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真题练习2017卷三AfteryearsofheateddebategraywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.BylastyeartheYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStatesbuttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920swolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanadawheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations一majorfoodsources（来源）forthewolf-grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation（植被）whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolvescoyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageoftheparksredfoxesandcompletelydroveawaytheparksbeavers.Asearlyas1966biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.TodaythedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elkdeerandcoyotepopulationsaredownwhilebeaversandredforeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell..WhatisthetextmainlyaboutA.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark..Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2meanA.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown..WhatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringaboutA.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineintheparksincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals..WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfprojectA.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.trees.C.Thefunctionsoftreesusedindailylife.D.Thelinkbetweentreesandhumanwell-being..WhydoestheauthormentionthosefamousorganizationsA.Toshowtheirgreatcooperation.B.Tostressplantingtreesisvalued.C.Toannouncetheirachievements.D.Toprovetheirimportancetotheworld.Cityairisinasorrystateitisdirtyandhot.Outdoorpollutionkills
4.2millionpeopleayearaccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization.Concreteandblacktopmeanwhileabsorbthesunsraysratherthanreflectingthembackintospaceandalsotaketheplaceofplantswhichwouldotherwisetoo!thingsdownbytranspiration（蒸腾作用）.Thenever-endingspreadofbuildingsandroadsthusturnsurbanareasintoheatislandsdiscomfortingresidentsandworseningdangerousheatwaveswhichareinanycaselikelytobecomemorefrequentastheplanetwarms.Apossibleanswertothetwinproblemsistrees.Theirleavesmaydestroyatleastsomechemicalpollutantsandtheycertainlytrapairborneparticulatematter（颗粒物），whichisthenwashedtothegroundbyrain.Andtreescoolthingsdown.Besidestranspirationtheyprovideshade.Theirleaveshaveafteralldevelopedtoblocksunlight.Tocoolanareaeffectivelythoughtreesmustbeplantedinquantity.In2009researchersattheUniversityofWisconsinfoundthatAmericancitiesneed40%treecoveragetocuturbanheatbackmeaningfully.Unfortunatelynotallcities一andespeciallynotthosenowspringingupintheworldspoorandmiddle-incomecountries一areblessedwithparksprivategardensorevendecorativestreettreesinsufficientnumbers.Andtheproblemislikelytogetworse.Atthemoment55%ofpeopleliveincities.By2050thatshareisexpectedtoreach68%.SomebotanistsbelievetheyhaveatleastapartialsolutiontothislackofurbanvegetationItistoplantverysmallsimulacra（模/以物）ofnaturalforestsecologicallyengineeredforrapidgrowth.Overthecourseofacareerthatbeganinthe1950sAkiraMiyawakitheteamleaderandaplantecologistatYokohamaNationalUniversityinJapanhavedevelopedawaytodothisstartingwitheventhemostunpromisingandin-bad-conditionareas.ThemethodoriginatedinJapanandwaslaterintroducedtootherAsiancountries.AsithasbecomeknowntheMiyawakimethodisfindingincreasingprevalencearoundtheworld.InEuropeBelgiumFranceandtheNetherlandsareallhometoMiyawakiforests.DrMiyawaki*sinsightwastodeconstructandrebuildtheprocessofecologicalsuccessionbywhichbarelandsdevelopnaturallyintomatureforests..WhatarethetwinproblemsinthetextA.Airpollutionandheatwaves.B.Lackofwaterandgreenspace.C.Badweatherandroadconditions.D.High-risebuildingsandtrafficjams..WhichparagraphstressestheneedtoincreasethecoverageofforestA.Paragraph
2.B.Paragraph
3.C.Paragraph
4.D.Paragraph
5..WhafstheunderlinedwordnprevalenceinthelastparagraphprobablymeanA.Return.B.Threat.C.Trade.D.Favour..WhatisprobablytobediscussednextA.Whatmatureforestsare.B.Howbarelandcomesintobeing.C.HowtheMiyawakimethodworks.D.WhytheMiyawakimethodispopular.Whensortingthroughtheapplesatthegrocerystoreyouseeanuglystrange-lookingapple.Whetheritsastrangecolorhasspotsorisastrangeshapeyouwonderhowitmadeitontotheshelves.WhowouldbuyandeatthisMostpeoplewouldnotbuyuglyproduce.Thatiswhyitisraretoseeugly-shapedfruitoroff-coloredvegetables.SowhathappenstothisproduceDatahaveshownthat20%-40%offruitsandvegetablesarerejectedevenbeforetheyreachgrocerystores.Andevenmorearerejectedonsitebecausegrocerystoresandcompanieshaveincrediblyhighstandardsforwhattheirproduceshouldlooklike.Thatincludescolorshapesizeweightandlength.Andthefoodthatdoesntmeetthesestandardsisthrownaway.ThereareincrediblystrictlawsaboutfooddonationthatactuallymakesitillegaltodonatefoodthatdoesntmeetstandardsthataresimilartothoseofthegrocerystoreaswellaslawsthatrestrictthisfoodfrombeingusedasanimalfeedBesides10%ofrichcountries*greenhousegasemissionscomefromfoodthatwasgrownandnevereaten.Foodwastenotonlycontributestoclimatechangebutalsofoodinsecurityandextremepoverty.Asstatedaboveinthegreatestfoodwastingcountriestherearelawsthatproducefrombeingdonatedtopeopleinneed.Byreducingfoodwasteathirdoftheworldsentirefoodsupplycouldbesaved.Thatsenoughtofeed3billionpeop!e.Alsobyreducingfoodwastefarmersallovertheworldcouldsellmoreoftheirproduceandinspiretheirruralagriculturaleconomies.Therearemanywaystogetinvolvedinendingfoodwaste!YoucanparticipateinadvocacyeventshostednearbylikewithFeedbackGlobalwhohostsaneventcalledTeedingthe5000wheretheyseektofeed5000peoplewithfoodthatwouldhaveotherwisebeenwasted.Encourageyourlocalgrocertoselluglyproduce.Foodisfood!.WhyisuglyshapedfruitrarelyseenatthegrocerystoreA.Itisnottastyornutritious.B.Farmerswouldnotplantit.C.Mostpeoplearenotfondofit.D.Fewpeoplechoosetopurchaseit.Whathappenstougly-shapedfruitoroff-coloredvegetablesA.Theyareconsumed.B.Theyaredonated.C.Theyarewasted.D.Theyareburied..Whatdoestheunderlinedworduconfine5inparagraph3probablymeanA.Refuse.B.Restrict.C.Contact.D.Protect..WhatwouldbeasuitabletitleforthetextUglyfruitcouldleadtoaprettierworldFoodwastemakes3billionpeopleinpovertyFeedbackGlobalisseekingtofeed5000peopleD.MorepeopleshouldgetinvolvedinendingfoodwasteChemicalsarearequirementtokeepfarmerscompetitivekillpestsandproduceatascalethatmeanstheycanhaveagoodlivelihood.HowevertheEUhasbanned250chemicalpesticidesforcingfarmerstocomeupwithalternativesolutions.Theanswertoanenvironmentallyfriendlypest-freefarmisducks.Thisapproachwasviewedbythousandsofpeoplelatelastyearbuttheimagesturnedouttobefalse.Howeveraftersomediggingwehavefoundthatitisrealinmanyotherplaces.ThereareanumberoffarmsincountrieslikeChinaJapanandSouthAfricathatreleasethousandsofducksontheircropsinordertokeepoffsmallerbugs.Awinevineyard（葡萄园）calledVergenoegdinSouthAfricahasateamof1200duckstodefenditsvineyards.Thelocationoftheplaceisbesidealargelakewhichmakessnailsarriveinincrediblenumberstothelocation.Leftunattendedtheirvineyardswouldbedevouredofbythesnails.Tocombatthisthefarmershiresomeducks.Everymorningtheduckswillslowlygothroughthevineyardsandwillfinishupbyabout4pm.Afulldaysworkmaysoundprettytoughbuttheducksreceivegoodpaymentalltheycaneatinsnailsandotherinsects.Thefarmhasbeenusingduckssince1984andpesticidesarenottheonlybenefit.Ducksalsoprovidegreatfertilizerastheirpooisveryhighinnutrientsandhelpsthevinestogrowquicklyandstrongly.Whileusingducksinsteadofpesticidesseemstobeawin-winsituationallarounditdoeshaveitsdrawbacks.Mostnotablythecost.AtVergenoegdtheduckscostaboutnineteenthousanddollarsperyeartocarefor.ThevineyardsocialmediamanagerDavidBadenhorstsaysthatusingtraditionalchemical-basedmethodsofpestcontrolwouldbefarlessexpensivebutofcoursemuchlesssustainable.Farmersareworkingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtheirproductstoshowitismoreenvironmentalawareness.Whatdoweknowabouttheimagesmentionedinparagraph2A.Theywereverypopular.B.Theyprovedtobereal.C.TheyweretakeninJapan.D.Theypollutedtheenvironment.WhydothefarmersuseducksinVergenoegdA.Tomakeithometomoresnails.B.Toexpandthesizeofthevineyard.C.Totryanewwayofraisingducks.D.Tokeepitawayfromharmfulinsects.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“devouredinparagraphprobablymeanA.Tidied.B.Eatenup.C.Decorated.D.Takencareof.Whatcanweinferabouttraditionalchemical-basedmethodaccordingtoBadenhorstA.Ithasmoreadvantages.B.Itllgainmorepopularitylater.C.Itcanbeexpensivesoon.D.Itfailstobeenvironment-friendly.RecentlyAustralianscientiststriedanewtrackeronthemagpies（喜鹊）.Theyhopedtolearnmoreabouthowfarthebirdsflewandwhattheydidduringanormalday.Thescientistsareconcernedthatmagpiesmayhaveahardtimeadjusting.astheworldwarmsupbecauseofclimatechange.Australianmagpiesaremedium-sizedblackandwhite.Theyliveingroupsofupto12birdsandworktogethertodefendtheareatheylivein.Itshardtofindtrackersthatworkwellwithsmallandmedium-sizedbirds.Butthenewly-producedtrackerswerelightenoughandcouldberechargedwithoutwireswhilehewerestillonthebirds.Tokeepthetrackersonthebirdswithoutcausingflyingproblemstheresearchersdevelopedaspecialharness.Itwastoughsoitwouldn*tcomeoffbyaccidentButithadaspecialreleasecontrolledbymagnets（磁体），whichallowsthescientiststofreethebirdsfromtheharnessesataspecialmagneticbirdfeederwithouthavingtocatchthebirdsagain.Theresearchersplacedtrackeronfivemagpiesusingtheirspecialharnesses!Butjusttenminutesaftersettingupthelastmagpietheynoticedsomethingunusual:Anadultfemalemagpiewashelpinganothermagpiegetfreefromitsharness.Inafewhoursmostoftheothermagpieswerealsofreedfromtheirharnesses.Bythethirddaynoneofthebirdshadtrackersanymore.Thescientistsweredisappointedaboutthetrackersbuttheyrealizedthatthemagpieshadtaughtthemsomethingelse-thatmagpiesareableandwillingtohelpeachotheroutevenifthebirdwhoishelpingdoesntgetareward.Thisiscallednrescuebehavior*1anditsnotthatcommonintheanimalworldespeciallyamongbirds.TheresearchersthinkthisisthefirsttimerescuebehaviorhasbeenreportedforAustralianmagpies.Theresearchersaregladtheyvelearnedabouttherescuebehaviorofmagpies.Butnowtheyneedtotryagaintofigureoutagoodwaytotrackthesecleverbirds.WhydidresearchersattachtrackerstomagpiesA.Tolearnmoreaboutmagpies1habits.B.Tohelpthemidentifymagpiesclearly.C.Topreciselymonitormagpies1flyingroute.D.Tofurtherexplainwhatrescuebehavioris.Whatdoestheunderlinedworduharnessninparagraph2probablymeanA.Feather.B.Tracker.C.Belt.D.Recorder.WhatareAustralianmagpieslikeA.Friendlybutnoisy.B.Cutebutunhelpful.C.Braveandplayful.D.Smartandcooperative.WhichcanbethebesttitleforthetextA.ClimateChangeHasAffectedMagpiesBadlyB.MagpiesTeachScientistsanUnexpectedLessonC.ResearchersUnderstandingofRescueBehaviorD.FindingsAboutNewTrackersonAustralianMagpies2020卷二Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylistfurprobablydidntcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfhshion（时装）enthusiastaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria（海狸鼠）.UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur-unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear“saysCreeMcCreeprojectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.Theecosystemdowntherecanthandlethisnon-nativespecies（物种）Itsdestroyingtheenvironment.ItsthemorusJsaysMichaelMassimianexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecadesbutwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980sthecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysitsnoteasytoconvincepeoplethatpeoplethatnutriafurisgreenbuthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300000nutriatailsayearsopartofMoutonsjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.ThentheresRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.ModelPaigeMorgansays“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem-1thinkthatsgoingtobeamassivethingatleasthereinNewYork.DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.Shestryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynA.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.WhyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutriaA.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B.Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordHcollapsedninparagraph5probablymeanA.Boomed.B.Becamemature.C.Remainedstable.D.Crashed.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorganA.Itsformal.B.ItsriskyC.It*sharmful.D.Itstraditional.2021乙卷Youveheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans-between
4.8and
12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.ButdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifferenceArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbageforcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyeartheartistbuiltapiececalled“StrawpocalypseJapairof1O-foot-tallplasticwavesfrozenmid-crash.Madeof168000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanupsthesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCityVietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource（来源）ofplasticpollutionbutthey^erecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon^needthemtodrinkwithandbecauseoftheirsmallsizeandweighttheycannotberecycled.EverystrawthatspartofVonWongsartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgonethestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018VonWongwantedtoillustrate（说明）aspecificstatistic:Every60secondsatruckloadsworthofplasticenterstheocean.ForthisworktitledTruckloadofPlasticHVbnWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10000piecesofplasticwhichwerethentiedtogethertolookliketheydbeendumped^顷彳到）fomatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint..WhatareVonWongsartworksintendedforA.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach..Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem..WhateffectwouldHTruckloadofPlasticnhaveonviewersA.Calming.B.DisturbingCRefreshingD.Challenging..WhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetextA.Artists*OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculpturesResearchersattheRoyalMelbourneInstituteofTechnologyRMITUniversityhavefoundthatthesingle-usefacemasksusedbybillionsofpeopleacrosstheglobeeveiydaycansuccessfullybeusedtoproducematerialsforroad-building.Facemasksarelegalrequirementsforthepublicinmostcountries.TheyserveasPersonalProtectiveEquipmentPPEswhichareusedtoreducethespreadoftheCOVID-19virus.Asaresultlargenumbersofsingle-usefacemasksarebeingusedeverydayallovertheworld.Howeverboththeproductionanddisposal处理ofbillionsoffacemasksarehavingharmfuleffectsontheplanet.Millionsofthemendupinlandfillorfindtheirwayintotheworldsoceans.TheuseofPPEshasgrownrapidlyduringthepandemic.Itisestimatedthat
6.8billionfacemasksareusedacrosstheglobeeveryday.Thisisnotgoodnewsfortheenvironmentasmanyofthesearediscarded废弃的afterjustoneortwousesresultinginincreasedvolumesofwasteheadingforlandfillsites.InspiredbyseeinghugenumbersofusedfacemaskslitteringstreetsintheareaateamofresearchersatRMITUniversitydecidedtoconductastudytolookforwaysinwhichusedfacemaskscouldsuccessfullybeusedforotherpurposes.nIfwecanbringcirculareconomythinkingtothismassivewasteproblemwecandevelopthesmartandsustainablesolutionsweneed/1RMITsProfessorJieLisaid.Theresearcherslookedfornewwaysinwhichsingleusefacemaskscouldbeusedinotherprocessessotheywouldnotaddtoenvironmentaldegradation.Theteamproducedabuildingmaterialthatcouldbeusedfortheconstructionofroads.Themixconsistedofsingleusefacemasksandprocessedbuildingrubble印卒石.Theresearchersfoundthatmixingslicedfacemaskswiththerubbleaddedhardnessandstrengthtothemix.Theproductalsometcivilengineeringsafetystandards.Thestudyshowedthatthreemillionrecycledfacemaskscouldbuildakilometerofdoublesidedroad.Thiswouldprevent93tonsofwastefromheadingtolandfill..Whatisparagraph2intendedtoshowA.ThefastspreadofCOVID-
19.B.Thehugeconsumptionoffacemasks.C.Theneedtowearfacemaskseveryday.D.Theconsequencesofrefusingfacemasks..WhydidtheresearcherscarryoutthestudyA.Todevelopakindofreusablefacemask.B.Toencourageanewwaytobuildlocalstreets.C.Topromoteinternationaleconomicdevelopment.D.Todealwiththewasteproblemofusedfacemasks..HowdofacemasksplaytheirroleinproducingthenewbuildingmaterialA.Theysimplifyitsprocessing.B.Theytaketheplaceofrubble.C.Theyguaranteeitsroughness.D.Theymakeitharderandstronger..WhatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetextA.TheNormalDisposalofUsedFaceMasksB.TheBenefitofCollectingFaceMaskLitterC.DiscardedFaceMasksAreUsedtoBuildRoadsBeUsedRepeatedlyRisingseasmeltingicecapsandothereffectsofawarmingclimateprobablycannotbechangedtorcenturiesandaredrivenbygreenhousegasemissions（排放）fromhumanactivityascientificgroupworkingundertheguidanceoftheUnitedNationssaidinareport.Weveknownfordecadesthattheworldiswarmingbutthisreporttellsusthatrecentchangesin.theclimatearewidespreadrapidandunprecedented（史无前例的）ithousandsofyears/*saidKoBarrettamemberofthegroup.Furtheritisevidentthathumanactivitiesarecausingclimatechange.nWithoutrapidreductionsinemissionsglobaltemperaturescouldrisemorethananadditional
1.degreesoverthenext20yearsthereportforecasts.Oceansarewarmingandsealevelisincreasingby
3.7mmorabout
0.1inchayearthescientistssaidinthereport.Weatheraroundtheworldhasgrownmoreextremebymanymeasuresthescientistssaidwithmorefrequentheatwavesinsomeregionsandheavierrainfallandfloodinginothers.WhenyouseewhathashappenedthissummerwithheatwavesinCanadaandtheheavyrainfallinGermany-thinkthisisshowingthatevenhighlydevelopedcountriesarenotspared/1saidSoniaSeneviratnealeadcoauthorofthereport.ThereportbuildsscientificbaselinesforCOP26akeyclimate-changesummit（IA）tobeheldinGlasgow.Representativesfrom197countriesareexpectedtopresentupdatedplansforreducinggreenhouse-gasemissions.Aglobalagreementresultingfroma2015climatesummitinPariscalledonnationstotakestepstolimitfutureglobaltemperatureincreasesto
1.5degrees.Buttheeffortsarefallingshort.
28.Howdoesparagraph3mainlyshowtheeffectofgreenhouse-gasemissionsA.Byreferringtodata.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Bymentioningvariousdisasters.D.Bylistingcountriesasexamples.WhatdoSoniaSeneviratnefswordssuggestaboutclimatechangeA.Itsvictimsareabletostanditstests.B.Itbarelyaffectsdevelopedcountries.C.Itsharmfuleffectiswideandsevere.D.Itcanbecontrolledbysomenations.WhyisCOP26tobeheldTopraisetheworkoflimitingtemperatureincreases.Topromotetheefforttocutgreenhousegasemissions.Tobuildscientificbaselinesforfuturehumanactivity.ToblameParisonitsfailuretoholdaclimatesummit.WhatisthetextmainlyaboutA.Astudy.B.Ameeting.C.Aplan.D.Areport.Methaneisoneofthebiggestdriversofglobalwarming:About95%ofmethaneemissions（排放）fromcattlecomeoutoftheirmouthsandnoses.Thecommonmethodtodesigncattlefeedadditiveshelpsinthereductionofmethanegasincattlesstomachs.Howeverchemicaladditivesmaybecomeaproblemforanimallifeandalsotheproducts.ABritishstart-uphascomeupwithacowmaskwhichbreaksdownmethaneamoreharmfulgreenhousegasthancarbondioxideintoCOandwater.Thestart-upnamedZelpwasfoundedbybrothersFranciscoandPatricioNorrischildrenofArgentine-basedcattlekeepers.Accordingtothecompanythemaskisabletoreduceupto60percentofmethaneemissionsincattle.Unlikeahumanfacemaskthecowmaskdoesntcoverthemouth.Itsitsjustoverthenosehelpingittocatchmethanefrombreathingandburps（打嗝）.Asensoronthedevicedetectswhatpercentageofmethanethecowbreathesout.Asthemethanereachesacertainlevelachemicalreactionturnsitintocarbondioxideandwater.Themaskalsoworksasasmartdeviceforcows.ItmonitorscattlelocationthroughaGPSchipbesidesmeasuringfeedingactivity.Norrisbrothersbelievethatitwillhelpcattleownersidentifyearlysymptomsofadiseaseandhelpreducethecostoffarms.ThedevicehassuccessfullypassedtrialsconductedininstitutionsinArgentinabesidesUKsRoyalVeterinaryCollege.Asglobalmeatconsumptionissettoincreaseby70percentinthenext30yearsaccordingtoFAOsowillthedemandincattleanddairy（孚L品的）industries.ThustheNorrisbrothersbelievethattheircowmaskwillbeonestepintherightdirectioninthefightagainstglobalwarming.WhydoesZelpdevelopthecowmaskA.Tohelpcattleeatsafely.B.Toimprovefeedadditives.C.Tocutthemethanegasfromcattle.D.Toquickenthecattlesdigestiveprocess.WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytellusaboutthecowmaskA.Howitworks.B.WhenitdetectsC.Whyitbenefitsthecow.D.Howitfitsonthecowshead.WhatisanaddedadvantageofthedeviceA.Givingcowsagoodappetite.B.Trackingthecattlesmovements.C.Curingthecows*milddisease.D.Regulatingthecattlesfeedintake.WhatistheNorrisbrothers1attitudetowardsthefutureoftheirdeviceA.Ambiguous.B.Cautious.C.Skeptical.D.Optimistic.Coralsaremadeupofhundredsofthousandsofsmallorganisms14-4ForthepastfiveyearsresearchersinHawaiiandAustraliahavebeenengineeringcoralsinsidealabtoseeiftheycouldbetterresisttheeffectsofclimatechange.Theteamtestedthreemethodsfbrmakingcoralsthatwouldbestrongandhealthyinnature.Oneisselectivebreeding繁殖aimingtoproducebabieswithdesirablecharacteristics.Thesecondmethodsubjectedthecoralstoincreasingtemperaturestoconditionthemtobeabletosurviveinwarmoceanenvironments.Thethirdinvolvedmakingchangestothealgae海藻thatprovidecoralswithnecessarynutrients.TheleaderoftheprojectKiraHughessaidallthemethodsprovedsuccessfulinthelab.Shesaidsomescientistsmightworrythatsuchmethodsgoagainstthenaturalprocessesofnature.Butwiththeplanetcontinuingtogetwarmerandwarmershedoesnotseeanybetteroptions.nWehavetointerveneFITinordertomakeachangeforcoralreefstosurviveintothefuturenHughessaid.Whenoceantemperaturesrisecoralsturnwhiteaprocesscalledbleaching.Whenthishappenscoralscanquicklybecomesickanddie.Butforyearsscientistshavebeenobservingcoralsthathavesurvivedbleaching.Theyarenowcenteringonthosehealthysurvivors.Thosecoralswereusedastheparentsforthenewlycreatedkinds.Arecentstudyfoundbleachingtobethebiggestcurrentthreattotheworldscoralreels.Between2009and2018theworldlostabout14percentofitscorals.CoralsarethreatenedworldwidebyalotofthingsbutincreasingtemperaturesareprobablythemostseriousnsaidCrawfordDrury.HeisthechiefscientistatHawaiisCoralResilienceLab.MadeleinevanOppenaresearchscientisttoldtheAPtherewereconcernsaboutwhethertheexperimentscouldresultinalossofgeneticdiversity.Andtherewerecriticswhosaidthescientistswereplayinggod1bymakingsuchchangestothereef.nWellyouknowhumanshavealreadyintervenedinthereefforaverylongperiodoftime1vanOppensaid.nRatherthaneditinggenesorcreatinganythingunnaturaltheresearchersarejustattemptingtorepairthedamagevanOppenadded.WhatisKiraHughes*opiniononengineeringcoralsinsidealabA.Itisquiteunnecessary.B.Itisthebestchoicesofar.C.Ithasaslimchanceofsuccess.D.Itfollowsthenaturalprocesses.WhatdoesCrawfordDruryagreewithA.Thesicknessofalgaeistherootofcoralsdeath.B.Bleachingistheonlythreattotheworldscoralreefs.C.Risingoceantemperaturesareseriouslyaffectingcorals.D.Nocoralscansurvivewhenoceantemperaturesincrease.WhatisMadeleinevanOppensattitudetowardspeoplesconcernsandcritics*opinionsA.Disapproving.B.Favorable.C.Tolerant.D.Unclear.WhatcanbethebesttitleforthetextWarmOceanEnvironmentsEndangerCoralReefsScientistsCreateCoralsinLabtoBetterResistClimateChangeNewMethodsCuringCoralsofBleachingProvedSuccessfulGeneEditingBecomesaMainApproachtoSavingStrugglingCoralsTheAmericanspaceagencyNASAhaslaunched（发射）anewinstrumentdesignedtocollectdataonvolcanicactivityandairquality.ThedevicearrivedattheInternationalSpaceStationonFebruary
21.NASAhopesthesmallorbitinginstrumentcouldhelppredictavolcaniceruptionbeforeanexplosionhappens.NASAcallstheinstrumentNACHOSwhichstandsforNanosatAtmosphericChemistryHyperspectralObservationSystem.Itcontainsimagingsensorsdesignedtorecognizegaseslikesulfurdioxideandnitrogendioxide.Thepresenceofthosegasescansignalpossiblevolcanicactivity.NACHOSwasbuilttoobservetracegasesinareasassmallas
0.4squarekilometersThesix-kilograminstrumentissettobedeployed（部署）threemonthslater.ItwilloperateattachedtoaCubeSatasmallsatelliteweighinglessthan10kilograms.NASAsaysNACHOSwillobservefromabout480kilometersaboveEarth*ssurface.ANASAconsiderstheinstrumentaprototypemeaningitsoperationsandobservationswillbestudiedduringitsorbitwhichisexpectedtolastoneyear.Duringitsyear-longmissiontheteamwillstudytheinstrumentsperformancetolearnwhetherthetechnologyshouldbefurtherdeveloped.SteveLoveisascientistwiththeDepartmentofEnergy.Hesaidavolcanomaygiveoffsulfurdioxidebeforethereisanyvolcanicactivity.Suchadevicecouldhelpemergencyofficialstakeearlymeasurestoprotectcitizensandpropertyfromvolcaniceruptions.ButNASAsaysNACHOScanhelpscientistsonEarthinotherwaystoo.Theinstrumentcanalsobeusedtoobservegaslevelsfromnaturalandhuman-madesourcesthatcanbeharmfultohumans.OnegasthatNACHOSwillsearchforisnitrogendioxidewhichoftencomesfromburningfossilfuels.Identifyingthegascouldhelpscientistsfindareaswithhighlevelsofharmfulpollution.Whenwerecognizethatthesegasesarepresentandcanlocalizetheirsourceswehavetheopportunitytotakeactionandreduceharmfulhealthinfluences/Lovesaid.InthepastNASAcreatedsatellitestoobservethesekindsofgases.ButLovesaidthoserequiredhigh-resolutionimagesandsensitiveinstrumentsthatwerecostlytoproduceandoperate.SmallerdeviceslikeNACHOScouldenableawideruseofthetechnologyatamuchlowercost.IfitprovessuccessfulthetechnologycouldalsobeusedinEarth-basedsystemsNASAsays.
32.WhatwillNACHOSdotofindpossiblevolcanicactivityA.Analyzepastexplosions.B.Observethecolorofclouds.C.Identifycertaingases.D.Collectvolcanicpictures.Howisparagraph3mainlydevelopedA.Bylistingdetailedfacts.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Byfollowingtimeorder.D.Bymakingclassifications.WhatcanNACHOSdoaccordingtothetextA.Reduceharmfulgaslevels.B.Delayvolcaniceruptions.WhichofthefollowingisanadvantageofNACHOSoversatellitesB.ItcanbeusedinEarth-basedsystems.D.Itcanbeeasilycontrolled.Whenitcomestoremovinghuman-caused/emissions（排放）ofthegreenhousegascarbondioxidefromEarthsatmospheretreesareabighelp.Throughphotosynthesis（光合作用）treespullthegasoutoftheairtohelptheirleavesbranchesandrootsgrow.Forestsoilscanalsosequester（使B楮绝）vastquantitiesofcarbon.Earthholdsbyoneestimateasmanyas3trilliontrees.Enthusiasmisgrowingamonggovernmentsbusinessesandindividualsforambitiousprojectstoplantbillionsevenatrillionmore.Suchmassivetreeplantingprojectsadvocatessaycoulddotwoimportantthings:helpbalancecurrentemissionsandalsodrawoutCOemissionsthathaveexistedintheatmospherefordecadesorlonger.EveninthepoliticallydividedUnitedStateslarge-scaletreeplantingprojectshavebroadsupport.Andoverthelastdecadeadiversegardenoftree-centricproposalsfromplantingnewseedlingstopromotingnaturalregrowthofworseningforeststomixingtreeswithcropsandgrasslandhascomeoutacrosstheinternationalpoliticallandscape.Treesnarehavingabitofamomentrightnow/saysJoeFargioneanecologistwithTheNatureConservancy.Ithelpsthateverybodylikestrees“Theresnoanti-treegroup.Treeshavelotsofbenefitsforpeople.Notonlydotheystorecarbontheyalsohelpprovidecleanairpreventsoilerosionshadeandshelterhomestoreduceenergycostsandgivepeopleasenseofwell-being.nConservationistsareunderstandablyeagertousethisenthusiasmtodowithclimatechange.InJanuary2020theWorldEconomicForumlaunchedtheOneTrillionTreesInitiativeaglobalmovementtogrowrestoreandconservetreesaroundtheplanet.OnetrillionisalsothetargetforotherorganizationsthatadjustglobalforestationprojectssuchasPlant-for-thePlanetsTrillionTreeCampaignandTrillionTreesapartnershipoftheWorldWildlifeFundtheWildlifeConservationSocietyandotherconservationgroups.WhataretheenthusiastsinfavorofaccordingtothetextA.Plantingtreesonalargescale.B.Reducingcarbonemissions.C.Balancingthedistributionofresources.D.Strengtheningenvironmentalmonitoring.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3PeopleintheUSexpresscloseconcernoverpoliticalissues.Opinionsontree-centricprojectsweredividedinthepast.Massivetree-plantingprojectshavereceivedwidespreadsupport.Interplantingoftreesandcropshasbecomearecenttrend.WhatdoJoeswordsfocusonA.ThelimitationsofplantingtreesB.Theadvantagesofplanting。
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