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湖北文理学院毕业设计（论文）英文翻译指导老师取称Xxx副教授2014年2月25日FethermalanalysisofaceramicclutchIntroduction/Xbnisivedryninningvehurleclutchesarefbrvcclosurecouplings.Ibrqueamispealiransmissiociarcensuredbythefrictionaltbrvcgeneratedbetweentwopressedsurfaces.Reasonsforbeapplicationofceramicasafrktionmediumincludegoodhcutandwearresistancepropertieswhichprovidetheopportunityodrivehigherpressuresandalowdensity.Thusanincreasingpowerdensityisenabledwithaparallelminimizationofconstructionspace.MeasurementswithafiretpnxotypcofaclutchdiskusingoenimkfacingswereperformedaKartsxuhcUniversityinalaboratoryspecializedinpassengercardrivesystemtesting.Inthecourseofana!sisdwfinitedcmcniFEmodelwas.tobeconsirucicdwiththeknowledgeofniea^urenKntdataaixlnieasuiemenccoiklilions.CalcuhiionswereintendediodecerimiwtheleinpetatuivdistributionofiheclutchdLvkandiuenvntinneniateachinomeniinmiecorrespotkiingtomeasurentents.1i%e^enlialhibefamiliarwihihelemperaturvningeinurxler«examineIhechanKrleristicsofhesyxlcm.Ilius.importxintinfumvitionixdeniedfnimnKasurvnienlhu.IncriticalloadirisesIhehigbejitexpectedtemperaturesmuMbeforecastin卬*eandtimeinordertoprotectmeaxuringinstrumentsclosetothelocationofheatgeneration.Thegoalofthisstudyistoanalyzeundmodifytheclutchs*Memtoprovidebetteroperatingconditionsbyimprovingtheheatconductionundconvectionofthesystemorcoincreasetheamountoftheenergyconvenedintofrictionalheal.Furthermoreitisdesiredtofindbetterdesignsolutionsfbrmoreefficientclutchsystems.CalculationswereperformedbytheCosmosDesignStarsoftware.Duringmodeldevelopmentgreatcarehadtobeakenforpfojets.implific3iionofgeonKtry.tlwselectionofelementiizes.anddwconvciadjuMnwnioflimestepsdueoheubsianialhardwarerequirementsforiiansienicalcuhiicms.Changesinhermalp;ininielerssuchasibe^urlacehealamvecliuncx:ffcwntatkillKmuilloadhadobetakenintoccmsideraliunonanon-goingbasisintermsoflimeandliKatiun.IlieIwoxkfcsofIheanalyzedIEclutchcanxi1ybenwmigcdbytwoindependentminklslinkedbyheatpartiticxitaccordingcothehpobcxisthathecontacttemperaturemustbeidentkalonbothsideswhilethereispropercontactbetweenthemunditsvaluemustbeadjustedbyiteration.Calculationsrevealedthattheheatpartitionchangedbycycleanditdifferedalongtheinnerandoutercontactrings.AsaresultofhedifferentcoolingchaructcrislksbetweentheceramicandsteelsideuheatfbwishunchedfromtheceramicsidetotheMcclside.Thisheatflowwasalsodeterminedbyitermion.itsvaluealsochangesbycyckaMdiffersalongtheinnerandoutercontactrings.FirstprototypeofadutchusingengineeringceramicsasfrictionmaterialTheexaminedclutchdiskwasdevelopedaccordingcohe^specificceiain»cMpinducideveloptiwncprxcsseMablivhedaheInslilulclorPrixliKlDcvckpnentIPEKalheUniveniilyofKurlsruhc.Thisdevelopmentprocessalreadyhasthepozibililyorccmnecliunluarealransniisxionshaft;furtherithasucushionspringdevicefwthefucingsallowinggoodstartbdiavicnir.Abrasiveclutchesmustcomplywiththefollowingbasicrequirements:hightorquetrunsmissionaccordingtohighfrictioncocflkicnts.highoomfbrtnovibruiionsthroughself-inducedchattering.homogeneoustemperaturedistribution.lowwearcharactcriMk.Acriticalclcnicnioftheswitchktheabrasivedisk.WithregardtothedeignuenwMcaremustbetakentoselecttherightnuterial.AhighandconsumfrictionooelWien【.・wearresisianceatuitbennalresisiancearedesiredclian*cierisiic\.Theclutchdiskhasinsteadcf【begeneiallyappliedring-shapedabrasiveinkliwnrowxofSSICassinlertxbceramicpellets.Thesepelletsareplacet!on6separatesegments.ThesegmentsarctbeedohecentralhubbyrivetsE«idisegmentconsiMsof4phtc乐2workingasfacingspringsand2ascanicrs.3・MeasurementsMeasurementswerepcrtbnncdatihcdepartmentofpowergindcvclopmenioftheInstituteforPioduciDevclopniemIPEKattheKarlsruheUnivcrsiiyTH»ReseatvhUniveniiiy.v^hereacategoryIVawi|xnenitestngisusedtortestsofnewtiKiionalnuienalsandexanuiuihcmsofnewinaterhKinrealclutchdisk*.Rt^ilcondiliofisatvappliedhyhe\irnuhlionofdnvingresislatKee.g.Marlinginheplane.MarlingatIhchill.1ix«icomptmcmtearigIcvekdxiIhcfourthpositionofthetribologicalteMingenvimnmentInordertogiveanideaofdimensions:theequipmentlengthiscboul4-5m.Thetwoelectricmotorsandtheaxialforcearccontrolledindependentlybycomputer;therebymanyopcrulionalstatescunberealized.ThisenablestheequipmenttocompleteamyriadoftribologicalnKasurcmentsall•076whiteproperlymcxlclingtheopemtionofuclutchdiskinapassengercar.ItisalsoequippedwithanautomaticITmoisurnncntsystem.Measurablequantitiesincludebetbllowing:twoheavy-dutyelectricmotors150KW.BaumullcrDS160L-
305.devicesuitablefbrexertingaxialforce.torquemeterManiKrScnsonclcmctricMFI
00.axialforcemeter.steeldiskinfriction.rephceableheadcoallixdiedevicetobetested.leinperaluxe3k川唱iwoditYerentradiial
0.4mmbelowtleabrasivesurfaceofthesteeldiskOmegaHJMrrS$IMlO0U-l5O.2OJ-\peiri-ct»nsl;inlanlhennH nipkshperminutelorb»hskiesPolyuncLSV
065.ThegreatestchallengeexitoftheseistemperaturemeasurementaswewouldliketoknowthecempcGitureofthercvtdvinsmccIdisk.Them口tbcnnockmentsplacedinthesteelditaruarddjuKtheoamputcrchrou^hawirekssbluetoothwtemjndurcplacedUmmbek»*thenboi0vesurfaceaftheReeldionthetwooppctiiccaivsofihechitchdi«.
3.
2.MeasurementprocessDuetocomponenlanalysesandcuMreductionimlynnesideofheclutchdiski、nxunedwithceniniK lacingsllius»bedutchdiskandiKfillingwillberefcmxlIoastheceramicskJc.andtheabrasivesteeldiskwithitsenvirnnmentrevolvingtogetherwillbereferredtoasthesteelside.InthecourseofmciisurrmoKs.ikiUiwerecollectedataMimplingfrequencyof100andI00DHZ.Measurementswereconductedaccordingtothelimecurves.ThemcasurcmcnisunsbyincreasingtherevolutionsperminuteofthesteelsidehedrivingsidetoaspecificvalueH500rpmhere.Thenheceramicsidethcdrivensideheldalzerorpm.ispushedtowardsthesleddiskandtheaxialforceisapplieduntiladesignatedvalueisreachednominally4200Nhcrc.Uponreachingthedesignatedaxialforce〔beceramicsideisreleasedandiIktwosidesstartiosynchronize.Afewsecondsaftersyikrhiunization.theaxialloadisdisoominuedandaftersomeiniebulhibesteelandheceramicside^―revolvingalthesame\peed-arexkiweddown.Thisisdeented«heonenieasurenwmcycle.Tencycle、arecompleiedinthecourseufasinglenw^vuremeni.Duringapphealiunoftheaxialfuivcheceramicsideisheldal/cmqwiuntilthedesiredforceisreachedtoensurexyrKhrvnizalionoccursatnciirlyhesametimeofeachcycle.Thisisunfavorablefromtheviewpointofbothmeasurementsandc^kulatiofis.Measurementsarcusuallyconductedbychangingonly3parameters:thespeedtheaxialloudandtheinertia.Thefollowingfiguresarcappliedinvariouscombinations:speedn:
700.1100andl500rpm.axialforceF:
4200.6400and8400Nandinertia1:l
1.25andISkgrn
2.Expcrinwntalmeasurementsan:lauiKhcdwithapprox.10-15mininicnals.duringwhichthesystemccidsdowncoabout30^10IC.Thisnukescalcuhiionsdiffkuh.asibeexacttemperaiuredistributiDiofthesyMemisnotknownalliecoinnwncvmeniofheineasurenwnt.HoweveriicanbeassumeilIhalaperixiofIO-l5niinissufYkrienlforanearlyhornngenecniseniperaluredislribulxinoheproduced.TheptiranKlcrsforthefollowingNimukKkinhavebeenchosenloranintcnncdialccasewithaspeedn=I54Xrpm.anaxialforveV=4200Nandaninertiai=Ikgmv
4.CalculationsofheatgenerationThemechanicalenergycomumedduringthefrictionofiwobodiesistransfomiedintoheat.ThegeikMuiedIwatcanbecakulaiedbyihefollowingsimpleformula:Qa-^F/W/.wheremishethefrictionalcoefficieni;visheslidingvekxrily;Finheforveperpend沁ulsHycompre^inghesurfaces.\ndheItemfluxdensitypersurfaceunitisq=〃vp/W/rr/.wherepisIhethepressurecakulaledasaruhoofthekxeeandhecunhictingsurface.A*theceramicUblclsarcplacedattwodiflcrcntnidiialongbeclutchdiskbeheatgcncrutcdmustbecukulatcdseparatelytoraichrudii.Slidingcanbedividedintotwoscccions.Inthefiretsectiontheceramicsideiskeptinasiationarpositionbybrakingmeanwhiletheaxialloudisincreased thereforecompressionchangesinthecoun»coflimewhilethevpocddifferencebetweenheiwosidesisconstant.Inthesecondsectionatsynchronizationhespeeddifferenceisequalizedwhiletheforcevalueiscoiwanc.sovelocitychangesinlime.OnthebasisthereofiheheatgeneratedisQi■“.yMLAmmQ2-/xv20p0A2mraTlwiKmnuilcontactareaistheaggregateofiheiXMKaciingsurface%ofihe24and18ceramicuhlelxonIhegivenring.TliedianwterofceramicUihleuis:dpc=16mm.1«76Alee-24^£
12.
0.004825m2Az=
18.冬^=
0.003619m2Calculaiionswerepeifocmedfortheloadcaw;obecluiucienzedbythefollowingparanieieis:Rnwx・1500rpmFa=4200N/01kgm2Basedonexperimentalmeasurementsaconstantfrictioncoefficientof
0.4wasestablished.H=
0.4constThevelocitycanbec4ilcuhlcdwithbekrmwkdgcofthenuliusandthexpeed.ri=
0.094mr2=
0.07m2穴•nTuicH[aqmvlmix・面■~2犬•Jlnuxri..m―55--nJSurfacepressurecanbecalculatedaxiratioofheiixialforceandthecontactingsurface.ThisproducesthesamefigureforeachceramicpelletassuminganevenloaddiMribution.Pax-7~~M—=
0.496MPaA]Mm+naEThushemaximumvaluesofthegeneratedbeatarcQmx
0414.84960000004825-14177WQg*-04114960000003619-7919W.IntheAnsectionofslidinghegeneratedhealisrisingdueioileincreaseoftheloadforce;inhesecundseclionili、decreasingdueU*hea|uah/alionofhespeedditlereiKeIIisnecessarylknowthelimeofeachTidingsectioninorderlobeabkKspecifybegcrxralcdheallimecurve.TheseambedeterminedImminciisurrmcntdataseries.Synchrunizillionlimecunbeeasilydeterminedfromthespeedoftheceramicside.Speedincreaseislinear.Forceincrciwcisnon-linciir.ForthesakeofsimplicityforceiiKrcascwassubstitutedbyastraightlineincalculationssothattheureabelowthestraightlineisnearlyidentiedwiththeareameasuredbelowthecurve.ThusthetimediflcrciKCbetweenhetwoterminalpointsoftheMraightlineishetimeoftheliraslidingsection.Theabovc-mcntiocicdmethexJwasappliedforeachcycleandtheiraveragewasspecified.Busedontheseresultsthefollowingvaluesweredeterminedforslidingtimes:forceapplyingtime刀刀=28ssynchronizationtime3:q=
0.92sNowthelimecurveofheatgenerationcanbeproduced.ThesamecurvewasusedineachcycleastherewerenosignificantdiflctviKcsbetweenparametersine^chcvlc.Thegcncfatedhcat-cakulatcdthisway-willappearashermalIckmIinibethermalmodel.Itmusibedistubutedappaipriatelybeiw^enthecimuicfingsurfacesbytakingintoaxs»kGiiicinhealpartiiic»n.Healpamtionrequirestheconuetlemperaluresube»denlic；ilalbexhxurfacex.CorrectluljushnenlrequiresrepealalilenHMinx.2・，6有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器1引言磨料空杆车辆肉合潺是力封闭联轴器扭矩和高速传粕被压紧衣而之何产生的摩擦力所保证.应用陶瓷是因为它作为睬掇介切具有好耐热和耐磨投性能供应了机会以咏动史高的压力.以及一个长的定度.因此，一个提功率密度后用了一■个平行的域小化建岗空间.居用运川陶瓷饰面离合器就的第一个原在卡尔斯鲁厄高校的一个试依东特地从驱客车驱动系统进行了•两试执行.在分析过程中的有随元FE根型是将和测宽数据和测量条件的学问所构成.计算的目的是要确定在隅合器窟h温哎的分布以及环境中的在珞•时刻的刚好测垃fl.至关苑要的是熟悉的温吱范用.为了检验该系统的舶害特性.因此.龙要信息从居显数相中得出.在临界领我的状况下・预料鼓高温圈必需在时间和空间上进行预料•为坦惜接近发热体的位置测量工具的.本探讨的口的是分析和修以该诲合器系统通过演进以供应更好的工作条件热传导和系统或增加技化成原擦热的能纸的对流.此外.人们希出找到更有效的更好的掰介器系统设if•方案.“算是由字甫星空的设”的软件进行的，在模型开发阶段，特殊避慎必需实行几何元素.选接适当的简化尺寸，并II由于正确应卷的时间步长大fit的硬件要求瞬态计算.热物性参数的变史，如农面热对沌化系效和热负荷必需考虑到到在一个持续的M础上在时间和地点方面，肉合济系统的分析割试这两方面，只能通过加热隔板连接的两个独立的模型来管理依据读性说认为，接触温度必新是在两个相同的双方.何时她们要彳了适当接触.其价fl甯通过迭代来进行倒整.计算显示.该热分区技冏期变更它沿不同的内.外接触环.在不同的冷却特性E.在阳谎和纲之间的结果是不同的.热流从陶瓷制面对钢制流淌.此热流也通过迭代用定;它的价值也变更了周期和不同沿着所述内和外接触环.2接受工程陶瓷作为摩擦材料的第一个原型机这款枪代过的禺合器盘是依据“特定的圈瓷“产枯而开发的.此材料的嗝发过程在流程在卡尔斯传厄鸟校的InstituteforProductDevelopmentIPEK杂志上发表过.此开发过程已经具有的可能性用于连接到一个此实的传动轴甚至它为面板仃一个好的初始行为起到一个做好的场冲作用.淤料配件必儒符合以卜基本要求.依据离摩擦系数离如知传递.俞舒适吱通过门感应抖动无共棍.匀整的温应分布.低第报特性开关的一个关超囚案是原擦面.在设计极现方面必需逆慎实行选择合适的材料.高而恒定的摩爆系数.耐磨描和耐热性是志向的特性.国合器队疝能代杵通常应用环形陆科人口两推SSIC的《烧结）阳说联粒.这些小球被放置在6个单独的段位.该段由柳钉固定到中心轮毂.挣个段由4片组成.2个工作面对药用货和2个作为我体.3刑量测量设各测城是在卡尔斯科厄高校（ni）探讨型高校的动力传动系完成的.同时也是用于测试新的庠擦材料和料材料在实际离合揩片中检居的地方.其实状况兄通过驱动电讯的仿真应用（例如.起先在平面上.起先于山）的试验装置.这是一个组件试验台夷为平地在席擦测试环境的第四位.为了蛤/度的概念设备长度大妁4-5t..两台电动机和轴向力是由计算机物也限制:因此许多运营可实现的状态.这使得设备来完成个摩擦学测量多效.而仝而正确建设在乘用车上的出价器盘的操作.它还配在用自动的IT测策系统可利维的最包括以下内容.2个16Y电机（ISO千瓦，Bnunr米勒的160L-3O5）.设名班用于施加轴向力.扭力计（SensortelenctricMIlOO）4柏力计.钢方的摩擦.可更换的头部贴」:设备进行测试.温度沿两个不|可的半计处为
0.4丽以卜的纲/＜欧米茄HJRSS-IVIIOOU-磨料衣面）50-
2000.J铁康制热电偶）.杞分钟转数为双方（PolytecI.SV065）.这里最人的桃我是这拄我们想知道的旋转钠就面上温度的测;丸两个热元件放置在的世通过无线芨牙数据发发的计比机系统和被放置为
0.Inn以卜的哂磨囱做盘上的两个相对的回如的国合S
3..2测量过程为了测此由组分分析和降诋成本的•何阳台㈱曲安装川阳施材片.由此.离合器嫩向及其配件招戢称为陶瓷忸•而磨具钢仪和它的环境起旋转会简称为纲网.花测量时数树的过程中收取在100和1000Hz的米样物率..76在测口起先通过靖加每闿钠DM驱动阑的分钟为一个特定便I这电足】50转.然后在阳直侧骡动M3在保持号转速下被推向锅fit和轴向力应用，出到一个指定的值为止8义上4200N在这里.当到达所指定的相向力的肉瓷fill是忏放和双方起先同步.几秒钟在网步之后在柏向软荷终止和后一段时间都在钢和阳跷两侧烧转在相同的速收会慢下来.这被视为一个测过周期.十个周期中的一个过程中完成单次醐6L在应川程序中的轴向力陶瓷制戢保持在零转速.直至所需的力达到以确保发生同步于儿P捋种相问的时间冏期.这足不利的从西在的观点动身.测盘目和计算.测量通常通过进行仅变更3个参数速度•釉向拨荷和惯性.下面的数字是应用于各种祖合:.转速r”
700.1100^111500RPM.一向力F-12006400和8400N.1tSftI
1.
1.25^
1.5kg—为单位试验测后和约推出，10T5分钟的时间何隔，在此期间，系统冷却到妁370摄氏度.这使得计算变得很困难，因为精蜗的该系统的玄度分布是不如道的起先测AU然而.可以假定经过一段时间的1015分蚌就足修了一个几平均•要产生的温暧分布.下面的根抵已经选择了一个中间的状况下用转速n=l500转.…轴向力F=I200N和一个惯吊I=lke»f.4计算两个摩擦过程中所消耗的机械能体被转化成热所产生的热量可计算由下列而沽的公式Q=“•》■•尸”7其中“为康糠系数v是滑动速度，F是舲直压缩表而上的力.和每球位表面的热通•密度q=-v-pW
1.其中p是冲算的力的比率的压力和的接触表面，作为陶克片被放九在两个不同的半径沿禹合器盘所产生的热n必需分别计算每个半径.滑动可分为两部分.在第一部所述出施何被保持在一个固定的位打由制动.同时在珀向负荷地大因此在时间的过程中压娓的慢史.而速度双方的差异是恒定的，在其次部分在同步的轩速差进行均衡，而力值是恒定的所以在时间的速收变更.基就物所产牛的热员是；Q=pvlO/XfA:=〃/•Z义接触面积是24的接触表面的聚合和用圈比平板电肽在给定的半径.陶兜小块的宜径是d”a=16wm计算进忏了负荷状况的特点是以卜/教/i-
0.4anw速率可以通过速度和半校的学何来计斗4=
0.94/rA=
0.07m表面压力可以计灯为轴向力的比率和接触衣面.这户生相同的数字的每个闻克默粒.假设即使负我分布.这样的话，最大的奥中热位就是；Q““=OA•
14.8496CXX
0.004825=1411TW=
0.4-1149X
00.003619=79W在滑动的弟一部分.所产生的热上升•由于负我力的增加；在其次部分中它是收小由于通馁差的均衡.这足要知道各滑动部分的时间以可以指定所产牛.的热员时间曲技.这些可以是从测此数抠序列来确定.同步时间可以很同沽地从阳施侧的速度架曲定.速质的提升是线性的.力的增加是*线性的.为了简沽起见.力增加在被取代的由白线计算使下面的直线的面枳近相同的曲线下测录的面积.因此时间口线的两个端点之间的差异是弟，滑动和的时间.将上述方法应用于每个周期和他们的平均被指定.刘产这些结果I；面的值发确定为滑动时问应力时间.”=
2.8s同步时向G”=
0.92s现在发热的时间曲豉可以产生.该相同的曲鼓被用布每一个周期，闪为有在用一个循环您数之间没有显著处异，所产生的热域.计算出这种方式，会出现在热模M的热负荷.它必需分布的按曲々面通过考虑适当地之同考自热分区〃麴分区筑委接热的温度是相同的两个表面上正确的巴急须要反红迭代，基「试於测盘的恒定摩擦
0.4系数成立.U-/6题目有RL元热分析的陶瓷，高合N专业车M工程班级XxxH名Xxxx学号2010l38xx。
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