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语法专项名词性从句NounClause名词性从句的功能相当于名词,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句,在句中分别做主语、宾语、表语及同位语引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类连接词:thatwhetherif;连接代词:whatwhowhich;连接副词whenwherehowwhy
一、主语从句Subjectclauses
1、主语从句在复合句中做主语,通常放在主句谓语动词之前注意划线部分的语序陈述语序Whathehaddonerecentlyisstrange./Wheresheisgoingisamystery./Whetherhewillinviteherisaquestion.
2、主语从句常由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾,以取得句子平衡以下划线部分的句子可用It来替代Itisunimportantwhetheryoucomeornot.
3、以下情况常用it作形式主语的结构lItis+名词+从句Itisafactthat.・.事实是・・.;Itisanhonorthat...
三、常荣幸・・・Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.2Itis+形容词+从句Itisnatural[naetjrol]that很自然;Itisstrangethat...奇怪的是…3It+不及物动词+从句Itseemsthat…表语从句似乎.・.;Ithappenedthat...碰巧・・・IthappenedthatIwasnttherethatday.1Whatsomepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplusbymanyothers.有些人认为是缺点的东西,另一些人却认为是优点一Howaboutcampingthisweekendjustforachange一OKwhateveryouwant.爱咋咋地;随你的便Itisuncertainwhatsideeffectthemedicinewillbringaboutalthoughabouttwothousandpatientshavetakenit.虽然已经有2000多名患者服用了这种药物,但还不清楚会产生什么副作用发生;导致;引起Onereasonforherpreferenceforcitylifeisthatshecanhaveeasyaccesstoplaceslikeshopsandrestaurants.她喜欢城市生活的一个原因是,她可以很容易地到达商店和餐馆等地方BeforethesalesstartImakealistofwhatmykidswillneedforthecomingseason.Whenchanginglanesadrivershouldusehisturningsignaltoletotherdriversknowwhichlane/lein/heisentering.换道时,司机应使用转向灯,让其他司机知道他已进入哪条车道Howmuchoneenjoyshimselftravellingdependslargelyonwho/whomhegoeswithwhetherhisfriendsorrelatives.一个人旅行看多愉快很大程度上取决于他和谁一起去,是朋友还是亲戚Wehaventdiscussedyetwherewearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.我们还没有讨论应把我们的新家具放在哪里howIwanttobelikedandlovedforwhatIaminside.我希望因为我的内在而被喜欢、被爱一Haveyoufinishedthebook—NoIvereaduptowherethechildrendiscoverthesecretcave.我——直读到孩子们发现秘密洞穴的地方Weshouldrespectfoodandthinkaboutthepeoplewhodonthavewhatwehavehereandtreatfoodnicely.我们应该尊重食物,想想那些没有我们所拥有的东西的人,善待食物Cindyshutthedoorheavilyandburstintotears.Nooneintheofficeknewwhyshewassoangry.辛迪重重地关上门,哭了起来办公室里没有人知道她为什么这么生气Asanewgraduatehedoesntknowwhatittakestostartabusinesshere.作为一个应届毕业生,他不知道在这里创业需要什么一IprefershuttingmyselfinandlisteningtomusicalldayonSundays.星期天我更喜欢整天把自己关在家里听音乐—ThatswhereIdontagree.Youshouldhaveamoreactivelife.PartofthereasonCharlesDickenslovedhisownnovelDavidCopperfieldwasthatitwasrathercloselymodeledonhisownlife.查尔斯•狄更斯之所讴欢自己的小说《大卫•科波菲尔》,部分原因是这部小说非常贴近他自己的生活Sheisverydeartous.Wehavebeenpreparedtodowhateverittakestosaveherlife.她对我们很重要我们已经准备好不惜一切代价挽救她的生命Thefacthasworriedmanyscientiststhattheearthisbecomingwarmerandwarmertheseyears.近年来地球正变得越来越暖,这一事实使许多科学家感到担忧CouldIspeaktowhoeverisinchargeofInternationalSalesplease请找负责国际销售的人听电话好吗?Thelittlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremainwhereshewasandwaitforhermother.迷路的小女孩决定留在原地等她的妈妈Oneofthemostsignificantaspectswasthattheyhadtoconsiderpublichealth.其中最重要的一个方面是,他们必获虑到公众健康Asanewdiplomat/diplsmaet/heoftenthinksofhowhecanreactmoreappropriatelyonsuchoccasions.作为一名新外交官他经常思考如何在这种情况下做出更恰当的反应NewscamefromtheschoolofficethatWangLinhadbeenadmittedtoBeijingUniversity.Itisobvioustothestudentsthattheyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture很明显,学生们应该为他而勺未来做好准备—Isthereanypossibilitythatyoucouldpickmeupattheairport你能不能去机场接我?一-Noproblem.Weshouldconsiderthestudents9requestthattheschoollibraryprovidemorebooksonpopularscience.我们应该考虑学生们要再送图书馆提供更多科普书籍的要求ManyyoungpeopleintheWestareexpectedtoleavewhatcouldbelifesmostimportantdecision-marriage-almostentirelyuptoluck.在西方人们认为许多年轻人把可能是人生最重要的决定一一婚姻一一几乎完全交给运气Ithasbeenprovedthateatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.已经证实,儿童时期食用蔬菜有助于保护你免受后期生活中重大疾病的侵扰Allpeoplewhethertheyareoldoryoungrichorpoorhavebeentryingtheirbesttohelpthoseinneedsincethedisaster.自从灾难发生以来,所有的人,无论他们是老是少,是富是穷,都在尽自己最大的努力帮助那些需要帮助的人4Itis+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…;Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…二.宾语从句Objectclauses宾语从句在复合句中做宾语,通常放在及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后.作动词的宾语Iheardthathehadjoinedthearmy.如表陈述由that引导则that可以省略Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened./Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme..作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsupon/onhowwellwecancooperatewithonvanother..作形容词的宾语IamafraidthatIvemadeamistake.Iamafraidthat不是主系表结构,是主谓宾结构that后面是所害怕的具体内容,整个that从句作主句Iamafraid的宾语类彳以的形容词有annoyedanxiousashamedawarecertainconfidentcontentconvinceddetermineddisappointedgladpleasedproudsatisfiedsorrysurprisedthankfulworriedetc..it可以作为形式宾语Idappreciateitif...dependonitthat...seetoitthat...hateitwhen...loveitwhen...expectthat...WefinditnecessarythatwepracticespokenEnglisheveryday.Wethinkitourdutytocleanourclassroomeveryday.
三、表语从句Predicativeclauses表语从句在复合句中作表语,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句:可以接表语从句的连系动词有belookremainseem等Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationsinsuchashorttime.Thisiswhywedidnotwritetoyou.Thefactremainsthathehasbeenarrested.(同位语从句)Thefactremainsthatremain后面可以加n.adj.advprepdonedoingtodo但是除了这个fact都不跟句子注中学阶段最常用的系动词bekeeprestremainstayliestandseemappearfeellooksmellsoundtastebecomegrowturnfallgetgocomerunproveturnoutetc.
四、同位语从句Appositiveclauses
1、同位语从句在复合句中做同位语,放在某个名词之后,对该名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导它偶尔也不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开Thekingsdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetwouldbeputoff.ThefactremainsthatTheStarryNightisnowoneoftheworldsmostfamouspaintings.常见的这类名词[即在内容方面可以进一步阐明(一般为抽象名词)]有advicedemanddoubtfacthopeideainformationmessagenewsorderproblempromisequestionrequestsuggestiontruthwishword等Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.Word(消息)camethatourChineseWomenVolleyballTeamhadbeatenJapanese.
2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别⑴定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时可以在从句中作某个成分(主语、宾语、表语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分⑵定语从句是形容词性的,具功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明HetoldeveryonethenewsthatTomwouldgoabroad.他告诉所有人汤姆将出国的消息(that无实义)比较Thesuggestion(that)shehasgivenatthemeetingisunacceptable.(定从)Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomalldayisunacceptable.(同位语从句)
五、几对常见连词的比较
1、if—whether
(1)引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,只能用whether不能用ifo如Itremainsunknownwhetherwecancarryouttheplan.(主语从句)Thequestioniswhethertheycancollectenoughmoneyfortheconcert.(表语从句)Ihavenoideaatallwhetherhewilljoinusinthegame.(同位语从句)⑵引导宾语从句时,whether和if都可以用但有以下三种情况只能用whether不能用用
(1)引导介词的宾语从句IaminterestedinwhetherJimiscomingthisweekend.Icantdecidewhethertogoorstay.Iwonderwhetherornottheywillhelpus.whether与if都可以表示〃是否〃,引入一个yes/no间接特殊问句的名词从句.一般情况下,whether与if可以互用,没有什么区别【例如】一CanyoutakecareofTommyforme一Idontknowyetwhether/ifIshallbeabletolookafterTommyduringtheEasterholidaysornot.—能替我照料汤米吗?一我还不知道能不能在复活节假日照料汤米/Iwonderedwhether/ifPacohadleftthecountryasIhadntseenhimforsometime.不知道帕科是不是出了国,因为我好些时候没有看见他了.在四种情况下,只能用whether不能用if a该名词从句提前放在全句之首【例如】Whether*ifIllgetthereintimeforHenryslectureIdontknow.能不能够及时赶去听亨利的课,还不知道b该名词从句前面有介词【例如】Ioftengetaskedaboutwhether*ifornotyoucanrideifyouareoverweight.Theanswerisaresoundingyes!Cyclingistheperfectsportforoverweight.常有人问我,如果身体过重,能不能骑直行车回答是斩钉截铁的可以!骑车是克服身体过重的完美体育项目c后面接着动词不定式【例如】Icantmakeupmymindwhether*iftobuysomenewsummerclothesnoworwaituntilthepricesgodown.我打不定主意,究竟是现在就买一些新的夏季衣服好呢,还是等到价钱降下来再买好d后面有两个以or连接的并列成分【例如】Iwonderwhether*ifheisathomeornot.不知道他是不是在家/Whether*ifwegobybusorbytraindoesntreallymatter.我们坐公共汽车去还是坐火车去,其实是无所谓的.此外,whether不但可以引入一个名词从句,表示〃是否〃,而且还可以引入一个让步状语从句,表示〃无论是否〃或〃无论者当中何者【例如】Imgoingtospendallofgrannysmoneyonanewkitchenwhetheryoulikeitornot!管你高兴不高兴,我要把外婆的钱全都用在新厨房上!/Buttheadministrationwasunquestionablyplayinggameswithreporterswhetherornotthepresidentwasdirectlyinvolved.NewsweekApril172006p.26无论总统是否直接牵涉在内,行政当局当时在对新闻记者耍把戏,这是毫无疑问的/Hetreatedallwhocametohimwhethertheywerewealthyorpoorwithequalconcern.是来找他治病的人,不问贫富,他都一视同仁悉心治疗u如何辨别,方法很简单如果去掉whether从句,主句的成分仍然完整无缺尤其是主从句之间有逗号隔开时这从句就是状语从句;如果去掉whether从句,主句会缺了一个名词成分语、宾语或介词宾语这从句就是名词从句4』f与whether还有一个区别〃一般疑问句〃,通常也就是用yes或n回答的疑问句(区别于那些与用疑问词开头的〃特殊疑问句但是有一部分〃一般疑问句〃其实真实的意思并不是等待对方回答yes或no而只是一个邀请、请求,或是对自己的猜想求一个验证这样的〃一般疑问句〃,如果变为间接问句,那么,通常用if而不用whether来引入这个间接问句【例如】Heaskedif(*whether)wedlikemorecoffee.他问我们要不要添点咖啡(真实意义是邀请)/Heaskedmeif(*whether)Idpassthesalt•他问我可否把盐罐子递给他(真实意义是请求)/WhenhetoldherthathepreferredBrucknertoBrahmssheaskedif(*whether)hewasoutofhismind.他告诉她说,他对布鲁克纳(十九世纪奥地利的二流作曲家)比对布拉姆斯更为喜欢,她就问他是不是神经错乱了(表示自己的主见,不是寻求答案)或者发问的人心目中已经有了偏好,不是可此可彼无所谓,此时间接问句也用if而不用whether引入,例如Goseeif(*whether)thepapershereandbringitin.去看看报纸来了就拿进来(希望报纸已经来了,唯有来了才能拿进来)/Gseewhether/ifthepaperishereandreportback.去看看报纸来了没有,回来报告一声(报纸来了没有都无所谓,都可以报告)
2、that—whatthat引导名词性从句,它只是引导这个从句,不在从句中充当任何成分,而且没有任何意义而what不但有意义,而且可在从句中充当以下成分主语、宾语、表语,分别成为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句Whatyousaw\heotherdayisamazing.what引导从句做主句中的主语,同时在从句中作saw的宾语ThatiswhatIhope.what引导从句做主句中的表语,同时在从句中作hope的宾语Wecannotdowhatyouaskedofus.what引导从句做主句中的宾语,同时在从句中作asked的宾语Thathelovesmoneyisknowntousall.练习
一、用适当的连接词填空cantdecidewhichdictionaryIshouldbuy.我决定不了该买哪本词典what.Thafswhyherefusedmyinvitation.这就是他拒绝我邀请的原因.1amveryinterestedinhowhehasimprovedhispronunciationinsuchashorttime.我很好奇他是如何在这么短的时间内提高他的发音的.Whatweneedismoretime.我们需要的是更多的时间.Thefactthatshehadnotsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedeverybody.她在会上什么也没说,这使大家感到惊讶.Whenandwheretheywillmeethasnotbeendecidedyet.他们将在何时何地会面还没有决定.Pleasetellmewhomyouarewaitingfor.请告诉我你在等谁what.1sthatwhatyouarelookingfor这就是你想要的吗?who/whom.Wouldyoupleasetellmewherethenearestpostofficeis你能告诉我最近的邮局在哪里吗?
10.1dontknowwhetherhewillagreetotheplanornot.我不知道他是否会同意这个计划1l.Dontputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.不要把今天能做的事拖到明天
12.ThemaincomplaintofvisitorstoBeijingisthattheysimplyrunoutoftimebeforeseeingallplacesofinterest所有名月生古迹there.
13.Everyonecouldseewhatwasgoingonandthat/whyMichaelwasalittleterrified.每个人标房出发生了什么事,为什么迈克尔有点害怕afraid;scared;frightened
14.Itishopedthatweshouldwidenourrelationswiththeneighboringcountries.人们濡场我们扩大与邻国的关系
15.Who/Whom/Whichtheyvemadeuptheirmindstovoteforisstillunknown.他们决定投谁的票还不知道
6.ItseemslikelythathighlevelsofheartdiseaseareconnectedwithWesterndiets.心脏病高发似乎与西方饮食有关.Theannouncementthatalltheflightswerecanceledduetobadweathergreatlydistressedthewaitingpassengers由于天气恶劣,所有航班都被取消的消息使等候的乘客非常苦恼.Whetherhecouldgetthejobdependsonthisface-to-faceinterviewwiththeboss.他能否得到这份工作取决于这次与老板面对面的面试.Whatconcernsmemostisthatdespitepayincreasesproductionhasnotimproved.我最担心的是,尽管工资增加了,生产却没有改善.Sheistroubledbythefactthathersonalreadyshowssignsofinheritinghisfathersmentalproblems.她的儿子已经表现出继承父亲精神问题的迹象,这让她感到困扰.WhyIusuallyjustignoremyfatheristhatheisalwaystellingmewhattodo.为什么我通常忽略我的父亲,山冢总是告诉我该做什么.Theproblemiswhetherscientistscanfindwaystodowithnuclearwaste.问题是科学家能否找到处理核废料的方法how;when.Peoplefeelcuriousaboutwhymanywritersarenotappreciateduntillongafter山eydie.人们很好奇为什么许多作家直到去世很久之后才受到赏识.Thatshow/when/whereIfirstmetthisworld-famousmovie那就是我第一次看到这部举世闻名的电影的时候.Whatreallybothersmeisthatmyneighborshaveloudpartieslateatnight.真正困扰我的是我的而们在深夜举行吵闹的聚会.NobodyknewwhereherfriendJennyhadgone.Shewasworriedaboutwhatcouldhavehappenedtohim.没有人知道她的朋友珍妮去了哪里她很担心他会出什么事.Thequestioncameupatthemeetingwhetherthereshouldbesomereformofthepresenteducationalsystem.会议上提出了是否应该对现行教育制度进行改革的问题.ConcernedaboutthestudentMr.Liucalledhisparentstofindoutwhyhedidntgotoschoolthisafternoon.刘老师很担心这个学生打电话给他的父母,问他为什么今天下午没去上学.1shouldn5tlookforwardtoomuchtoseeingGraceattheparty;chancesarethatshewontcomeanyway.我不应该太期待在晚会上见到格蕾丝;很可能她无论如何也不会来Anelectricalengineerislookingthroughtheinstructionstoknowhowtheheatsystemworksbeforetherepairwork.在进彳亍维彳修工作之前,一位电气工程师正在查阅;仔细查看,浏览,温习说明书,了解供暖系统的工作原理Helenhasgotwhatittakestobeagreattennisplayer.Inotherwordsshehasthepotentialtobecomeworldfamous.海伦具备成为一名伟大网球运动员的条件换句话说,她有成为世界名人的潜力Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthattheyregettingfatter.现在儿童面临更大风险的主要原因之一是他们越来越胖—SirIfeelitcomplicatedtoapplytoauniversityabroad.-WhynotreadourguideThisiswheretherelevantinformationisavailable.为什么不读读我们的指南呢?这是提供相关信息的地方Tvelearnedthatnomatterwhathappensandhowbaditseemstodaylifegoesonanditwillbebettertomorrow.我明白了,不管发生了什么,不管今天看起来有多糟糕,生活还是要继续,明天会更好Morepeoplehavecometorealizehowimportantitistotakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectendangeredspecies.越来越多的人开始意识到采取有效措施保护濒危物种的重要性
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