名词解释的文件，做好了传上来.还有选读作品的本人学力有限，诗歌部分学的不错，等有空了也制一份文件传上来.PartOne:EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureBeowulf:nationalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Denmarkstory;alliterationmetaphorsandunderstatements（此处可能会有填空选择等小题）Romance（名词解释）SirGawainandtheGreenKnight:afamousromanaboutKingArthursstoryBallad（名词解释）CharacterofRobinHoodGeoffreyChaucer:founderofEnglishpoetry;TheCanterburyTales（maincontents;124storiesplannedonly24finished;writteninMiddleEnglish;significance;form:heroiccouplet）Heroiccouplet（名词解释）PartTwo:TheEnglishRenaissanceTheAuthorizedVersionofEnglishBibleanditssignificance（填空选择）Renaissance（名词解释）ThomasMoreUtopiaSonnet（名词解释）Blankverse（名词解释）EdmundSpenserTheFaerieQueene;Amoretti（collectionofhissonnets）SpenserianStanza（名词解释）FrancisBaconessaysesp.OfStudies（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）ChristopherMarlowe（DoctorFaustusandhisachievements）WilliamShakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家一定要看熟了.四大喜剧，四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的喜剧作品是Hamlet这是肯定的.他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnetl
8.（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）考研英国文学复习要点2[2006-4-1121:25:00|By:Iiteraturel23]BenJonson个别戏剧的名字要能和人对上号如EveryManinHisHumor二外好像在这里出过一道匹配题但是不用看太具体.PartThree:ThePeriodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionJohnMilton三大史诗非常重要特别是ParadiseLost和SamsonAgonistes.对于ParadiseLost需要知道它是blankverse写成的，故事情节来自OldTestament具体情节在课本124页另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象.对于SamsonAgonistes要知道它是poeticaldrama知道故事大概情节及其来源.另外129页到130页briefsummary中5条要看.JohnBunyanThePilgrimsProgressFounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolJohnDonne;featuresoftheschool:philosophicalpoemscomplexrhythmsandstrangeimagesAndrewMarvell此人不重要，但他有一首名诗ToHisCoyMistressJohnDrydenAllforLoveatragedy;AnEssayofDramaticPoesyLiterarycriticism;forerunneroftheClassicisminBritain考研英国文学复习要点3[2006-4-1916:27:00|By:Iiteraturel23]PartFour:TheEighteenCenturyEnlightenment名词解释Classicism名词解释RichardSteeleTheTatlerJosephAddisonHTheSpectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文这一部分要仔细读.SteelsandAddisonsstylesandtheircontributionsAlexanderPope:EssayonCriticismEssayonManTheRapeofLockTheDunciad;hisworkmanshipfeaturesandlimitationsJonathanSwift:“GulliversTravels”此书非常重要要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象;TheDrapiersLettersandAModestProposal后一篇比较重要要注意后一篇作者用的irony也就是反讽手法.Theriseandgrowthoftherealisticnovelisthemostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliterature.DanielDefoe:RobinsonCrusoeMollFlanders当然是RobinsonCrusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚179页这一节最后一段，有RobinsonCrusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形以及殖民主义的萌芽.另外注意Defoe的style和feature另外Defoe是forerunnerofEnglishrealisticnovel.SamuelRichardsonPamelafirstepistolarynovelClarissaHarloweSirCharlesGrandisonHenryFielding:JosephAndrews1HJonathanWildTomJones”第一个和第三个比较重要需要仔细看他是一个比较重要的作家200页founderoftheEnglishRealisticnovel部分要看201页第3点features也要看，另外Fielding也被称为fatheroftheEnglishnovel.LaurenceSterneTristramShandyRichardSheridanTheSchoolforScandalSamuelJohnsonDictionaryLettertoLordChesterfieldthewritersdeclarationofindependenceOliverGoldsmithTheTravellerpoemHTheDesertedVillagepoembothtwopoemswerewrittenbyheroiccoupletTheVicarofWakefieldnovelTheGood-NaturedMancomedyHShestoopstoConquercomedyTheCitizenoftheWorld1collectionofessays
38.EdwardGibbonTheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpireSentimentalism名词解释ThomasGrayElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”英国诗歌里非常著名的一首曾经被誉为有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”arepresentativeofsentimentalismandgraveyardschoolofpoets墓园派诗人*GraveyardSchool/Poets:Atermappliedtoeighteenth-centurypoetswhowrotemeditativepoemsusuallysetinagraveyardonthethemeofhumanmortalityinmoodswhichrangefromelegiacpensivenesstoprofoundgloom.ThevogueresultedinoneofthemostwidelyknownEnglishpoemsThomasGraysElegywritteninacountrychurchyard.ThewritingofgraveyardpoemsspreadfromEnglandtoContinentalliteratureinthesecondpartofthecenturyandalsoinfluencedsomeAmericanpoets.Inthelatterhalfofthe18thcenturyPre-Romanticism;representative:WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns.ThomasPercyReliquesofAncientEnglishpoetry”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集.WilliamBlake比较重要濡要对主要作品有所了解，特别是SongsofInnocence和SongsofExperience这两本集子的contrast一定要注意，另外Blake的写作特点也要注意比如语言的简单明了，神秘主义氛围等.RobertBurns伟大的苏格兰民族诗人ARedRedRoseScotsWhaHaeAuldLangSyne等名诗写彳乍特点Scottishdialect;apoetofpeasantandScottishpeople;plainlanguage;influencefromScottishfolksongsandballads;musicalqualityofhispoems.考研英国文学复习要点4[2006-6-310:28:00|By:Iiteraturel23]PartFive:RomanticisminEnglandRomanticism名词解释要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解.WilliamWordsworth要知道他的LyricalBallads前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志也是宣言.LakePoets名词解释.他诗歌的主要两类题材:natureandcommonpeopleslives.写过的著名作品:lwanderedlonelyasacloud;Tothecuckoo;LinescomposedafewmilesaboveTinternAbbey;Thesolitaryreaper;Weareseven等等.SamuelTaylorColeridge两首名诗:TheRimeoftheAncientMariner;KublaKhan主要写作supernatural题材.GeorgeGordonByronByronicHeroes名词解释;著名作品:ChildHaroldsPilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用SpenserianStanza写成;DonJuan要知道大致内容，及其诗体attavarima.PercyByssheShelley著名作品:QueenMab;TheRevoltofIslam;PrometheusUnboundlyricaldrama要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯“不同之处及其意义.其它名作OdetotheWestWind;Toaskylark;Onewordistoooftenprofaned等等.JohnKeats著名作品:OdetoAutumn;OdetoaNightingale;OdeonaGrecianUrn”.注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的.CharlesLamb:TheEssaysofEliahumorousarchaismsquotationsfromotherwritersWalterScott:founderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel;hisdeathmarkstheendingofRomanticPeriodinEnglishliterature;famousnovels:RobRoyIvanhoe;featuresofhisnovelsP322PartSix:EnglishCriticalRealismCriticalRealism批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景主要代表人物及主要特点.CharlesDickens主要作品ThePickwickPapersfirstnovel;OliverTwist;DombeyandSon;DavidCopperfield;ATalesofTwoCities等等对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色P362-P
363.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray主要作品即VanityFair要知道这个题目出自JohnBunyan的ThePilgrimsProgress另外小说的副标题Anovelwithoutahero”的意思，小说的情节，主题人物形象都要了解.JaneAusten主要作品:PrideandPrejudice其它5部小说在书上372页知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》课本上介绍的不详细，可以找其它文学史书籍来简单看一下它的情节和主要人物.Austen的写作特点:thinplotmostlyeverydaylifeofsimlecountrysociety;goodatwritingyounggirls;modestsatire;wittydialogues.CharLecture2JohnMilton160801674ComparingwithWilliamShakespearefewpeoplereadhisgreatproductionstoday.However;heisalsoaclassicalwriterinEnglishLiterature.HistoricalBackgroundDiscussion:AnyimportanteventhappenedduringMiltonslifetimeinBritainEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionTheconflictsbetweenKingJamesIandthenCharlesIandtheParliamentProfoundconflicts:theOldFeudalismandNewCapitalismInreligion:TheAnglicanChurchandthePuritanTheconsequenceofthosecontradictions:theCivilWar1642-1649TheKingwasexecutedin1649andmonarchywasabolished.OliverCromwellsdictatorship1649-1660TheRestoration:CharlesIIandthenJamesIIGloriousRevolution1688Lifeborninarichandculturedfamily-handsomeandhardworking-graduatedfromCambridgeUniversityandgotmasterdegree-sixyearsprivatestudyandthemostknowledgeablepoetinBritain-writingpamphletsfortheCommonwealth-blindin1652-arrestedandfinedafterrestoration-producedthreegreatpoemsinplainlifeMostimportantworks-threegreatpoems:ParadiseLost1667;ParadiseRegained1671;SamsonAgonistes1671poeticdramaBesidesthreegreatpoemsinhislateyearshealsowrotesomeexcellentsonnetsincludingtheonewelllearntoday.ToCyriackSkinnerAskthequestionsofhomeworkAnswer:Sonnet;abbaabbacdcdcdForm:SonnetRhymescheme:abbaabbacdcdcddifferentwithWilliamShakespearessonnetsExplainthepoemsentencebysentenceDiscussionTheme:theauthorspositiveattitudetowardshisblindnessanothersonnetonblindnessseemsmorediscouraged.ParadiseLost《失乐园》Miltonsmasterpiece;greatestepicwrittenintheEnglishlanguage*epic史诗itisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubjecttoldinaformalandelevatedstyleandcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribeanationorthehumanrace.Noticethedifferencesbetweentraditionalepicsandliteraryepics.ParadiseLostisaliteraryepic.Itsalongepicincluding12books.TheplotistakenfromtheOldTestamentofHolyBible.*HolyBible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典分为《旧约》TheOldTestament和《新约》TheNewTestament两部分，这两部分写于不同的时期，而且使用的文字不同，《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文，然后是拉丁文在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪，但各种版本都不算通行，直到MartinLuther宗教改革之后1611A.Eachofthefollowingbelowisfollowedbyfouralternativeanswer.Choosetheonethatwouldbetcompletethestatementandputtheletterintheblank.（每小题1分共30分）.GenerallytheRenaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenandcenturies.A.14th...mid-17thB.14th...mid-18thC.16th...mid-18thD.16th...mid-17th.frequentlyappliedconceitsinhispoems.A.SpenserB.DonneC.BlakeD.ThomasGray
3.isknownasthepoetspoet”.A.ShakespeareB.MarloweC.SpenserD.DonneThe18thcenturyEnglandisknownastheinthehistory.A.RenaissanceB.ClassicismC.EnlightenmentD.RomanticismandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanism.EdmundSpenser;ChristoperMarloweThomasMoreChristoperMarloweJohnDonneEdmundSpenserJohnMiltonThomasMoreThemiddleofthe18thcenturywaspredominatedbyanewlyrisingliteraryformthatisthemodernEnglishwhichgivesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.A.proseB.shortstoryC.novelD.tragicomedyisthecentralconcerntoBlakesconcernintheSongofInnocenceandSongofExperience.A.childhoodB.womanC.poetryD.happinessAmongthefollowingplayswhichisnotwrittenbyMarloweA.Dr.FaustusB.TheJewofMaltaC.EdwardIID.SchoolforscandalShakespearesgreatesttragediesare.HamletOthelloKingLearandMacbethHamletOthelloKingLearandRomeoandJulietHamletCoriolanusKingLearandMacbethHamletJuliuscaesarOthelloandMacbethAmongthepioneersofthe18thcenturynovelistswereDanielDefoeSamuelRichardsonHenryfieldingand.A.LauranceSterneB.JohnDrydenC.CharlesDickensD.AlexanderPopeWhichofthefollowingGothicnovelswasnotwritteninthe18thcenturyTheCastleofOtrantoTheItalianTheMonkTheFalloftheHouseofUsherInthetheatricalworldoftheneoclassicalperiodwastheleadingfigureamongthehostofplaywrights.A.WilliamBlakeB.RichardSheridanC.BenJohnsonD.BernardShawDickensworksarecharacterizedbyaminglingofandpathos.A.humorB.satireC.passionD.metaphorThesuccessofJaneEyreisnotonlybecauseofitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsocietybutalsoduetoitsintroductiontotheEnglishnovelthefirstheroine.A.explorerB.peasantC.workerD.governessInTennysondealtwiththethemeofwomensrightsandposition.A.PoemB.ThePrincessC.InMemorianD.IdyllsoftheKingHTheCustom-Houseisanintroductorynoteto.A.Moby-DickB.TheScarletLetterC.TheMarbleFaunD.TheBlithedaleRomanceThepublicationofestablishedEmersonasthemosteloquentspokesmanoftheNewEnglandTranscendentalism.A.NatureB.Self-RelianceC.TheOver-SoulD.TheAmericanScholarHWhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloomedismostprobablyapoem.thatcelebratestheburgeoninglifeofcitiesthatsingshighlyfreedomanddemocracythatcondemnsviolenceandbloodshedthatmournsforthedeathofLincoln
19.isnotadominantfigureoftheRealisticPeriod.A.WilliamDeanHowellsB.MarkTwainC.HenryJamesD.JamesF.CooperThebookfromwhichallmodernAmericanliteraturecomesrefersto.A.Moby-DickB.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnC.TheSunAlsoRisesD.TheGreatGatsbyStrongaffinitytotheChineseandOrientalliteraturecanbefoundintheworksof.A.MarkTwainB.EzraPoundC.EmilyDikinsonD.ArthurMillernlnaStationoftheMetro*isregardedbycriticsasaclassicspecimenof.A.theabsurdpoetryB.thetranscendentalpoetryC.theromanticpoetryD.theimagistpoetryThefounderoftheAmericandramais.A.ArthurMillerB.EugeneONeillC.TenneseeWilliamsD.CliffordOdetsF.ScottFitzgeraldisnottheauthorof.A.ThisSideofParadiseB.TenderistheNightC.TheGreatGatsbyD.InOurTime
25.isnotafictionalcharacterintheScarletLetter.A.HesterB.ArthurDimmersdaleC.RogerChillingworthD.IshmaelTheperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoas.A.theAgeofColonicalismB.theAgeofRomanticismC.theAgeofRealismD.theAgeofModernismStatementisNOTtrueindescribingAmericannaturalists.TheyweredeeplyinfluencedbyDarwinism.TheywereidentifiedwithFrenchnovelistandtheoristEmileZola.Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsociety.Theyusedmoreseriousandmoresympathetictoneinwritingthanrealists.
28.isconsideredbyH.L.Menckenasthetruefatherofournationalliterature.A.HemingwayB.PoeC.IrvingD.Twaintheyallsharedthesamethematicconcernexcept.A.RobertPennWarrenB.FlanneryOConnerC.WilliamFaulknerD.NormanMailerdrawsontheJewishexperienceandtraditionandexaminessubtlythedismantlingoftheselfbyanintolerablemodernhistory.AllenGinsbergB.JohnUpdikeC.SaulBellowD.J.D.SalingerGivetheauthorandgenreofeachofthefollowingliteraryworks.（每小题2分，共20分）TheShepheardesCalenderFarewelltoloveMuchAdoAboutNothingChildeHaroldsPilgrmageDombeyandtheSonTheIcemanComethTheRoadNotTakenTheCantosTheGrapesofWrathBabbitDefinetheliterarytermslistedbelow.（每小题5分共10分）UtilitarianismFreeVerseForeachofthequotationslistedbelowpleasegivethenameoftheauthorandthetitleoftheliteraryworkfromwhichitistakenandthenbrieflyinterpretit.（每＜|、题5分，共15分）
1.ShallIcomparetheetoasummersdayThouaremorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedaringbudsofMayAndsummersleasthathalltooshortadate:SometimestoohottheeyeofheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;
2.1heardaFlaybuzz-whenIdied-TheStillnessintheRoomWasliketheStillnessintheAirBetweentheHeavesofStorm-Thereismusicfrommyneighborshousethroughthesummernights.Inhisbluegardensmenandgirlscameandwentlikemothsamongthewhisperingsandthechampagneandstars.AthightideintheafternoonIwatchedhisguestsdivingfromthetowerofhisraftortakingthesunonthehotsandofhisbeachwhilehistwomotor-boatsslitthewatersoftheSounddrawingaquaplanesovercataractsoffoam.Onweek-endshisRolls-Roycebecameanomnibusbearingpartiestoandfromthecitybetweennineinthemorningandlongpastmidnightwhilehisstationwagonscamperedlikeabriskyellowbugtomeetalltrains.AndonMondayseightservantsincludinganextragardenertoiledalldaywithmopsandscrubbing-brushesandhammersandgarden-shearsrepairingtheravagesofthenightbefore...Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.（每小题5分共10分）WhatisBernardShawsviewpointonliteratureWhatdoesthenightjourneyyoungGoodmanBrownmakessymbolizeShortEssayQuestions（共15分）WhatisthestrikingfeatureofPaulthemaincharacterinSonsandlovers（7分）GiveabriefanalysisofEmilyGriersonInARoseforEmily.（8分）英国文学选读复习资料^.GeoffreyChaucer（1340-1400）杰弗里•乔叟时期
1、thefatherofEnglishpoetry英国诗歌之父2heroiccouplet英雄双韵体averseunitconsistingoftworhymed（押韵）linesiniambicpentameter（五步抑扬格）
3、代表作theCanterburyTales坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）人文主义先驱，thefatherofEnglishpoetry..第一个用英语写作的诗人二.WilliamShakespearel.ThefourgreattragediesbyWilliamShakespeareare_Hamlet__Othello__KingLear_Macbeth.四大喜剧是AMidsummerNightsDream;Asyoulikeit;TwelfthNight;ThemerchantofVenice.theperiodofRevolutionandRestoration（17世纪）资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose散文1文学特有thePuritans青教徒）believedinsimplicityoflifedisapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetrybreakingupofoldideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离
2、代表人物1）、JohnDonne约翰・多恩Thefounderofthemetaphysicalpoets（玄学派诗人）的代表人物代表作Lovelyrics:Songsandsonnets.TheFlea.AValediction:forbiddingmorning作品特点
①strikethereaderinDonnesextraordinaryfranknessandpenetratingrealism.（i0诚的态度和现实描绘）
②noveltyofsubjectmatterandpoint（新颖的题材和视角）
③noveltyofitsform.（新颖的形式）2）、JohnMilton约翰•弥尔顿agreatpoet诗人（poem诗歌blankverse）wasa_radicalpuritaninpoliticsandreligion.激进清教徒分子（DefensefortheEnglishPeople》为英国人辩护《ParadiseLost》失乐园uSatanisnotavillain”撒旦不是坏人《ParadiseRegained》复乐园JohnMiltonJsthreegreatpoemsare_ParadiseLost_（无韵诗blandverse.故事情节来自OleTestament要知道此书的them和Satan的形象）_ParadiseRegainedSamsonAgonistes.（poeticaldrama）theRomanticPeriod（1798-1832）浪漫主义Pre-RomanticismwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命教育意义Educational libertyequalityandfraternity自由，平等，博爱开始的标志beginningwiththepublicationofWilliamWordsworths《LyricalBallads》抒情歌谣集从威廉・华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始
4、lakepoets（湖畔诗人卜ColeridgeRobertSoutheyWordsworth5代表人物1）、WilliamWordsworth威廉・华兹华斯poet-laureate（桂冠诗人）romanticism英国最伟大的诗人自然的崇拜者英国桂冠诗人湖泊诗人（消极浪漫主义）题材natureandcommonpeopleslives.Lyricalballads抒情歌谣集（柯勒律治合编，浪漫主义宣言书）IwanderedlonelyasaCloud.（M重要的）TheRimeoftheAncientMariner老船夫KublaKhan忽必烈汗（这两个比较重要点）SamuelTaylorColeridge家Lyricalballads;BilgraphiaLiteraria文学传记（此作者不太重要）题材SuperNature.作品特，点simplicityandpurityofthelanguagefightingagainsttheconventionalformsofthe18thcenturypoetryll.JaneAustenssubjectmatterwasrestrictedtoanarrowrangeofsocietyandevents_aquietprosperousmiddle-classcircle_in_provincial_surroundings.JaneAustensnovelsinorderofpublicationare_SenseandSensibility__PrideandPrejudice__MansfieldPark_曼斯菲尔德望庄园_Emma__NorthangerAbbey_诺桑觉诗，_Persuasion_劝导.她是中产阶级小说的发起人
13.PercyByssheShelley雪莱P.B.ShellysOdetotheWestWindisintheformof_terzarima_三行诗节，whoserhymeschemeis_ababcbcbcded_.最后两行为ee.和Byron拜伦是晚期的浪漫主义主要作品《PrometheusUnbound》解放的普罗米修斯（drama）.ADefenceofPoetry诗辩OdetoherWestWind西风颂ToaSkylark致云雀TheRevoltofIslam伊斯兰的反叛14JohnKeatssmanyodesarelookeduponasthegreatestachievementinthehistoryofEnglishliterature;amongthemare_OdetoaNightingale__OdetoAutumn_（这个最重要）_OdeonaGrecianUrn_.希腊古瓮颂OdeonMelancholy忧郁颂（不太重要）他的诗歌没有雪莱和拜伦那么强的革命性，他的诗歌是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的poem“Beautyistruthtruthbeauty”美学原则
15.MaryShelley玛丽雪莱长篇小说《Frankenstein》弗兰肯斯坦，或现代普罗米修斯（恐怖作品）CriticalRealism批判现实主义，VictorianPeriod维多利亚时期humanism人文主义
1、意义ChartismsignifiedthefirstgreatpoliticalmovementoftheproletariatinEnglishhistory.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动
2、代表人物AlfredLordTennysony主要作品是Ulysses尤利西斯，继华兹华斯被授予“桂冠诗人”的称号RobertBrowning（第三位）悼念集InMemoriamA.H.H是英国文学史上最长的，也是和弥尔顿、雪莱齐名最伟大的挽歌诗人IdyllsoftheKing国王诗歌短诗有BreakBreakBreak.Crossingthebaro此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩CharlesDickens狄更斯isregardedasa_Criticalrealistic_批判现实主义novelist.Hisautobiographicalnovelis
一、匹克威克外传（第一部长篇作品Spicyandhumor）OliverTwist奥利佛，退斯特-雾都孤儿（描写孤儿生活L.反映小私有者悲惨生活的TheOldCuriosityShop老古玩店Toexposethedarkofthebourgeoisbuthaveawarmcriticismtothesociety
二、ChristmasTales圣诞故事集DombeyandSon董贝父子DavidCopperfield.大卫科波菲尔（Autobiographicalnovelitsthefavoriteoneoftheauthor描写了作者的大量亲身经历）Criticalthemoneyruleofthebourgeoisandthecharactersoftheworkhavemoresocialmeanings.
三、ATaleofTwoCities双城记（描述了法国大革命FrenchRevolution）oGreatExpectation远大前程HardTimes艰难时事BleakHouse荒凉山庄LittleDorrit小杜丽《PickwickPapers》Havelesshumorsandthegreatestsignificancetothesocial.特点describingthemiseryandsufferingsofcommonpeople.描述苦难和苦难的群众CharlotteBronte代表作JaneEyrel.Thecriticismofthebourgeoissystemofeducation.
2.Thecriticismofthebourgeoissystemofmarriage.
3.Equalrights.EmilyBronte代表作WutheringHeightsThetransitionfrom19thto20thcenturyinEnglishliterature19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期Aestheticism唯美主义artforartssakev为艺术而艺术
2、代表人物1ThomasHardy悲观主义者Pessimists《TessoftheDUrberv川es》苔丝《Judetheobscure》无名的裘德TheWoodlandersTheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长TheReturnoftheNative还乡FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣UndertheGreenwoodTree在绿荫下后面的不重要，第一个很重要novel特点HiscareeristhusdividedsharplybetweenhisVictoriannovelsandhispost-Victorianpoetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧
2、OscarWilde“artforartssake为艺术而艺术WilliamButlerYeats:Whenyouareold诗歌特点symbllismmysticism.modernists^influence寺寺o2GeorgeBernardShaw代表作Pygmalion喜剧3WilliamButlerYeats代表作Whenyouareoldpoet22JamesJoyces_Ulysses意识流小说的经典之作Dubliner都柏林and_FinnegansWake芬尼根守灵夜revolutionizedtheformandstructureofthenovelinthedevelopmentofthestream-of-consciousnesstechnique.与美国作家WilliamFaulkner福克纳都是意识流作家JamesJoyce1882-1941被认为是继莎士比亚后英国文学史上最伟大的作家代表作《Ulysses》尤利西斯，Ulysses给英国传统小说带来一场革命，成功在于意识流streamsofconsciousness描写表面上纷纷扬扬，漫无边际，实际上结构齐整，周密严谨，为现代小说巅峰之作
20.D.H.Lawrencehadtravelledtomanyplacesamongthemare_ltaly__Australia__NewZealandtheSouthSeasCaliforniaNewMexicoMexicoect.ModernistNovelistLawrencewrotechieflyabout_therelationshipbetweenparentsandchildren__thepassionbetweenmenandwomenj_theugliness__mammonism拜金主义__shammorality不道德_ofthemodernindustrializedsociety.主要作品:儿子与情人SonsandLovers恋爱中的妇女Womenislove查泰莱夫人的情人LadyChatterleysLover虹TheRainbow.ThomasStearmsEliot代表作theWasteLand荒原里程碑似的作家WilliamGoldingDorisLessingDorisLessing多丽丝莱辛第一部长篇小说青草在歌唱TheGrassisSinging金色笔记TheGoldenNotebook.PrideandPrejudiceThecharacteristicsElizabeth:Sheinheritedherfatherssenseofhumorandironyhaspositivestandardofmoralsandgoodsenseandisavigorousandintelligentyounglady.Darcy:HeisprideofhissuperiorsocialstatusandobjectivetoElizabethslowrelatives.Heisliberalandhonorableandinthehumbleaswell.Lovehumbleshimandmakeshimworthyoflove.ThethemeItisanovelaboutsocietyandtherelationshipsoffamily.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofwife.Thissentencepointsoutthethemeofthisnovel.Itismarriageandmoney.ThisnovelrevolvedaroundtheprocessoffourcouplesmarriageTheyareMr.BengleyandJaneMr.DarcyandElizabethMr.CollinsandCharlotteaswellasMr.WickhamandLydia.Itpraisedthemarriagewhichisbasedonmutualunderstandingandheartyloveandsatirizedanotherkindofmarriagewhichisbasedonbirthwealthandlust.TosomeextenditexpressedthehopesanddreamsofEnglishWomanstrivingforfreedomofmarriage.Besidesthisitstillsatirizedthesocialhierarchyofthetime.Thefeatureofthewriting:thinplotmostlyeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysocietygoodatwringyounggirls;modestsatire;wittydialogues.写作特，点thelove-makingofheryoungpeoplethoughseriousandsympatheticissubduedbyhumortotheordinaryplaneofemotiononwhichmostofuslive.Shewasthefounderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddleclasspeople.《英美文学选读》笔记英美文学选读》ThomasMore:Utopia《乌托邦》FrancisBacon:Essays《论说文集》或《随笔》Knowledgeispower——BaconEdmundSpencer:FaerieQueen《仙后》Oursweetestsongsarethosethatsingofsaddestfeelings.一SpencerWilliamShakespeare1564-
16161.23rdApril1564Stratford-on-Avon
2.HisFatheraleathermerchant皮货商
3.HisschoolalocalGrammarschoolfor6years
4.Hislifedramatistactorpoetproprietor
5.HisfirstsonHamnet
6.4tragedies:HamletOthelloKingLearMacbethRomeoandJuliet
7.Mainworks:37plays154sonnets2narrativeplays戏剧14行诗叙事诗TitusAndronicus《泰特斯•安德洛尼克斯》TamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》TheTwoGentlemenofVerona《维罗纳二绅士》LovesLaborsLost《爱的徒劳》AMidsummerNightsDream《仲夏夜之梦》KingJohn《约翰王的生平和逝世》MuchAdoaboutNothing《无事生非》TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》JuliusCaesar《朱力叶斯•凯撒》TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》Asyoulikeit《皆大欢喜》
8.CarlMarx:AeschylusandShakespearearethetwogreatestdramaticgeniustheworldhaseverknown.
9.Hisfriend:Hedoesnotbelongtoonetimebutbelongstoalltimes.WilliamShakespeareswritingfeature
1.Aplayintheplay.
2.BorrowplotsfromotherstoriessuchasRomanGreekandancientmyth.
3.Severalthreadsrunningthroughtheplay.
4.Combinationoftragicandcomicelements.WilliamShakespeareswritingstyle
1.Tremendousvocabulary16000wordsinventwords
2.Literarydevicesalliterationsimilemetaphor
3.UsepoetryinhisplayWilliamShakespeareshumanisticideas
1.Againstcrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofcivilwars
2.Againstreligiouspersecutionracialdiscriminationsocialinequality.
3.HatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracyThemesinShakespearessonnets
1.Expressloveandpraisetoayoungman
2.Immortalizebeautythroughverses
3.FriendshiporbetrayaloffriendshipSonnetOrigin:ItalyMostfamousandinfluentialsonneteer:PetrachSelectedReadingofShakespeare:
1.ShakespearesSonnet18:a.LadiesintheeyesofShakespearearenotgoodandbeautiful.Hiswifeis8yearsolderthanhim.b.lambicpentameterc.Mainideas:1i.Quatrain1:praisethebeautyoftheyoungmanii.Quatrain2:changesinlifeandnatureiii.Quatrain3:yourbeautywilllastforeveriv.Couplet:yourbeautywillliveinmypoemaImmortalizebeauty
2.AnExcerptfromTheMerchantofVenicea.HowdoesShylockjustifyhimselfaccordingtotheaccusationofDukeandBassanio3reasonsb.WhydoesShylocksticktohisbondinsteadoftakingtwicehisprincipleHehatestheChristiansandisdeterminedtorevengeonthembecausehisdaughterelopeswithaChristianc.WhatdoyouthinkofShylockintheearlycourtsceneWhatabouthimlaterIntheearlycourtsceneShylockiscrueleloquentstubborntrickyisolatedfromlawandfriendship.InthelatercourtsceneShylockisgreedysympatheticandoppressedbyChristiansd.WhatisShakespearesattitudetowardsShylockHesympathizesthosewhoareoppressed.AntonioisoppressedbyShylock.ShylockisoppressedbyChristianse.Thewholeplayisatragi-comedy.InthesceneShylockisthetragicside.Antonioandhisfriendsisthecomicside.JohnDonne1572-16311572Borninamerchantfamily1591LearnlawattheInnsofCourtinLondonPrivateSecretarytoSirThomasEgertontheLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal.160129y.MarriedEgertonsnieceAnnMore.Heworkedhardtofightagainstpoverty.Howeveritsasecretmarriage.Whenthemarriagewasexposedhewasputintojail.TheEgertonsregardedthemarriageasanoffence.1617Hiswifedied.Hedevotedhistimeandeffortstohispriestlydutieswritingsermonsandreligiouspoems.1621DonnewasappointedtheDeanofSt.Paulsandkeptthepostuntilhisdeath.JohnDonnesmajorwork
1.SongsandSonnetswrotebefore160055lovepoems.
2.TheElegiesandSatireshiselegieswroteforlovewhereasotherswroteformourningdeadpeople.
3.HolySonnetsSermonsSonnetswroteaboutGodsexuallifeproblemofdeathandlife.SermonsareChristianpreaching.JohnDonneisfamedfor3things
1.Agreatvisitorofladies
2.Agreatfrequenterofplays
3.AgreatwriterofconceitedversesAthistimeJohnDonnewasfamedasapreacher.Todayheisfamedasalyricpoet.JohnDonnecomparedpartinglovetocompassfleacomparedtotheunionoflovers.JohnDonnesconceitcanbeseenfromhisGocatchingthefallingstarinwhichhelistedmanyimpossiblethings一themostimpossiblethingisawomansfaithandheart.Metaphysicalpoetry一iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Metaphysicalpoets—arethepoetsinthe17cEnglandwhooftenunconventionallyuseconceitsandwit.Theimageryisdrawfromeverydaylife.TheformistheformofargumentwithGodloverhimself.Thedictionissimpleandthelanguageiscolloquialbutpowerful.JohnDonneistheleadingofmetaphysicalschool.SelectedReadingofJohnDonne
1.TheSunRising
2.DeathBenotProud1JohnMilton1608-16741608BorninLondon.ACatholicfamily.Hisfatherwasbothascholarandabusinessman.1620EducatedatSt.PaulsSchool1625EducatedinCambridge1643Marrieda17y.girlyoungerthanhim1649AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwellsCouncilofState1652Becametotallyblind.Hiswifedied.Hemarriedagain.3periodsinJohnMiltonslife
1.Englishrevolution1649CharlesIbeheaded.Cromwelltookthepower1660Restoration.CharlesIItookthepower
2.Politicalideas:expresshispoliticalideasinpamphlets
3.Poem:ParadiseLostParadiseRegainedSamsonAgonistes.2年出现的AuthorizedVersion至今通行，对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版.Plot:paragraphtwoonP24revoltofSatanandsomeotherangels0theirdefeatandthrowingintotheHell0temptationofAdamandEve0expulsionofAdamandEveTheme:tojustifythewaysofGodtomansubmissiontotheAlmightyDiscussion:IsthistherealthemeofthepoemRealtheme:praisingtherebelliousspiritsagainstthedespotCharacterizationGod:thedespotselfishcruelandunjustKingofBritainSatan:realherodaretorevoltagainstthedespotperseveringbutnotdiscouragedafterthefailureRepublicansincludingMiltonMiltonisapiousChristian.Thisepicistheproductionoftheconflictsbetweenhisreligiousbeliefandpoliticalbelief.P26LearnashortexcerptfromParadiseLostForm:blankverseExplaintheexcerptsentencebysentence.DoyouthinkJohnMiltonsworksdifficultMiltonicstyle:toexpressthesublimityofthoughtsonorityeloquencemajestyandgrandeurstyleLatinwordsandLatinsentencestructureinversionarchaismlongsentenceandmostlyformalwordsthusthestyleformedandhisEnglishratherdifficultRecommendedReadingJohnMiltonstwosonnets:Onhisblindness;OnhisdeceasedwifeHomeworkPreviewthenextchapterincludingthelifeofDanielDefoetheintroductionofRobinsonCrusoeandtheexcerptChapterVIIIfromP33toP
37.ParadiseLostisalongepicdividedinto12books.ThethemeistheFallofMani.e.mansdisobedienceandthelossofParadise.TheoriginalstoryistakenfromGenesis.AdamandEveareoriginallyininnocentspirituallove.TheyarepunishedbyGodbecausetheyeattheappleoftheTreeofKnowledgeseducedbyaserpent.Sincetheyeattheappletheybegintomakelove.Godthinkstheyarenotinnocent.Theycommittedsin.GoddrivesAdamandEveoutofEden.SatanispunishedbyGodtosufferfromfire.HeknowsthathecantwinGodbypowersohewinsGodbycheating.HeseducedEvetoeattheapple.InParadiseLostSatanistherebelwhoneverbowsdowntoGodevenwhenhefailed.Heisagoodmilitaryleader.HerefusestoacknowledgethepowerofGod.Heisdeterminedtocontinuethebattle.Hefeelssorrowatthesufferingsofthoseangels.Hehasledtosoterribleapunishmentbutheisverycruel.Hehasindomitableprideunconquerablerebellionandthewilltoevilandpower.HesaidOnlydoevilnogood.HetriestobeasequalasGod.SelectedReadingofJohnMilton AnExcerptfromParadiseLostChapter2TheNeoclassicalPeriod1600-1798Theageofreasonandenlightenment.Itsaturbulentperiod.1660TheRestoration1665TheGreatPlague一BlackDeath.70000died2/3homeless.1688TheGloriousRevolution.JamesIIexiledabroad.ThepersecutionofProtestants.JamesHsdaughterMarryandherwifeWilliamturnedbacktoEnglandasfigureheadKingandQueenwithoutpower.PowerwasintheParliament.EnglandbecamethefirstcapitalistcountrywithConstitutionalmonarchywhichmarkedtheendoffeudalsociety.1798ThepublicationofLyricsbyWordsworthIndustrialRevolution—atthe2ndhalfof18cPreparationsfortherevolution
1.money—bytradingcompaniese.g.EastIndiaCompany；——bymoneyinvestment
2.goodsmaterials一coloniese.g.IndiaNorthAmerica
3.manpower-ActofEnclosure.Thelandlessandhomelesspeasantbegantoworkincities；—theinventionoftextilemachineIntherevolutionBourgeoismiddleclassbecamethemainclassinthesociety.Bankerslandlordsslavetradersmerchantscolonistscontrolledtheeconomyofthecountryatthetime.Theybelievedinself-relianceandhardworking.TheGiantsoftheEnlightenmentMovement:Voltaire伏乐泰Mosteiqeu孟德斯鸠Dierot狄德罗Rousseau卢梭.GothicNovel
1.Content:magicsupernaturalelementsghostsmonsters.
2.Setting:oldcastlegraveyarddarkforest
3.Atmosphere:horribleJohnBunyan1628-16881628Borninapoortinkersfamily.HereceivedlittleeducationinaGrammarSchool1647MarriedaChristianwomanandbecameinterestedinChristianity.1660Bunyanbegantopreachbuthedidnthaveapreachinglicensesohewasputintojailfor6years.1665GreatPlagueinEnglandhewasreleasedfromjail.Fewmonthslaterhewasinjailagainforanother6years.1672DeclarationofIndependencehewasreleasedagain.1675Hislicenseoflaypreacherwastemporarilycancelledandhewasinprisonagain.ThroughouthislifeheonlyreadonebooktheBible.HismostfamousworkisThePilgrimsProcess.BunyanspurposeofwritingThePilgrimsProcess
1.UrgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrine
2.ToseeksalvationthroughstrugglingwithhisownweaknessandsocialevilsThecontentofThePilgrimsProcessisaboutChristianity.Thetitlemeanslifeisajourney.Itsametaphor.FormofThePilgrimsProcess:Allegory
1.Astoryinverseorprosewithdoublemeaningsormeaningsattwolevels.
2.Higherlever-concerningmoralreligiousorpoliticalideas.Lowerlevel-yourunderstandingofthestory.
3.MaincharactersinthestoryChristianFaithfulHopeful.
4.Thedescriptionofthestoryisrealisticreligiousallegory.SelectedReadingofJohnBunyan:TheVanityFairfromThePilgrimsProcessWhyTheVanityFairisasatireontherulingclassofEgnland
1.ItsasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeofRestoration
2.InVanityFaireverythingcanbesoldandboughtdailynecessitiesbutalsohonorkingdomlustpleasureandevenlives.
3.EvilthingssuchascheatingrogueryandadulteryarenormalintheVanityFairwherethereisnomoral.Itsasatireofthenon-moralEnglishrulingclass.
4.FaithfulisputtodeathforhisdespisingoftheVanities.ItsaparallelofBunyansexperienceofimprisonedforpreaching.3JohnBunyanswritingstyle—modedaftertheBibleLanguage—easytoreadcolloquialconcreteandconciseForm—allegoricalformrealistictruetolife.AlexanderPope1688-17441688BornintheyearofGloriousRevolutioninamerchantRomanCatholicfamily.Becauseofhisillhealthhedidntgotouniversity.Hereceivedhiseducationfromalearnedpreacher.BecauseheisaCatholichecantdothingforthegovernment.Popeisadeformedperson.Hesufferedsevereillnessinhischildhood.Illnessaccompaniedhimthroughouthislife.AlexanderPopesmajorwork1711AnEssayonCriticism.ThepoemisamanifestoofEnglishneoclassicism.ItsexpressedPopesaesthetictheoriesofpoetry.Thepoemisdividedinto3partswith744lines.PartI:bewailingthelackoftruetasteincritics;praisingtheancientslikeHomerVirgilPartII:enumeratingdangersofcriticism;referringtoliterarysceneofhisdayPartIII:givingrulesforcriticism;tracingthehistoryofliterarycriticism.Thepoemisacomprehensivestudyonliterarycriticism.ItwaswritteninheroiccoupletasPopeisamasterinheroiccouplet.Heroiccoupletis2lineswiththesamerhymessamelength.10syllables5stressed5unstressed.HeroiccoupletwasfirstusedbyChaucer.1712TheRapeofLockisbasedonarealevent.BeilinaisasbeautifulwomanasaGoodness.Sheisadmiredbyallthepeoplearoundher;esp.ayoungmanname.ABaroncutasmallamountofBeilinashair.InBeilinasopinionit*sanoffence.Baronjustcutherhairforfunandadmiration.Sohatredisarousedbetweenthetwofamilies.Theybecomeenemies.InthispoemPopesatirestheidlemeaninglesslifeofmiddle-classpeople.1728TheDunciadisconsistedof4books.ItsthebestsatireofPope.Itsaveryfamoussatiricalpoemaboutagainstpersonalenemies.Popetriestoattackonallpersonalenemies.1733-34AnEssayonMan.Popegainedhisfameasapoet.Itincludes4epistlesletters.Peoplereviewhisphilosophicalandpoliticalviewsasanenlgitener.SelectedReadingofAlexanderPope:AnexcerptfromPart2ofAnEssayonCriticism.DanielDefoe1660-1731Hewasborninabutchersfamilywealthybutlowsocialstatus.DefoeneverwenttouniversitybutreceivedgoodeducationinaDissentingAcademy.Defoehastwointerests:interestinbusinessandinterestinpolitics.Interestinbusiness.Hestartedfromsmallbusinesstobecomerich.Heisagiftedmaninbusiness.Interestinpolitics.HispoliticalstandswangbetweentheWhigsandtheTories.HewrotepoliticalpamphletstoattacktheWhigsbutbothofthetwopartiesthoughtthepamphletsinsultedthem.SoDefoewassenttojailandpillory.HenegotiatedwiththePrimeministertobecomeaspytoScotland.HetriedtomaketheunionofScotlandandEngland.1704heissuedaperiodicalTheReviewonwhichhevoicedhisconcernsforwomansrighteconomychildrenandparentsrelationshipspoliticsandotherhotissuesofthetime.1718hebegantowritenovel.1719hisfirstnovelRobinsonCrusoewaspublished.Itsbasedonatruestorypublishedonanewspaper.AlexanderisaScottishwholivesinanuninhabitedislandfor5years.Thestoryisabouttheheroslifeontheisland.ThefirstpartisaboutthecareerofRobinsonCrusoe.Thebodyofthenovelisabouthislifeontheislandaftertheshipwreck.ThestoryrevealstheessenceofBritishcolonialism.ThethemesofRobinsonsCrusoea.mansstrugglesagainstnatureb.glorificationofthebourgeoismenwhohasthecourageandwilltofacehardshipanddeterminationtoimprovehislivelihoodc.GlorificationoflaborRobinsonlivesonhisownhandsThestyleofRobinsonsCrusoea.realisticstyletruetolifeindetailsb.smoothsimplecolloquiallanguagec.longsentencesareloose;shortsentencesareplaineasytounderstandd.presentsfactsinorderthemeaningisclearInthefollowingyearsDefoewroteanother4novels:CaptainSingleton1720MollFlanders1722ColonelJack1722andRoxana
1724.Defoewrotetheminthesamepattern.Thefeatureofthepattern:a.Tracesthepersonalhistoryofthetitularheroorheroineofaloworigin.Aftersomeupsanddownshe/shefinallygetsprosperity.b.Dealswithmoralizingrepentanceandrevolutionstobegood.c.Expressesthestrugglesformereexistence.Showtheconflictsbetweenexistenceandsocialenvironmentd.Blamesthesocietyfordrivingpeopletosinning.1720CaptainSingletonissenttoAfricawhenhewas3monthsold.InAfricaheexperiencesmanyadventures.Withgoodluckhewinsmuchgold.BacktoEnglandhegoesbankruptandbecomesapirate.1722MollFlandersisthedaughterofawomanthief.SheisbornintheNewgatePrison.Inherlifeshemarried5timeswithover12children.Howevershenevernursesasinglechild.Shebecomesathiefherself.SheistransferredtotheAmericancolonyasacriminal.Sheaccumulatesawealthandbuysafareplantthere.Attheageof30shecomesbacktoEngland.1722ColonelJackisdesertedbyhisparentsataveryyoungage.Hebecomesapickpocket.HeiskidnappedandsenttotheAmericancolony.Heisverycleverandfinallybecomesarichplantowner.1724RoxanaisthedaughterofaProtestantrefugee.Sheisbeautifulandclever.ShemarriesanEnglishmerchant.Becausethemerchantdesertsher;shebecomesafamousinternationalprostitute.InHollandshemarriedaDutchmerchant.Afterhisdeathshefindsthathewasingreatdebts.Shecantpayoffthedebtsandisputintojailanddiedinjail.DanielDefoessatiricalpoems.1701TheTrue-BornEnglishmaninthepoemDefoedefendedKingWilliamwhichwonhimthefriendshipoftheKing.HeattackedtheracialandfamilyprideofthearistocratsinEngland.1703AHymntothePillory.HevoicedhisangerovertheshamefulpunishmentcourageousattackontheinjusticeofEnglandslegalsystem.Hewascheeredbypeopleasaherotodefendhimself.SelectedReadingofDanielDefoe:AnexcerptfromRobinsonCrusoeJonathanSwift1667-1745HewasborninDublinIrelandofanEnglishfamily.Hisfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.ArichunclesentSwifttotheTrinityCollege.HismostdeedisagainsttherulingclassofEngland.1689-1699heworkedasaprivatesecretarytoSirWilliamTemplearetireddiplomat.OnthepostSwiftmademanyfamouspoliticianfriendsandcametoknowmanydirtyanddishonestpoliticiansoftheday.1704SwiftpublishedthesatireTheBattleoftheBookswhichwroteaboutthequarrelsbetweentheAncientsandtheModerns.TheAncientswerecomparedtobee.TheModernswerecomparedtospider.Inliteratetheorybeerepresentsgood-bringhoney;spiderrepresentsselfish.1704ATaleofaTubattacksonreligionorChristianity.InthesatirethefatherrepresentstheGod.His3sonsindicatethe3branchesofChristianity:RomanCatholicEnglishChurchandDissenters.TheBattleoftheBooksandATaleofaTubestablishedSwiftsnameasasatirist.1705hebecameaclergyman.1707hemovedtoLondonandbecameapolitician.HetriestospeakfortheIrishpeople.HewastheeditorofTheExamineraTorysperiodical.1713hewasappointedtheDeanofSt.PatricksCathedralinDublin.1716Swiftmarriedawoman.1724therewere2greateventsinEnglanda.Woolindustry-EnglishCongresspassedthepersuasionofdevelopingwoolindustryinEngland.Irishpeoplecantmakemoneyfromwoolbecausetheyhavetoreturntheland.Irishpeoplehadtoliveamiserablelife.AfamoussloganinIrelandatthattimeisBurneverythingthatcomefromEnglandexceptthecoalwhichvoicedIrishpeoplesdeterminationofrefusingEnglandb.Coinevent——Aministersuggestedandpermittedtomakenewcoins.TheexchangeratebetweenIrishcoinandthenewEnglishcoinwasunfair.TheministerandKinggotprofitfromtheexchange.1724SwiftpublishedthesatireTheDrapiersLetterstoattacktheevent.Theexchangeofnewcoiniscanceled.1726hiswifedied.Itsaheavyblowonhim.HewroteandpublishedhisgreatestsatiricalworkGulliversTravels.Thestoryisdividedinto4parts.PartI.TravelsinLilliputisaminipictureofmodernEnglishsociety.Twoparties:HighHeelandLowHeelindicatestheToriesandtheWhigs.HereSwiftsatiresthetwoparties.ThewarbetweenLilliputanditsneighboringcountryabouthowtobreakeggsbig/smallend.Bigend一RomanChurch.Smallend一EnglishChurch.Swiftsatiresthepartyandchurchfightsaremeaningless.PartII.TravelsinBrobdingnagPartIII.AshowofthecrueltyoftheEnglishrulingclass.TheFlyingIslandrulesthebelowcountries.PartIV.Itsthesharpestandbitterestsatire.Inthisparthumanbeingsarereducedtoanimals.Awisercreaturegovernshumanbeings.Gulliverwantstobeahorseratherthanaman.Itshowshowmeanthehumanbeingsare.1729thepublicationofthepamphletAModestProposal.Itsagreatestandbitterestsatire.ThethemeofAModestProposala.ThepoorIrishpeoplewereforcedtoselltheirone-year-oldchildfortherichpeopleforfood.b.EnglishKingallowedFrenchKingtorecruitsoldiersfromIrelandtosolvetheproblemofoverpopulationc.SomepoliticianssuggestedsendingIrishpeopletoAustraliatobeconcentratedservantsbecauseofoverpopulation.5d.Swiftlistssometerriblescenesintheprose:abeggarmotherfollowedbychildreninrugs;poorparentssellchildren.ItsasatireagainsttheEnglishrulingclassandthecrueltyofEnglishlandlords.SelectedReadingofJonathanSwift:[P107]AnexcerptfromGulliversTravelHenryFielding1707-17541707Fieldingwasborninanaristocraticfamily.HisgreatgrandfatherwasanEarl.Duke公Marquis侯，Earl伯Viscount子Baron男HereceivedhiseducationintheEtonPublicSchool172821y.HepublishedhisfirstplayinLondonbutfailed.1729Fieldingquarreledwithhisfathersohisfathercutofffinancialsupport.Hehadtomakealivingbyhimself.1730-37Heproduced25playsofdifferenttimes.Hisballadssatireswerealsoverysuccessful.1734Hegotmarried.17373Oy.ThepromulgationofLicensingActrestrictedthepublicationofplays.SoFieldingtookuplaw.Hespent3yearstofinisha7-yearcourse.1740FieldingbecameabarbutthemoneyheearncouldntsupporthisfamilyHenryFieldingwrote4novelsinhislife.HenryFieldingisregardedasFatherofEnglishNovel.1742TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews.TheheroJosephAndrewsistheservantofMr.BsuncleandisthecousinofPamela.SamuelRichardsonsPamelaisacollectionofletterswrittenbyherselfandherparents.Pamelaisaverybeautifulandclevergirl.Mr.Bsmotherisveryfoundofhereandteachesherknowledge.AfterthemotherdiedPamelawantstogohomebutMr.Basanoblemanseducesherdoesntallowhertogohomeandimprisonsher.PamelawritelettersandsendsthelettersbyaservantofMr.B.Mr.BfallsinlovewithPamelathroughreadingherletters.Thenovelpersuadespeopletobevirtuous.HenryFieldingsaimsofwritingtheAdventuresofJosephAndrewsPartIFieldingtriestoattackPamela.HethinksPamelaschastityispretentiousanduntrue.SheusesherchastitytoseduceMr.B.PartII.JosephAndrewsmeetshisfriendParsonAdams.BothofthemtravelthroughEngland.FieldingtriestogiveapanoramicviewofEngland.PartI.Itwasfirstintendedasaburlesqueoftheconventionalvirtueoffalsesentimentality.PartII.Fieldingadoptedcomicepicinprose——towritecommonpeopleinformofgreatnovel.Epicisusedtodescribegreatfiguresandheroes.HegaveavividpictureofEnglishlife.Majorachievement:thedescriptionofParsonAdams.Adamsisanabsent-mindedvainmansoheisaridiculouspersoneasytobecheated.1743JonathanWildtheGreatJonathanisanotoriouscriminaloftheLondonunderworld.Heisarealperson.Heishangedin
1725.Jonathanisdescribedasagreatman.Heneverparticipatedinanycrimebutheordersotherpeopletocommitcrimes.Hecommandscrime.HenryFieldingcomparedJonathantoPrimeMinisterWalpole.Thestoryisapoliticalsatire.1749TomJonesisadesertedchild.HeisadoptedbyakindmanwhohashisownchildBlifil.ThetwochildrenfellinlovewiththesamegirlSophia.TomiskindandheistrulyinlovewithSophia.BlifillovesSophiaforherbeautyandmoney.SophiasfatherknowsthatTomisadesertedchildsohewantsSophiatomarryBlifil.TomwantstoseetheoutsideworldandmovestoLondon.Sophiawantstoseetheworldtoo.Sotheygothroughalongjourneyandgiveapanoramicviewof18csEnglishlife.Inthisnovelsocialevilsarepresented:crueltymoraldegeneracydeceitandhypocrisy.ItsshowedFieldingsviewabouthumannature.HenryFieldingthinksthathumannatureisacombinationofgoodandevil.ThewritingfeatureofTomJones——comicepicinprosedisplaysakindofclassicepicform.Thenovelcontains18booksin3sections.Section1:lifeinthecountrysideSection2:lifeonthehighwaySection3:lifeinLondon1750Ameliamarriesapoorsolider.HerhusbandgoestoLondontoseekfortune.Hefightswithotherpeopleinthestreetsoheisputintojail.Sheisveryfaithfultoherhusband.Whenherhusbandisinprisonotherofficialstrytoseduceher.IntheendAmeliareuniteswithherhusbandandlivehappily.HenryFieldingsaimofwritingAmeliaa.Tocondemnthemoraldegeneracyoftheofficials.TopraiseAmeliab.Torevealtheshamelessdeedofthenobleandtherich.HenryFieldingswritingstyle
1.Comicepicinprose:thegrandstyleofclassicepicinthedepictionofcommonridiculouspeople.
2.Hestartedthethirdpersonnarration.ThenarratorisakindofallknowingGod.
3.Thecharactersarevividconvincingandtruetolife
64.Hislanguageiseasyfamiliarvividbutvigorous.
5.Thecontentisnotedforthetheatricaldevices:suspensecoincidencesurprise.Whatiscomicepicinprose
1.Thedescriptioninagrandstyleofclassicepic.Classicepichas:aagreatherobcallsonMusescgivealistofnamesofgodsdcomparesmallfightstogreatwars.
2.Useverifiedlanguagetonarrateasmallfight.
3.Differentfigureofspeechesp.ironyhyperboleSelectedReadingofHenryFielding:AnexcerptfromTomJonesSamuelJohnson1709-17841708JohnsonwasborninabooksellersfamilyinRichfield.HiseyesightwasverypoorlikeJohnMilton17158y.HewenttoaGrammarSchoolfor8yearswhichprovidedhimasolidknowledgeofLatin1728HewenttoOxfordUniversity173122y.Hisfatherdied.HequitOxfordwithoutadegree.173526y.Hemarriedanoldrichwidowwhowas20yearsolderthanhim.Hemarriedherformoney.173829y.Hisfirstpoem1747HecompiledEnglishdictionary1752Hiswifedied.Hewasingreatdebtandwasarrested.1755ThefirstpublicationofEnglishdictionarybroughthimfameandmoney.1762TheBritishgovernmentgavehimanannualpensionofpound;300whichfreedhimfromtheburdenofwritingforaliving.Hislifebefore1762wasverydifficult.Hehadahandinallthedifferentbranchesofliteraryactivities.Hewasapoet诗人dramatist剧作家proseromancer散文传奇小说作家biographer传记作者essayist随笔作家critic批评家，lexicographer词典编纂者andpublicist政治评论家.Johnsonwasthelastgreatneoclassicistenlightenerinthelate18c.Hispointofview:
1.Heconcernedwiththethemeofthevanityofhumanwishes.
2.Inliterarycreationandcriticismhewasratherconservativeopenlyshowedhisdislikeandfondness.
3.Heinsistedthatawritershouldadheretouniversaltruthandexperiencei.e.Nature.
4.Hewasparticularlyfoundofmoralizing道德教化anddidacticism教训I主义.Johnsonswritingstyle.
1.HislanguageischaracteristicallygeneralofLatinate从拉丁文衍生来的andfrequentlypolysyllabic多音节的
2.Hissentencesarelongandwellstructuredinterwoven交织withparallelwordsandphrasesbutclearlyexpressed.
3.Hetendstouselearnedwordsuseswordsaccurately.SelectedReadingfromSamuelJohnson:TotheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfieldRichardBrinkleySheridan1751-18161751SheridanwasborninDublinIreland.Hisfatherwasanactorandtheatermanager.HewaseducatedatHarrowEton2publicschools.Hisworksaremainlyplays.InfactDublinisthecradleofmanyfamouswriterslikeJonathanSwift.1770SheridanmovedtoBaththemostfashionableplacein18csEngland.1772Hewasinlovewithabeautifulladywhoisasingerandactress.Hefoughttwoduelsandfinallymarriedher.1774TheappearanceofhisfirstplayTheRivalswonhimanimmediatesuccessandfame.1776HebecameapartownerandmanageroftheDruryLaneTheatersoitseasyforhimtostagehisplays.1777TheappearanceofhismasterpieceTheSchoolforScandal.1780Hisplay-writingcareerended.HewaselectedM.P.oftheParliamentandbecameanorator.1809TheDruryLaneTheaterwasburninafire.Hisfinancialsupportwascutoff.1812Hispoliticalcareerended.Hehadnomoneytoaffordtheelection.1816Sheridandiedinpovertyandneglect.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey.ThefirstEnglishwriterburiedinWestminsterAbbeywasChaucer.SamuelJohnsonwasalsorestedthere.RichardBrinsleySheridanischieflyknownasaplaywright.Twoplays:TheRivalsTheSchoolofScandal.TheRivals1774TheheroineLydiacomesfromanupper-classfamily.LydiaisLecture3DanielDefoe166001731HeisaveryfamousnovelistaroundtheworldbecauseofhispopularnovelRobinsonCrusoe.HistoricalBackgroundComparingwiththe17thcenturythe18thcenturyisaperiodforpeacefuldevelopment.Theconstitutionalmonarchyhasbeensetupbyparliamentin
1688.AftertheGloriousRevolutionthemonarchwasdeprivedofrulingpowerandinhisplaceParliamentbecametheactualleaderofthecountry.TheToryandtheWhigastwomajorpartiesinEnglandcompetedwitheachotherinpolitics.Discussion:WhatdoyouknowabouttheWhigandtheTory*辉格党Whig和托利党Tory是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党.1679年，当议会讨论詹姆士公爵即后来的詹姆士二世是否有权继承英国王位时议员们展开了激烈争论.赞成的人被对方称为“托利，反对的人则被对方称为“辉格”.渐渐地，双方各自都以此自称.后来，双方的观点都发生了变化，辉格党对君主不再持完全的否定态度，因为“光荣革命”后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制;托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君主制的立场，因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败.久而久之，国王发现无论是辉格党还是托利党，当其中一个在议会中占多数时，就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣，内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾.18世纪上半期，辉格党在政治上占优势是议会多数党，故此，辉格党执政近半个世纪.18世纪后半期，托利党才得以执政.工业革命以后，两党的主张发生一些变化.大约在19世纪30年代托利党改称保守党Conservative辉格党改称自由党Liberal.不过在现在的英国自由党的势力已经衰落了现在英国的两个主要党派是保守党和工党，英国现任首相布莱尔即是来自工党LaborParty的.Englandgrewfromasecondratecountrytoapowerfulnavalcountryinthiscentury.InaseriesofwarsEnglandprovedherpowerofnavalforce.DiscussionWiththeascentofthebourgeoisieculturallifehadundergoneremarkablechanges:A.Politicalwriting:dependingonpatronstoworkingforeitherpartyinordertohelpthemwinmorevotes;Newspapersandjournals:forpartiesandalsofortherisingmiddleclassDuetothedevelopmentofscienceandphilosophyIssacNewtonreasonratherthanemotionplayedamoreimportantroleintheage.ThustheagewascalledtheAgeofReason.Churchsinfluencewasgreatlyweakened.TheriseoftheEnglishnovel
①ThemodernEuropeannovelbeganaftertheRenaissancewithCervantesDonQuixote.0班牙，塞万提斯，《唐吉诃德》
②Theriseandgrowthoftherealistic现实主义作家以描写现实生活为主要目的novelisthemostprominentachievementofthe18thcenturyEnglishliterature.AndfromDefoethepioneernovelistinEnglishliteraryhistorywewillmeetseveralgreatnovelistsinthefollowingchapters.ForerunnerofEnglishrealisticnovelsLifeP29Paragraph1and2borninabutchersfamily;fatherwasadissentergraduatedfromadissentingacademybutdidnotwanttobeaclergymanonceaprosperousmerchant;bankruptandgotintoaheavydebtwritingallkindsofbooksincludingpoliticalpamphletsandtradebooksforalivingasentimentalgirl.Sheoftendreamstoelopewithapooryoungman.CaptainAbsolutelovesLydia.HeisaBaron.HepretendstobeapooryoungmantowintheheartofLydia.HoweverLydiasauntisarichwoman.SherefusestheproposalmadebyCaptainAbsolute.CaptainAbsolutesfathermakesaproposaltoLydiasaunt.Thefather7revealstherealidentityofhissonsotheauntacceptstheproposal.WhenLydiaknowstheidentityofCaptainAbsolutesheisdisillusioned.Shefinallyrealizedthatromanceisnotrealistic.ThemeofTheRivals.
1.Sheridanridiculesthesentimentalandpseudo-romanticfanciesoftheyoungwomanoftheupperclass.
2.Sheridanpresentsatruepictureofthearistocratic-bourgeoisworldwheremoneytalks.likethearrangedmarriageTheSchoolofScandal1777TheschoolofscandalreferstothelivingroomofLadySneerwell.LadySneerwell:Sheoftenlaughsatpeopleesp.underdogs.Mrs.Candour:Candourmeansjusticebuthereitsanirony.Sheisascandalmonger.SirBackbite:Backbitemeansbitepeoplefrombehind.Heisatwo-blademan.JosephSurfaceandCharlesSurface:Surfacemeanssuperficial.Youcantjudgethebrothersbytheirappearance.ThemeofSheridanInhisplaysmoralityistheconstanttheme.Heismuchconcernedwiththecurrentmoralissuesandlashesharshlyatthesocialvicesoftheday.WritingstyleofSheridan
1.Hisdramatictechniquesarelargelyconventional.Theyareexploitedtothebestadvantage.
2.Hisplotsarewellorganizedhischaracterseithermajororminorareallsharplydrawnandhismanipulationofsuchdevicesasdisguisemistakenidentityanddramaticironyismasterly.
3.Wittydialoguesandneatanddecentlanguagealsomakeacharacteristicofhisplays.SelectedReadingofSheridan[P137]AnexcerptfromTheSchoolforScandalInthissceneLadyTeazlethewifeofSir.PeterwhoisaninnocentandbeautifulgirlisseducedbyJoseph.JosephwantstoseduceherbuthesaysCharleswantstoflirtwithher.Josephisevil.Charlesisgood.Dramaticscene:peoplehideindifferentpartsofthesameroombutdontknowthehideoutsofeachother;latertheydiscovereachother.Theplayisasatireagainstthemeaninglessofupperclass.Chapter3TheRomanticPeriod1798-1832DefinitionofRomanticism
1.Asahistoricalphaseofliteratureisgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1789withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridgesLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScottsdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.ItwasfirststartedinGermany.
2.TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditions.
3.TheRomanticssawboththecorruptionandinjusticeofthefeudalsocietiesandthefundamentalinhumanityoftheeconomicsocialandpoliticalforcesofcapitalism.
4.Theleadingromanticthinkersdemonstratedastrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.
5.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.
6.Romanticismtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.HistoricalBackgroundofthePeriodA.TheFrenchRevolution.
1.TheFrenchRevolution1784-
1794.ItmarkedtheendofFrenchfeudalismandthebeginningofcapitalism.
2.TherevolutionarousedthesympathyfromEnglishpeople.
3.WhenJacobitetookthepowerofFrenchRevolutiontheEnglishrulingclasswasfrightened.TheyformedalliancewiththerulingclassofothercountriestofighttheNapoleonicWar.
4.IntheStormofBastillemanypoliticalcriminalswerereleased.JoanofArcbecameanationalheroine.
5.Greatthinkersintherevolution:a.Jean-JacquesRousseauaFrenchphilosopherwroteDuContratSocialandEmilein1762b.1790EdmundBurkepublishedReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance.Hewasconservativec.1791-1792ThomasPaineandhisDeclarationofRightsofMan.d.1793WilliamGodwinsInquiryConcerningPoliticalJusticee.WilliamCobbetwhomMarxonceextolledasaninstinctivedefenderofthemassesofthepeopleagainsttheencroachmentofthebourgeoisie.B.TheIndustrialRevolution
1.Theprimarilyagriculturalsocietywasreplacedbyamodernindustrializedone.
2.TheIndustrialRevolutionforcedpeopletoworkinfactory.Itgivesbirthtotheconflictsbetweenfactoryownersandworkers.Thelabors8strokefortheimprovementofworkingandlivingconditions.Therearetwofamousevents:LudditesDestructionofMachineryandPeterlooMassacre.
3.1810-1811LudditesDestructionofMachinery.Workersthoughttheinventionofmachinerytookawaytheirlifefromlands.Theyfelthatredtowardmachine.
4.1819PeterlooMassacreinthetextilecityManchester.Workersgatheredfortheimprovementoflivingandworkingconditions.TroopsIdled9andwoundedhundreds.
5.DuringtheIndustrialRevolutiontheEnglishsocietywasoftencalledJUNGLE.Itimpliesthesurvivalofthefittest---crueltythehardshipofworkingclass.
6.1832theReformBillgavecapitaliststhepowerofthenation.TheRomanticMovementstartedinGermany-thestormandstressmovement.LeadingfigureGoethe.FeatureofRomanticism
1.Expressivenessa.TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.TheRomanticsbelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesocietyb.Wordsworthstheoryofpoetryiscallingforsimplethemesdrawnfromhumblelifeexpressedinthelanguageofordinarypeoplec.Thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingsd.TheRomanticsbelievedthatobjectshouldbetheexpressionofthewritersemotionimpressionandbeliefs.
2.Imagination.Itisinsolitudeincommunicationwiththenaturaluniversethatmancanexercisethismostvaluableoffacultiestheimagination.WorshipofNature.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagerybutalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.
4.ToescapefromaworldthathadbecomeexcessivelyrationalaswellasexcessivelymaterialisticanduglytheRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplaceswherethequalitiestheyvaluedcouldbeconvincinglydepicted.LakepoetorpassiveRomanticpoet:WordsworthColeridgeSouthey-oldandconservative.ActiveRomanticpoet:ByronShellyKeats-youngandrevolutionary.
5.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalisticdefendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalrules.
6.RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolutetheIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguageversificationanddesignandconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesoforganizationandstyle.PoliticalWriting
1.Leadingfigures:ColeridgeHazlittLambandDeQuincey
2.WilliamHazlitt1778-1830isagreatcriticonShakespeareElizabethandramaandEnglishpoetry.Heisalsoamasterofthefamiliaressays.Hehasdevelopedaneloquentcourageousandarbitraryprosestyle.
3.CharlesLam1775-1844isalovableessayist.Hisessayisamediumforadelightfulliterarytreatmentoflifessmallpleasuresandreassurance.Theessentialcharacteristicofhisessaysisastrongclearintelligencecommandinginitscentralityitscourageanditsvitalirony.
4.ThomasDeQuincey1785-1859isoneofthekeenestintellectsoftheage.ThegreatliterarymeritofhisConfessionsofanEnglishOpiumEaterliesinhissubtlerevelationofthepotentialityofhumandreams.Hisconcernwiththepsychologicaleffectsofliteratureachieves.Hisstylesometimesstatelysometimesheadlongnowgorgeousnowmusicalshowsaharmonybetweentheideaandtheexpression.Novelistsoftheperiod
1.JaneAusten1775-1817ShehonorstheAugustanvirtuesofmoderationdignitydisciplinedemotionandcommonsense.Themajorthemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.
2.WalterScott1771-1832isthemostpopularnovelistofhisday.Hismajornovels:WaverleyOldMortalityTheHeartofMidlothianRobRoyandIvanhoe.Thelast3aremostfamous.ImportanceofWalterScott:a.InhisdepictionofScotlandEnglandandtheContinentfrommedievaltimestothe18thcenturyheshowedakeensenseofpoliticalandtraditionalforcesandoftheirinfluenceontheindividualb.HeisthefirstmajorhistoricalnovelistexertingapowerfulliteraryinfluencebothinBritishandontheContinentthroughoutthe19thcentury.GothicNovelItsaphaseoftheRomanticMovement.Itsprincipalelementsareviolencehorrorandthesupernatural.GothicNovel:
1.Content:magicsupernaturalelementsghostsmonsters.
2.Setting:oldcastlegraveyarddarkforest.
3.Atmosphere:horrible.9LakePoet:
1.WordsworthColeridgeSouthey.TheyliveinthedistrictofGreatLakenorthwesternEngland.
2.TheyhaveradicalinclinationsintheiryouthbutlaterturnedconservativeandreceivedfavorsfromtheGovernment.
3.Theycriticizetheindustrialcapitalistsociety.WilliamBlake1757-18271757HewasborninanIrishfamily.Hisfatherwasasmallhosierybusinessman.Asachildhewastalentedindrawing.1767Attheageof10hewassenttoadrawingschool.1771Ageof14hebeganhis7-yearapprenticeshipforanengraver.1779Hebegantoearnalivingasanengraver.1780HemarriedCatherineBoucher.Hismarriageisalifelonghappiness.Blakeoftenmisunderstoodbyotherpeopleasagiftedbutmadman.Hewasntrichashespentmostofhistimeonwritingandpainting.Inhistimehewasntknownasapoetbecausehispoemswerepublishedposthumously.WilliamBlakes3majorworks1809TheSongsofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoemspresentingahappyandinnocentworldthoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsufferings.Writingstyleofthepoem:Hebrokecompletelywiththetraditionsofthe18thcentury.Heexperiencedinmeterandrhymeandintroducedboldmetricalinnovationswhichcouldnotbefoundinthepoetryofhiscontemporaries.1794TheSongsofExperiencepaintsadifferentworldaworldofmiserypovertydiseasewarandrepressionwithamelancholytone.Thetwobooksholdthesimilarsubjectmatter;butthetoneemphasisandconclusiondiffer.e.g.TheChimneySweeperinthetwobooksDifferenceTheSongsofInnocenceTheSongsofExperienceWritingtoneHappyandhopefulBitterandironicalSweeperSeesdutyahopeiftheydotheirdutytheywilllivehappilyintheheaven.Seesdutyexploitation.ReligionIdentifyhimselfwithreligionorChristianity.Hebelieveshewillgainhappinessifhedoeshisduty.SeesthereligionorChristianityasthesourceofmisery.ThesufferingofthechildrevealsthefalseidealofChristianity.SelectedreadingfromWilliamBlake TheChimneySweeperfromTheSongsofInnocenceandTheSongsofExperience.WilliamWordsworth1770-18501770Hewasborninthefamilyofanattorney.HewaseducatedatSt.JohnsCollegeCambridge.1790-92HetraveledtoFranceandsensedthefilthinessoftheFrenchRevolutionSloganlibertyfraternityandequality.HesawthatJacobitetookthepowerfromGirondewhowasradical.LewisXllllwaskilled.Hebecameconservativeinpolitics.1795AgentlemanfriendgavehimsomemoneythatenabledhimtoliveinGreatLakewithhissisterDorothywhonevergotmarriedandlivewithWilliamWordsworthofallherlife.1798ThebeginningoftheRomanticperiod.Helivedbytheriversidewithhissisterwritingpoemsfor8years.1813Wordsworthreceivedasinecureasadistributor.1843HesucceededSoutheyasPoetLaureate.WilliamWordsworthisthebest-knownandoldestpoetamongtheLakePoet.3groupsofhispoetry
1.Simpleruralfolk:wrotewhenhelivedinGreatLakedistricte.gLucyPoem:fullofinnocenceandsimpleness.
2.Childhood:beautifulandinstructivee.g.Wearesevenashortpoemintheformofadialoguebetweenthepoetanda8-year-oldgirl.ThepoemrevealsWordsworthsphilosophyofpre-existenceofsoul.Thegirlistooinnocenttorecognizedeath.Ode:IntimationsandImmortalityexplainshisphilosophyofpr-existenceexplainsthefromchildhoodtomanhood.
3.Nature-themostimportantpartAboutanimalsplantsemotionse.g.ToabutterflyToaskylarkMyheartleapsupexpressesthejoyofseeingrainbow.ThemajorworksofWilliamWordsworth.TinternAbbyitcombineshisfeelingsasworshipofnaturewithhisimpressiongatheredduringhissecondvisit.InthispoemWordsworthrevealshisinnermostthoughtsandemotionswithregardtothenaturalworld.ThePrelude1805contains14books.Hisautobiographicalpoem.Thefirst8bookstellabouthisearlylife.Thelast6bookstellabouthisgrowingmaturity.Importanceofthepoem:itsaheart-pouringexpressionofWordsworthsownspiritualdevelopment.ThePreface1800addedtotheLyricalBallads
1798.ItbroughtsuccesstoLyricalBallads.Importance:itsapieceofliterarycriticismwhichshowsWordsworthstheoryofpoetrywriting.
1.Themeofpoetry:incidentsandsituationschosenfromcommonlife.
2.Language:reallyusedbycommonpeople.10Ordinarythingsaretobepresentedinanunusualway.Weareseven
4.Tracetheprimarylawsofhumannature.WhyLyricalBalladsisalandmarkinEnglishpoetryLItsacollaborationofWordsworthandColeridgewhoarethemajorrepresentativesoftheRomanticMovement.
2.Inthebooktheyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechnologiesinpoetrywriting.New:breakawaywithtraditionalwritingstyle
3.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy.Theyregardpoetrycouldpurifythesoulsofindividualsandsociety.
4.ThePrefacetothe2ndeditionisamanifestooftheRomanticMovement.
5.LyricalBalladsusessimplelanguagetoshowstrongsympathywiththepooranditsthefusionofnaturalascriptionwithexpressionofinwardstateofmind.TheimportanceofWilliamWordsworth.WilliamWordsworthistheleadingfigureoftheEnglishromanticpoetry.Hisisavoiceofsearchinglycomprehensivehumanityandonethatinspireshisaudiencetoseetheworldfreshlysympatheticallyandnaturally.ThemostimportantcontributionhehasmadeisthathehasnotonlystartedthemodernpoetrythepoetryofthegrowinginnerselfbutalsochangedthecourseofEnglishpoetrybyusingordinaryspeechofthelanguageandbyadvocatingareturntonature.SelectedReadingofWilliamWordsworth:IWanderedLonelyasaCloudGeorgeCordonByron1788-18241788Hewasbornlame.Fatherdiedwhenhewas3yearsold.HeinheritedthetitleofBaronandalargeestate.HereceivedhiseducationatHarrowthenCambridge.1809-11HehadagrandtouraroundEurope.181123yhetookhisseatintheHouseofLords.Hetriedtoshowhissympathyforworkingclassesp.theLuddites.HemadeaspeechattheHouseofLordstoattackroyalpeople.1815HegotmarriedtoAnnaIsabellaMilbanke.Ayearlatehiswifelefthimandrefusedtoreturn.Hispoliticalenemyattackedhimbysayinghiswifesleavewascausedbyhisnumerousloveaffairswithotherwomenesp.hishalf-sisterAugusta.1816HeexiledhimselftoEurope.HeleftEnglandandneverreturned.InItalyByronjoinedtheCarbonariasecretItalianrevolutionaryorganization.HeassistedtheItalianpatriotsinanuprisingagainsttheAustrianrule.InGreecehenotonlygavefinancialsupporttoGreekrevolutionistsbutalsotookpartinthefightascommanderinchieftoattacktheTurks.1824HediedofdiseaseinGreeceattheageof
36.ThroughouthislifeByronisveryrevolutionaryreactionaryandalwaysfightsforfreedom.ByronicHero
1.Aproudmysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.
2.AByronicherowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsocietyandwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernmentinreligionorinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.
3.Theconflictisusuallyoneofrebelliousindividualsagainstoutwornsocialsystemsandconventions.
4.ThefigureistosomeextentmodeledonthelifeandpersonalityofByronhimself.ByronsMajorWorksChildeHaroldsPilgrimageThereare4cantos.First2cantoswerewritten1809-1810England.Last2cantoswerewrittenafterheexiledhimself.Childeistheheroofthepoem.Heisayoungaristocratic.ThepoemisabouthisobservationandreflectionofhisextensivetraveltoBelgiumGermanyFranceSwitzerlandandItaly.Pilgrimage:areligioustour.Childe:Knight.WritingstyleofChildeHaroldsPilgrimage.
1.SpenserianStanza:9linesinastanza.First8linesarewritteniniambicpentameter五步抑扬格，andthe9thlineiniambichexameter六步抑扬格.Rhymescheme:ababbcbcc.
2.Grandepicstyle.
3.ByronwrotethispoemtosatirizeSpensersFairieQueen.Themostimportantthemeofthepoem:Byronsconsistentattitudeoftheantagonismtowardstyrannyandhisenthusiasmforfreedom.DonJuan1818-1823writtenfor5years.Itcontains16cantos.Afewstanzasinthe17thcanto.Thepoemisntfinishedbecauseofhisdeath.DonJuanisByronsmasterpieceagreatcomicepicoftheearly19thcentury.ItsapoembasedonatraditionalSpanishlegendofagreatloverandseducerofwomen.JuanisimmoralyetByrontakesthispoemasthemostmoral.ByroninvestsinJuanthemoralpositiveslikecouragegenerosityandfranknesswhichaccordingtoByronarevirtuesneglectedbythemodernsociety.InthepoemByronintendsto11presentapanoramicviewofdifferenttypesofsociety.Itpresentsbrilliantpicturesoflifeinitsvariousstagesoflovejoysufferinghatredandfear.Byronishereattackingnotapersonalenemybutthewholehypocriticalsociety.ByronsWritingStyle:
1.HispoetrywaspopularathomeandabroadandexertedgreatinfluenceontheRomanticMovement.
2.Byronsdictionthoughunequalandfrequentlyfaultyhasonthewholeafreedomcopiousnessandvigor.
3.Hisdescriptionissimpleandfreshandoftenbringsvividobjectsbeforethereader.
4.Hispoetryisliketheoratory.
5.Theglowingimaginationofthepoetrisesandsinkswiththetonesofhisenthusiasmroughingintoargumentorsofteningintothemelodyfeelingandsentiments.
6.ByronemployedtheOctaveStanzafromItalianmock-heroicpoetry.ImportanceofByron:Byronspoetryhasgreatinfluenceontheliteratureofthewholeworld.ByronhasenrichedEuropeanpoetrywithanabundanceofideasimagesartisticformsandinnovations.HestandswithShakespeareandScottamongtheBritishwriterswhoexertthegreatestinfluenceoverthemainlandofEurope.PercyByssheShelley1792-18221792Shelleywasborninanaristocraticfamily.HewaseducatedatEton.181018yhewenttoOxfordUni.HeattackedwarandglorifiedheroesandheroinesoftheFrenchrevolution.1811WhileinOxfordhepublishedTheNecessityofAtheisminwhichhedoubtedtheexistenceofGod.AsaresulthewasexpulsedbytheuniversityandhisconservativefatherdeprivedhimtheheirofBaronyandfortune.HewenttoLondonwherehemetHarrietWestbrookwhowasmuchyoungerthanhimandalsocamefromanaristocraticfamily.TheyelopedtoScotland.Povertyfinallyseparatedthecouple.1814HefellinlovewithMaryWollstonecraftdaughterofGodwinandelopedwithhertoItaly.InItalyhemetByronwithwhomhekeptasolidfriendship.1816Harrietcommittedsuicide.Shelleyspoliticalenemyattackedhimanimmoralman.1818HeexiledhimselftoItalyandspenttherestofhislifethere.1819PeterlooMassacrehappenedinManchester.TheeventmarkedaturningpointinShelleysview.Beforethathethoughtthatworkersshouldtakeupweaponsandfights.Aftertheeventhethoughttheyshould.Workingclasssresistanceandanti-oppressionbecameaconstantthemeofhim.1822Attheageof30hedrownedinasmallboatalongthecoastofItaly.ShelleysMajorWorks1813QueenMobshowsShelleyssocialphilosophy.
1.Hecriticizestherisingcapitalismandthefeudalsociety.
2.Hedefendstherightsofthelaboragainsttheirexploitersandoppressors.
3.Thestoryisafairytaledream.Itsanoptimisticpoem.ThroughQueenMobswordsShelleyshowshisphilosophy.ItsarevolutionarypoeminwhichShelleydeclareswarontheinjusticeandviolenceoftheworld.Shelleyisarevolutionarypoet.1819PrometheusUnboundPrometheusisagodinGreekmythwhostealsfirefromheaventohelphuman.Zeuspunisheshimbyhanginghimonacliffandsendingeaglestobitehisflesh.AeschylussPrometheusBounddescribedhowPrometheusstealsthefireandhissufferings.AttheendPrometheusreconciledwithZeus.PrometheusUnbound.InShelleysworkPrometheusdoesntcomprisewithauthorityZeus.AttheendPrometheusisfreedfromchainsandrevoltsagainstZeus.ZeusisoverthrownbyPrometheus.Theworkexpresses:
1.Shelleysintensehatredfortyranny.
2.Hisadmirationfortherevolutionaryfightersforfreedom.1819SongtoMenofEnglandThispoemwaswrittenin1819theyearofthePeterlooMassacre.ItisunquestionablyoneofShelleysgreatestpoliticallyrics.ItisnotonlyawarcrycallinguponallworkingpeopleofEnglandtoriseupagainsttheirpoliticaloppressorsbutalsoanaddresstopointouttothemtheintolerableinjusticeofeconomicexploitation.questionablepoliticalcharacterbecauseservedbothpartiesversatilepersoncontributingalottojournalismTheReview;fatherofmodernjournalismandtradeWhenhewas60yearsoldhepublishedRobinsonCrusoeandthenaseriesofnovelswhichmadehimamajornovelistinEnglishliteraryhistory.Majorworks:RobinsonCrusoe;CaptainSingleton;MollFlandersetc.P30mostimportant:RobinsonCrusoeandMollFlanders1722MollFlanders:Defoeintroducesforthefirsttimealowlywomanasthesubjectofliterature.Anditanticipatesmanylaternovelsthattakewomenasthecenterofattentioninordertoexposehowthesocialsystemvictimizedthem.Theheroineisawomanlivingbystealingandcheating.ItisalsoatraditioninEnglishnovelbuttheauthorspurposeisnotshowinghertricks.Hispurposeissatirizingthesocialsystem.RobinsonCrusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》Background:arealincident;1704AlexanderSelkirkaScottishsailorwasthrownontoadesolateislandbythemutinouscrewofhisship.Helivedtherealonefor5years.Defoereadabouthisadventuresinanewspaperandwenttointerviewhimtogetfirst-handinformation.ThefirsttranslationwaddonebyLinShuin1905andbecamequitepopularinChina.Plot:runawayfromhomefbecomeasailorfaplanterinBrazilftoanuninhabitedislandbecauseofshipwreckfmadealivingthereallbyhimselffsaveanegronamedFridaywhobecamehisservantfbacktoEnglandfvisittheremoteislandagainandFridaywaskilledOriginalnameofthenovel:TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoeapicaresquenovelwithalittlechangemaincharacterisdifferentDiscussionRobinsonCrusoescharacterization:typicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclasspracticaldiligentarestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges;shrewdcareaboutmoneyandgoodatmanaging;courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstaclesDiscussionTheme:praisinglaborandmanscourageandefforttoconquernaturebutatthesametimehebeautifiescolonialismandslaveryFridayAsksomequestionsabouttheexcerptWhatisthefirstthingmentionedintheexcerptdonebyRobinsonThefirstparagraphkeepinghiscalendarHowRobinsonmadeahomeforhimselfstepbystepontheremoteislandFindingsomeusefulthingfromthewreckedship-makingalittlepalearoundhistent-makingahutwiththeroof-enlarginghiscaveandmakingitlikeastorehouse-makingachairandatable-makinglargeshelves-keepeverythinginorderDiscussionStyle:journalistictruthwithmanyvividdetailssimpleandplainsentencestructureandlanguagefirstpersonpointofviewnaturalorderinnarrationmakingthestoryintimatetothereadersandbecomepopularamonglowerclassesRecommendedReading:RobinsonCrusoethecompletenovelHomeworkPreviewthenextchapterespeciallytheChapterVIIIfromP50toP
56.Trytoanswerquestion4and5onP59afteryourpreview.Purposeofthispoem:Itsarealresistancethatworkingpeopleshouldadoptfightagainsttheiroppressorsandexploiters.1819OdetotheWestWind
1.Itsasymbolicpoem.Westwindreferstoapowerfulphenomenonofnature.WestWindiseitheradestroyeroftheoldworldorapreserverofthenewthings
2.InthepoemShelleyeulogizeswestwindenjoytheboundlessfreedom.
3.Westwindisamessengertospreadrevolutionarymessagefarandwide.
4.Thedominantmoodofthispoemishope---Shelleyshopeforfreedom.
125.Thepoemwaswritteninterzarima.Terzarefersto3linegroupseachterzahas3lines.Rima:regularrhymeschemee.g.ababcbcdcdedee.ThestructureofOdetotheWestWindPart1toshowthepowerofwestwindovertheearthesp.leavesPart2toshowthepowerofwestwindovertheskyesp.clouds.Part3toshowthepowerofwestwindovertheseaesp.waves.Part4and5toreviewstherelationshipbetweenthepoetandthewind.Part5thewestwindisregardedasamessengerthatspreadmessage.TheimportanceofShelleyShelleyisarevolutionarypoet.ShelleyisoneoftheleadingRomanticpoetsanintenseandoriginallyricalpoetintheEnglishlanguage.JaneAusten1775-18171775ShewasborninaChristianfamily.Herfatherwasaclergyman.Shewaseducatedathomeandreadalotofbooksbyherself.Hersisterandherhadnevermarriedalllife.Janelivedaquiteandcomfortablelife.Shestartedwritinginearlylife.Athertimewomenwasdiscriminatedandnotallowedtopublishbooks.Manywomenwriterpublishedbookwithpseudonyms.JaneAustenisagreatEnglishnovelist.HermostimportantworksareEmmaandPrideandPrejudice.Thethemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.Howeverherwritingsphereisnarrow.Janesmajorworks:1811SenseandSensibility1813PrideandPrejudice1814MansfieldPark1815Emma1818NorthangerAbbey1818PersuasionEmma:Emmaisthetitularheroine.Sheleadsaverycomfortablelife.Shehasnothingtodobutbindingcouples.Shehasagoodgirlfriend.ButwheneverthegirlfriendfindsaboyfriendEmmawouldbreakthemdown.Mr.KnightlovesEmmabutEmmaistoocarelesstonoticethelove.IntheendEmmamarriesKnight.Itsanovelwithahappyending.InthisnovelJaneAustenexpressedthatloveisnotaseasyasEmmathinks.Emmalearnstolove.PrideandPrejudice:TheBennetshas5daughters.JaneElizabethandLydiaallatthemarriageableage.Mrs.Bennettriestofindrichandhandsomeyoungmenforherdaughterstobehusbands.BingleymarriesJane.DarcymarriesElizabeth.DarcyrepresentsPride.ElizabethrepresentsPrejudice.LydiamarriesWilkmanwhoisnotseriousaboutmarriageandpoorinmoney.Itsanovelwithahappyending.ThemesofPrideandPrejudice
1.Prideandprejudice.
2.Loveandmarriage.ThecharacterizationofElizabethSheiswittyintelligent.SheistallslimandgracefulthoughnotasbeautifulasJane.Sheisfearlessfrank.Sheisindependentandhasgoodjudgment.Sheisconsiderateforothers.Chapter4TheVictorianPeriod1836-1901HistoricalbackgroundAftertheReformBillof1832passedthepoliticalpowerfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddle-classindustrialcapitaliststheIndustrialRevolutionsoongearedup.Thebourgeoistookthepowerwhicharousedtheconflictbetweenlaborandcapital.ThereforetheChartistMovementalsoknownasChartism1836-1848erupted.Therewere3petitions.Beforethe3petitions2lawsenforcedthehardshipoflaborhardenedthelifeofthelaboringpeople.ThePoorLawandTheCornLaw谷物法1834ThePoorLaw平民法withitstheworkhousesystem工场制度法hardenedthelifeoflaborwhoworkedfromdaytonightcouldntgetenoughfoodcouldntsupporttheirfamily.Theworkhousesystemclassifiedlabortomanworkerwomanworkerandchildrenworker.Theimplementationoftheworkhousesystemresultedinalotofdeath.TheworseninglivingandworkingconditionsthemassunemploymentandthenewPoorLawwithitsworkhousesystemfinallygaverisetotheChartistMovement.The3petitionswere:1839Over1millionpeoplemadetheirsignaturestoprotestbutrejectedbytheParliamentwhosenttroopstoquell.Thepetitionendedasafailure.1842Over3millionpeoplemadetheirsignaturestoprotestbutrejectedbytheParliament.Workerswentonstrikes.Thegovernmentsenttroopstoquellandtriedtodrivethembacktoworkwhichcauseddeathandinjury.131848Over5millionpeoplemadetheirsignaturestoprotestbutrejectedbytheParliament.AfterthispetitiontheChartismdeclined.Themovementmadefactoryownerstomakeimprovementinworkingconditionssothemovementisnotatotalfailure.SincetheIndustrialRevolutionEnglandhadbeguntoaccumulateitswealth.Englandwastheworkshopoftheworld.WhatEnglandproducedwassoldtotheworld.Inthemiddleofthe17c.Englandreachedthesummitheydayofempire.Itwashighlydeveloped.Ithadmanycolonies.From1850s-1870sitwasthemostprosperousstablepeacefulperiodofU.K.Therewasnosignificantevent.Theconflictbetweenlaborandcapitalwasmild.EconomicCrisis1875AdeclineinBritainseconomycausedsocialdisturbance.188018841887BloodySundayOntheTrafalgarSquaretroopsweresenttostopworkersstrikeresultedinmanydeath.PhilosophyandIdeologyoftheVictorianPeriod.1UtilitarianismThetheorywasputforwardbyJeremyBeathanandelaboratedbyJohnStewartMill.Thewordutilitarianismwasadoptedfromthewordutility.ItstenorisHthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber.Peopleuseitasthemeasureofrightorwronginsocialsystem.TheBourgeoisusethistheorytoexploitworkingclass.Utilitarianismwaswidelyacceptedandpracticed.Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterionofutilitythatistheextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.Thistheoryheldaspecialappealtothemiddle-classindustrialistswhosegreeddrovethemtoexploitingworkerstotheutmostandbroughtgreatersufferingandpovertytotheworkingmass.CharlesDickensattackedtheUtilitarianisminhisHardTime.2DarwinsEvolution.Evolutionarytheory:humanbeingsareevolvedfromapes.ThetheoryinfluencedandshakenedthefirmChristianbeliefallthingsandmanarecreatedbyGod.3HerbertSpencersSocialDarwinismHerbertappliedDarwinsevolutionarytheorytohumansociety.Thats1Struggleforexistence.生存竞争2Survivalofthefittest.适者生存HerbertsocialDarwinismseveredfortheBourgeoisclass.UtilitarianismandSocialDarwinismservedfortheBourgeoisclass.DarwinsevolutionarytheoryshatteredtheChristianbelief.NoveloftheVictorianPeriod.Novelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.AharvestinnovelCriticalrealists:CharlesDickens;WilliamMakepeaceThackeray;CharlotteBronteuml;EmilyBronteuml;Mrs.Gaskell;AnthonyTrollopeTheywereangryattheinhumansocialinstitutionsthedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worshipandUtilitarianismandthewidespreadmiserypovertyandinjustice.Theirtruthfulpictureofpeopleslifeandbitterandstrongcriticismofthesocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconsciousnesstothesocialproblemsandintheactualimprovementofthesociety.GeorgeEliotthepioneeringwomanwasthefirstnovelistthatstartedputtingalltheactionsinside.ThomasHardytheWessexmanwhonotonlycontinuedtoexposeandcriticizeallsortsofsocialiniquitiesbutfinallycametoquestionandattacktheVictorianconventionsandmorals.ProseoftheVictorianPeriodPoetryoftheVictorianPeriodThepoetryofthisperiodwasmainlycharacterizedbyexperimentswithnewstylesandnewwaysofexpression.RobertBrowningwhocreatedtheversenovelbyadoptingthenovelisticpresentationofcharacters.Thistransferredthethematic主题的interestfrommerenarrationofthestorytorevelation新发现，提示andstudyofcharactersinnerworldandbroughttotheVictorianpoetrysomepsycho-analyticalelement.CharlesDickens1812-1870ThedefinitionofCriticalRealist:1Anumberofnovelistswhoarestronglycriticalofthesocialrealityoftheirday.2Theydon*twanttooverthrowtheexistingsocialorderandsotheycantseeawayoutoftheterriblesituation.3Theyhaveawordofsympathyforthemiseriesofthepoorlaboringmassesandcriedoutloudagainstsocialinjustice.4Buttheydontapprovetheuseofviolencetorightthesocialwrongs.5ThereforetheyfearratherthanwelcometheChartistMovement.14LifeofCharlesDickens1812Sonofapettynavyofficer.Becauseoffinancialproblemhisfatheralongwithhisfamilymemberswasputintoprison.Dickensspentsomeofhischildhoodinprison.182412yHeworkedforashoeblackingfactoryasachildwork.LaterhewrotehismiserablelifethereinOliverTwist.1827DickensenteredalawyersofficeinLondonwhereheacquaintedwithlawcourt.WhileinLondonheoftenreadbookattheBritishMuseumLibrary.1828HebecameaParliamentreporter.ThejobenabledhimtogetsomeinsideknowledgeofBritishlegalandpoliticalsystemachancetomeetpeopleofallkindsagoodfoundationforwriting.183725yPickwickPaperwaspublished.Dickensgainedfame.MajorworksofCharlesDickensOliverTwist1837-1838attackedtheworkhousesystem.ATaleofTwoCities1859attackedtheFrenchRevolution.DombeyandSon1846-1848attackedtheCapitalist.BleakHouse1852-1853attackedthelawcourt.HardTime1854attackedtheUtilitarianismfacts.OliverTwist:InthisnovelDickensattackedtheworkhousesystem.Workerswhoworkedhardbutsolittlecantsupplytheirfamilyhungrytodeath.Oliverisanorphanworkinginaworkhouse.Hecantstandthehungrysoheturnstotheft.Inordertolivehebecomesathiefandleadsanunderworldlife.Attheendofthenovelwiththehelpofkind-heartedmenhelearnsthatheisntanorphanbutisborninadecentfamily.SignificanceofOliverTwist1Thenovelisthetruthfulpresentationofthemiseriesofthepoorandtheoppressed.2Itblamesthesocialsystemandinstitutionsforsuchmiseries.InDickenssdepictionlaborstheyeitherbecomeoppressorsorcriminals.TheprogressingaspectofthenovelItssaidthepublicationofOliverTwisthasbetteredtheconditionsintheEnglishworkhouses.DombeyandSonaattackedtheCapitalistDombeyregardshiswifechieflyasawomanwhosedutyistogivebirthandregardshissonassomeonewhocarrieshisnameandinherithisproperty.Hethinksthathisdaughterisuselesscanbeneglected.Heteacheshissonthatmoneycanbuyeverything.Hissondiedyoung.Afterhiswifediedhemarriesayoungbeauty.Hethinksthathebuysherandshegetssocialstatusandmoney.Dombeythinksthemarriageisagoodbusiness.Dombeyisveryinhumanetohisdaughter.Whenhissecondwifeshowsherconcerntothedaughter.Dombeyisannoyed.Hethinksthathebuysthesecondwifetolovehimonly.Shecantloveanotherperson.ThesecondwifefinallyelopeswithDombeysmanagerwholatercheatsawayhismoney.InhislatelifeDombeylivesinpovertyandsolitude.Onlyhisdaughterstayswithhimandtakescareofhim.BleakHouseaattackedthelawcourtItsaboutafamilylawsuit.Almostallfamilymembersareinvolvedinthelawsuitformanyyears.Theresultisthatthelonglegalproceduremakeseverybodypoorandmiserable.HardTimeaattackedUtilitarianismUtlitiarianistsshowtheirconcernoverfacts.ThenovelexposedtheinfluenceofUtilitarianismineducation.Aneducatedmanteacheshissonanddaughterbyfacts.Thechildrenhavenotimetoplayandtolearnbeautifulnaturalthings.Theyonlylearnabstractlogicalthings.Thesonfinallybecomesathiefandisalmostkilledbyothers.Thedaughterbecomesmoraldegenerated.CharlesDickensmeansthatUtilitarianismisafailureofeducation.ItsalsoanattackonsocialDarwinismwhichdrugspeoplemindyouarepoorandincapablesoyouhavetoworkforme.CharlesDickenspointofview1Itshisseriousintentiontoexposeandcriticizeinhisworksallthepovertyinjusticehypocrisyandcorruptnessheseesallaroundhim.2Hehatesthestateapparatusesp.theparliamentbutasabourgeoiswriterhecaninnowaysupplyanyfundamentalsolutiontothesocialplights.3Hehopestocallpeoplesattentiontotheexistingsocialproblemsthuseffectingsomereformoramelioration.CharlesDickensstyle1CharlesDickensisamasterstory-teller.2Thesettingsofhisstorieshaveanextraordinaryvividnessaresultofyearsintimacyandrichimagination.3InlanguageheisoftencomparedwithShakespeareforhisadeptnesswiththevernacularandlargevocabularywithwhichhebringsoutmanyawonderfulverbalpictureofmanandscene.4Hishumorandwitseeminexhaustible.5Character-portrayalisthemostdistinguishingfeatureofhisworks.Lecture4JonathanSwift166701745HeisamastersatiristfamousforhisGulliversTravels.LifeHelivedinthesameagewithDanielDefoesoweneedntintroducethehistoricalbackgroundagain.
①HewasborninapoorfamilyinDublinIreland.Hisfatherdiedbeforehisbirth.
②HegraduatedfromTrinityCollegeinDublinbuthewasarebelliousstudentthere.Hedidn*twanttojointhechurch.HeworkedinanoblemanshouseSirTemplehisdistantrelativeanditwasabitterexperienceforhimbecausehewastreatedasaservant.
④HefirstsupportedWhigandthenToryandthenIe代thepoliticalcircle.Hewasgoodatpoliticalwritingandonceaverypopularcharacter.ReviewtheintroductionofWhigandTory.
⑤AfterheleftpoliticalcirclehereturnedtoIrelandandbecameadean.HewrotealotofpamphletstoprotesttheunjustpoliciesofEnglishgovernmenttoIreland.
⑥BecauseofabraindiseaseSwiftbecameinsaneanddiedmiserably.WorksReadthefirstparagraphonP43
①AModestProposalClimaxofhispamphletsonIrelandltwasabittersatireandinthissmallbookSwiftsuggestedthepovertyoftheIrishpeopleshouldberelievedbythesaleoftheirchildrenasfoodfortherich.Irony这本小册子除了是对英国政府对爱尔兰的剥削政策的讽刺之外也是对一些projectors的讽刺Swift在写这本小册子时就以一个projector献策者自居.本文流传很广，是Swift最有名的政论文章，也是历来英国散文选必选之文章.《英国文学名篇选注》*lrony反讽ThistermderivesfromacharacterinaGreekcomedy.Inmostofthemoderncriticalusesofthetermironythereremainstherootsenseofdissemblingorhidingwhatisactuallythecase;nothoweverinordertodeceivebuttoachieverhetoricalorartisticeffects.
②GulliversTravels^《格列佛游记》Background:famousasabookforchildrenbutactuallyanimportantsatiricalbook;tooktheformofatravelbookbecausethisformwaspopularatthattimePCentralcharacter:LemuelGulliver;asurgeononamerchantshipFourvoyages:LilliputtoBrobdingnagtoLaputatothecountryofHouyhnmsReadtheintroductiononP43DiscussionDoyouthinkSwiftdesignedthesestrangestoriesonlyforfunAnswer:nothepurposeismakingabittersatireonEnglishpoliticsandothervicesinthesocietyatthattime.TurntoP50andseetheexcerptThisisachaptertakenfromthelastpartofthebook.ItismainlyaboutthecountryofHouyhnms.InGulliversTravelsbeforeeachchapterbeginsyoucanfindseveralsentencestellingyouthemainideasofthechapter.Answerthequestion4and5onP
59.DiscussionWhataretheimpliedideastheauthortriedtoconveybythischapterTheauthorbelievedReasonwasveryimportantforhumanbeing.Ifhumansdesiresarentcontrolledbyreasonhumanwillbecomedisgustinglikeyahoosonedayinthefuture.Noticethespecialhistoricalbackgroundofthebook-AgeofReason.DiscussionStyleofSwiftsprose:Hisprosestyleissimpleclearandvigorous.HisfamoussayingProperwordsinproperplacesmakesthetruedefinitionofastyleinfluencedalotlaterwriters.RecommendedReadingGulliversTravels;AModestProposalHomeworkPreviewchapter6P70ARedRedRoseandchapter7P75London.Lecture5RobertBurnsandWilliamBlakeTodaywewillmeettwointerestingpoets.Theylivedinthelaterpartofthe18thcenturyandeachhassomespecialcharacteristicswhichmakethemhaveapeculiarpositionintheEnglishliteraryhistory.RobertBurns175901796罗伯特彭斯HewascalledthenationalpoetofScotland.Buthemainlylivedahardlifeanddiedwhenhewasonly37yearsold.*Scotland:1707为英格兰吞并1745发生过大规模反英起义，曾经是一个独立的国家有自己独特的民族传统著名电影BraveHeartLifeParagraph1onP69Hewasborninapoorpeasantfamilyandonlyreceivedtwoandahalfyearsofregularschooling.Hehasbeenapoorpeasantfornearlyhalfofhislife.HehadanintimateknowledgeofScottishfolksongsandballads.HedecidedtogotoJamaicatomakealiving.Hepublishedhispoemcollectionforpassagemoney.ThecollectioncalledPoemsChieflyintheScottishDialectbecamepopularsoonsoBurnscancelledhisplan.Hehasbeenalowerrankofficialintherestofhislife.AndhecollectedandpublishedlotsofScottishfolksongsandballadsbutrefusedanypayment.Hediedwhenhewas37Allhislifehelivedinpovertyandillness.PoemsHispoemscanbedividedintoseveralgroupsaccordingtotheirthemes.OnloveandfriendshipARedRedRoseAuldLangSyne友谊地久天长etc.OnpatriotismScotsWhaHaeetc.⑶Sample:ARedRedRoseBackground:wrotein1794andpublishedin1796basedonaScottishfolksongafamousEnglishlovepoemDiscussionQI:RhymeschemeofthepoemQ2:WhoisspeakinginthepoemQ3:TowhomisthepoemaddressedQ4:WhatisthethemeofthepoemAnswersQ1:balladmeter:ineachstanzatheodd-numberedlinesareiambictetrameterswhiletheeven-numberedlinesareiambictrimestersandtherhymeschemeisabcbQ2:first-personIapersoninlovewithagirlQ3:thelovergirlfriendofthepoetQ4:showingthedeeplovetotheloverExplainseveraldifficultpointsofthepoemARedRedRoseOmyluveislikearedredroseluve即标准英文中的love这里是苏格兰方言ThatsnewlysprunginJunesprung是spring的过去式发芽的意思。
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