考研英语一）阅读新题型解析

考研英语一阅读新题型全真试题2005-2014TypeOneBlank-filling完形填句2005PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET!.10pointsCanadaspremierstheleadersofprovincialgovernmentsiftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeetingmightspareamomenttodosomethingtogethertoreducehealth-carecosts.Theyreallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgetsthefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharcpharmaceuticalcosts.WhattodoBoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare—tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts—recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.InsteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugsbureaucracyproceduresandlimitedbargainingpowerallwouldpoolresourcesworkwithOttawaandcreateanationalinstitution.But“national”doesnthavetomeanthat.National“couldmeaninterprovincial—provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherwayonebenefitofa“nalional“organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterpricesifpossiblewithdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince—negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallistthenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.RatherthansayQuebecnegotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeoplethenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumersthehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCoordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessmentfundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.UnderitaCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.PredictablyandregrettablyQuebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.TheyparticularlyQuebecandAlbertajustwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfewifanystringsattached.Thatsonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasntgoneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsThefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumersgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby

2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEuropeslargestmarketsarcatastandstillleavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriedc-commerccwithlimitedsuccessandexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebigprofitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktradewhichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.WillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarketDefinitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.Allinallthisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscaleexistinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductrangeslogisticsandmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarketsespeciallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructuresaswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.Despitevariationsindetailwholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined-FranceGermanyItalyandSpain-aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independenlmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhichunlikelargeretailchainsaretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducersandfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydonteatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventuresbutmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotelsrestaurantsandcafes.OverallEuropeswholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarketbutthefigureswhenaddedtogethermasktwoopposingtrends.Forexamplewholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFranceGermanyItalySpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarchigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanscatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.HowevernoneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.41-42-43—44—E—452011PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearehvoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10points[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.YoucanMrMenandpointsoutbecamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.NotsurprisinglyuptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[BlHisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literaturelanguagesphilosophyandsoon.Thesearcdisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.HowevermanyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducationshouldlooklike.AtHarvardMrMenandnotesuthegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenreadM-theyformasortofsocialglue.Equallyunsurprisinglyonlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelorsdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.Soattheendofadecadeoftheses-writingmanyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparatetaughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlawmedicineorbusinessfuturedoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialislliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.BesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparationtopAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoil.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.ButthekeyideabehindprofessionalisationarguesMrMenandisthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededfbraparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransfcrable.^Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledgebutalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.ThekeytoreforminghighereducationconcludesMrMenandistoalterthewayinwhichtheproducersofknowledgeareproduced.^Othenviseacademicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalikeincreasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudyinvestigateandcriticize.Academicinquiryatleastinsomefieldsmayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.^YetquitehowthathappensMrMenanddosenotsay.ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouidbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversitiesandLouisMenandaprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversitycaptureditskillfully.G-

41.—

42.—E-

43.

744.-

45.2014PartBDirections Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawron^order.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizeintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.10points[AlSomearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable-forexampletheParthenoninAthensGreece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearchingwhilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorgefellintoitsdeepvalleyin

1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.InanothercaseAmericanarchaeologistsRenemillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacaninthevalleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.atitspeakaroundAD600thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheword.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecitysvastandornateceremonialareasbutalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.HowdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingfbrwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceofthegroundTypicallytheysurveyandsamplemaketestexcavationsonlargeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.InonecasemanyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopanHondurashavelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillageandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850whenCopdncollapsed.Tofindtheirsitesarchaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologiessuchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraftallowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeaturessuchasancientbuildingsorfields.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshoweverarediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetombofIheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamenexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin

1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEyancombedantiquedealersstoresinAthensGreece.HewassearchingforthingengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400slo1200sBC.EvassinterpretationsofthoseengravingseventuallyledthemtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossosontheislandofCretein

1900.Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalkinglookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountsofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradarmagnetic-fieldrecordingandmetaldetector.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavationsillustratinghowsiteslookandpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.41——A——

42.——E——43——44——45TypeThreeChoosingthebestheading匹配题2007PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsSetaGoodExampleforYourKidsBuildYourKidsWorkSkillsPlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesTalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategiesF.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyArcG.BuildYourKidsSenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelpMothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajobsstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadultsneedforrapidcontentthetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyfbrthemove.HereareafewmeasuresdrawnfrommybookReadyorNotHereLifeComesthatparentscantaketopreventwhatcall“work-lifeunreadiness.”I41||「Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or

12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomingslikedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Alsoidentifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbacktoastheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.I42||一Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels-asopposedtomembersoftheircliquepopstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodotheyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.^^Theycanchangetheirminds200timesbuthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.I43||「Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskillssuchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.I44II一Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametimelisteningthrougheai-phonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.I45||「Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacksstressandfeelingofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflictswaystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.WhataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthoodParentsstillhaveamajorroletoplaybutnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadultasnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseemwhilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofallthesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanowsreportselectivelyespeciallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlisttheyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.Quebecsresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.QuebecsDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom

14.3percentto

26.8percent!OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirbysreport:thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”WhatdoesnalionalmeanRoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.Theproblemissimpleandstark:hcalth-carccostshavebeenarcandwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformationprescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[FJSoiftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshowtheyshouldprovetheycanrunitstartingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplicationsaveadministrativecostspreventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanotherandbargainforbetterdrugprices.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethatifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslistthepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldntlikeanationalagencybutself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.2006PartBDirections:Inthefallowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsOnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansvilleInd.homeofDavidWilliams52andofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.DuringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasinoWilliamsastateauditorearning$35000ayearlostapproximately$

175000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasinolostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$

800.ThecasinoissuedtohimasagoodcustomeraFunCardwhichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinksandenablesthecasinototracktheusersgamblingactivities.ForWilliamstheseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine..In1997helost$21000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$

72186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatimeallnightuntiltheboatlockedat5a.m.thenwenlbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasinochargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998afriendofWilliamssgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictionsandwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliamssgamblingproblems.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblersandwrotetohima“ceaseadmissionsletter.Notingthernedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviorsthelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being..TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourheadnotoverit.Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.NeverthelessWilliamsssuitchargesthatthecasinoknowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogamblingintentionallyworkedtolurehimtoengageinconductagainsthiswill.”Well..ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisordersDSM-IVsayspathologicalgambling^^involvespersistentrecurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall..Pushedbyscienceorwhatclaimstobesciencesocietyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities..Forty-fourstateshavelotteries29havecasinosandmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsayaddictedto-revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995competitionforgamblersdollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize180virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$

3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyeargamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWebsmostprofitablebusiness.Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresentedthecasinosmarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequiredgivenhiscompulsivebehavior.AndinwhatsensewashiswilloperativeBythetimehehadlost$5000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoevenhewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5500buthedidnotquit.fD]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforeverbutforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasinorasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.DavidWilliamsssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdontbetonit.fF]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblemsoftendefiningasaddictionswhatearliersternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.[G1Theanonymouslonelyundistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgamblingwhatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso2008PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET/.10pointsThetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitandstanduporliedowntowrite.

41.Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.43Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ityouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.

44.Theseprintoutsalsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentswhowroteTheAPasaStateofMind“wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes“andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateanclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.Itsprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.Itsworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.Itmakenodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesanbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammysdecisionloquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedcrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheAP“policyheenforces.InthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettinginAP”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptstorepolicies.Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwantlosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdontuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.2009PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsCoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860sBritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomenaincludinghumansocietieschangedovertimeadvancingtowardperfection.

41..AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.MorganalongwithTylorwasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhisworkheattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.

42..Intheearly1900sinNorthAmericaGerman-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularismwhichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallculturesgavenewdirectiontoanthropology.

43..Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.

44..HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropologylargelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafewespeciallygiftedpeoplesthataccordingtodiffusioniststhenspreadtoothercultures.

45..Alsointheearly1900sFrenchsociologistmileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture-knownasfunctionalism-becameamajorthemeinEuropeanandespeciallyBritishanthropology.Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovationssuchasinventionshadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.InordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossibleBoasbecameskilledinlinguisticsthestudyoflanguagesandinphysicalanthropologythestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthesurvivalofthefittestinwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystrongermoreadvancedracesandsocieties.Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeoplessocialstructuresuchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildrensentranceintoadulthood.Thusinhisviewdiverseaspectsofculturesuchasthestructureoffamiliesformsofmarriagecategoriesofkinshipownershipofpropertyformsofgovernmenttechnologyandsystemsoffoodproductionallchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.ForexampleBritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.PerryincorrectlysuggestedonthebasisofinadequateinformationthatfarmingpotterymakingandmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infactalloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.2012PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsThinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflyinghigherthanabird.Nowthinkof^^ourlaptopthinnerthanabrown-paperenvelopeoryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadrcamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuseswarriorsentrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpressstudioandtheatrepaintbrushandgallerypianoandradiothemailaswellasthemailcarrier.41Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevicethefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproductionmeansofdistributionsiteofreceptionandplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcenturysculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputerwemustalsotreadwithcaution.421callitasecretwarfortworeasons.Firstmostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Secondthemajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownloadbutonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostparttheanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintingssculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-musicliteraturereligionandphilosophy.43Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachinesmostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmediaapyramidofproductionremainswithasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterialaslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontentandahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.44Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.45WhatcountsasmeaningfuluploadingMydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptofstickiness*-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[AlOfcourseitispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskillsbutfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.Applicationsliketumblr.comwhichallowuserstocombinepictureswordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethemhavethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusingentertainingandenlighteningothers.Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformalbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-centurymuchoftheworldsmediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflowtoencouragethoughtfuldownloadingandevenmoreimportantlymeaningfuluploading.2013PartBDirections:Inihefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA——Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.10pointsThesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince

2000.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotodaysglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth.

41.Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity.

42.Thisisashame——thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.Todaythesocialsciencesarclargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywordsuenvironmentalchange“oruclimatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince

2004.

43.Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunitysworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.

44.Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintodayseconomicclimate.Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite.

45.Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.[AJItcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs.Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthesekeywords.Theideaistoforcesocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchange;foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebio-economy;cleanefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties.ThesolutionistochangeIhemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones.Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehaviour:allrequirebehaviouralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cullingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate一variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15%.TypeTwoSequencing排序题2010PartB。