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市场营销资料今天,成功的公司都强调以顾客为中心,并强调市场营销观念营销包含许多活动市场调查、产品开发、分销、定价、广告以信个性化销售等这些活动在服务与满足顾客需要的同时,还要满足组织的目标营销正竭尽全力向顾客保证提供更多的价值吸引新顾客,通过向顾客让渡更多价值与满意留住现有顾客营销在动态的世界环境里进行,快速的变化会使昨天的获胜策略不再适用为了成功,公司务必是强烈以市场为导向
1、给出营销的定义并讨论其核心概念营销是通过制造与交换产品与价值,从而使个人或者群体满足欲望与需要的社会与管理过程其核心概念包含需要、欲望与需求,产品与服务,价值、满意与质量,交换、交易与关系,与市场
2、解释顾客价值、顾客满意与质量之间的关系顾客根据自己对产品与服务的感知价值做出购买选择顾客价值指顾客拥有与使用某种产品所获得的利益与为此所需成本之间的差别假如产品具有良好的价值,它将使顾客满意质量的概念与满意概念很接近质量不仅意味着无缺陷,而且意味着产品提供了顾客正在追求的满意顾客满意取决于产品的感知使用效果,这种感知效果与顾客的期望密切有关顾客的满意与质量密切有关,许多公司都在开展全面质量管理TQM活动当人们决定通过交换过程满足个体户与需要的时候,营销活动就出现了除了短期的交换行为,营销人员需要与有价值的顾客、分销商、代理商与供应商建立一种长期的关系
3、为营销管理下定义,讨论营销人员该如何管理需求,与如何建立良好的客户关系营销管理通过分析、计划、执行与操纵一定的程序,与目标顾客建立与保持有利的交换关系管理需求就是管理顾客除了制定吸引新顾客的策略并与他们进行交易以外,今天的公司更专注于留住现有顾客并通过向他们让渡更多价值与满意来建立起长期的互惠关系
4、比较五种不一致的营销管理理念营销管理可能由五种不一致的理念来指导生产观念认为顾客喜欢那些能买到、同时买得起的产品;产品观念认为,顾客喜欢高质量的产品,假如产品足够好,几乎不需要什么促销活动推销观念假定销但:与促销活动是最重要的,由此才能刺激出适当的需求营销观念的基本思想是一个公司要获得竞争优势,就要深刻懂得目标市场的欲望与需要,据此做好工作以使顾客满意社会营销观念是营销观念的扩展,即不仅要满足顾客的现时需要,而且要考虑其长期的社会福利问题
5、分析营销人员在未来将要面临的要紧挑战营销舞台的巨大变化提供了许多机会与挑战营销的最大进展能够概括成一个主题连接公司能够利用计算机、电信、信息、交通与其他连接技术领域的快速进展来熟悉与跟踪顾客,与顾客进行广泛沟通或者一对一的沟通营销人员不断转变他们对与顾客、营销伙伴与周围世界连接的定义他们更认真地选择自己的顾客,并把关系进展得更紧密、更持久织营销操纵包含评估营销战略与计划的实施结果,并采取纠偏措施确保H标实现有运行操纵与战略操纵CHAPTER2STRATEGICPLANNINGANDTHEMARKETINGPROCESSSummaryTomeetchangingconditionsintheirindustriescompaniesneedolookaheadanddeveloplong-termstrategies.Strategicplanninginvolvesdevelopingastrategytomeetcompetitionandinsurelong-termsurvivalandgrowth.Themarketingfunctionplaysanimportantroleinhisprocessinthatitprovidesinformationandotherinputstohelpinthepreparationoftheorganizationsstrategicplan.Strategicplanningisdescribedastheprocessofdevelopingandmaintainingastrategicfitbetweentheorganizationsgoalsandcapabilitiesanditschangingmarketingopportunities.Strategicplanningsetsthestagefortherestoftheplanninginthefirm.Formallystrategicplanningconsistsofdevelopingacompanymissionobjectivesandgoalsbusinessportfolioandfunctionalplans.Sincemostcompaniesareinterestedingrowththischapterexploresseveralgrowthalternativeswithinthecontextofstrategicplanningandportfolioanalysis.Theproduct/markctexpansiongridshowsfouravenuesforgrowth.Nomatterhowwellthestrategicplanningprocesshasbeendesignedandimplementedsuccessdependsonhowwelleachdepartmentperformsitscustomer-value-addingactivitiesandhowwellthedepartmentsworktogethertoservethecustomer.Valuechainsandvaluedeliverynetworkshavebecomepopularwithorganizationsthataresensitivetothewantsandneedsofconsumers.Themarketingdepartmenthasbecomecentralintheimplementationofmoststrategicplans.Connectingtocustomersiscentraltothisprocess.KeywordsandprincipleFormalplanningcanprovidemanybenefits.Therearethreedifferenttypesofplansthatcompaniesmightuse:AnnualplansLong-rangeplansStrategicplansStrategicplansinvolveadaptingthefirmtotakeadvantageofopportunitiesinitsconstantlychangingenvironment.Strategicplanningisdefinedastheprocessofdevelopingandmaintainingastrategicfitbetweentheorganizationsgoalsandcapabilitiesanditschangingmarketingopportunities.Therearefourstepstothestrategicplanningprocess:Definingaclearcompanymission.Settingsupportingcompanyobjectives.Designingasoundbusinessportfolio.Planningandcoordinatingmarketingandolherfunctionalstrategies.Anorganizationexiststoaccomplishsomething.Thefirststepinthestrategicplanningprocessisdefiningthecompanymission.Themiss沁nstatementmustavoidbeingtoonarrowortoobroad.Missionstatementsmust:BemarketorientedBerealisticBespecificFitthemarketenvironmentIndicatedistinctivecompetencies.Bemotivating.Thissecondstepinthestrategicplanningprocessre-quiresthemanagertosetcompanygoalsandobjectivesandberesponsibleforachievingthem.Thethirdstepinthestrategicplanningprocessisdesigningthebusinessportfolio.Inordertodesignthebusinessportfoliothebusinessmust:.Analyzeitscurrentbusinessportfolioanddecidewhichbusinessshouldreceivemorelessornoinvestment..Developgrowthstrategiesforaddingnewproductsorbusinessestotheport-folio.ThefirststepisoidentifythekeybusinessesSBUs.ThesecondstepistoassessheattractivenessofitsvariousSBUsanddecidehowmuchsupporteachdeserves.Thepurposeofstrategicplanningistofindwaysinwhichthecompanycanbestuseitsstrengthstotakeadvantageofattractiveopportunitiesintheenvironment.ThebestknownportfolioplanningmethodistheBostonConsultingGroupBCGinatrix.UsingtheBCGapproachacompanyclassifiesallitsSBUsaccordingtothegrowth-sharematrix.UsingthematrixfourtypesofSBUscanbeidentified:StarsCashCowsQuestionMarksDogs.OnceithasclassifieditsSBUsacompanymustdeterminewhatroleeachwillplayinthefuture.Thefourstrategicsthatcanbepursuedarc:builditsshareholdalthecurrentlevelharvesttheSBUdivesttheSBU.GeneralElectricintroducedacomprehensiveportfolioplanningtoolcalledastrategicbusiness-planninggrid.TheBCGandotherformalmethodsrevolutionizedstrategicplanning.Howeversuchapproacheshavelimitations.Inspiteofthedrawbacksmostfirmsarcstillcommittedtostrategicplanning.Companiesshouldalwaysbelookingtothefuture.Oneusefuldeviceforidentifyinggrowthopportunitiesforthefutureistheproduct/marketexpansiongrid.Theproducl/marketexpansiongridisaportfolioplanningtoolforidentifyingcompanygrowthopportunitiesthrough:MarketPenetrationMarketDevelopmentProductDevelopmentDiversification.Thefinalstepinthestrategicplanningprocessisplanningfunctionalstrategies.Marketingplaysanintegrativeroleinthecompanysstrategicplanningprocessbytryingtoreducecross-functionalconflicts.Theyarenotalwayssuccessful.Expertsagreethatbothsmallandlargebusinessescanbenefitfromstrategyplanning.Strategicplanningcanhelpsmallbusinessmanagerstoanticipatedifficultsituationsandpreventorhandlehem.Themarketingprocessistheprocessofanalyzingmarketopportunitiesselectingtargetmarketsdevelopingthemarketingmixandmanagingthemarketingeffort.Targetcustomersstandatthecenterofthemarketingprocess.Thegoalistomakestrongandprofitableconnectionswiththesecustomers.Tosucceedintodayscompetitivemarketplacecompaniesmustbecustomercenteredandwincustomersfromcompetitorsandkeepingthembydeliveringgreatervalue.Marketsegmentationistheprocessofdividingamarketintodistinctgroupsofbuyerswithdifferentneedscharacteristicsorbehaviorwhomightrequireseparateproductsormarketingmixes.Markettargetingistheprocessofevaluatingeachmarketsegmentsattractivenessandselectingoneormoresegmentstoenter.Marketpositioningisarrangingforaproducttooccupyacleardistinctiveanddesirableplacerelativetocompetingproductsinthemindsoftargetconsumers.Marketingstrategiesmustbegearedtotheneedsofconsumersandalsotothestrategiesofcompetitors.Thecompetitivemarketingstrategyacompanyadoptsdependsonitsindustryposition:Market-leadersMarket-challengersMarket-followersMarket-nichers.Oncethecompanyhasdecidedonitsoverallcompetitivemarketingstrategyitisreadytobeginplanningthedetailsofthemarketingmix.Themarketingmixisthesetofcontrollabletacticalmarketingtoolsthatthefirmblendstoproducetheresponseitwantsinthetargetmarket.Themarketingmixconsistsofeverythingthatthefirmcandotoinfluencethedemandforitsproduct.Thesevariablesareoftenreferredtoasthe“fburPs”:ProductPricePlace.Promotion.Aneffectivemarketingprogramblendsallofthemarketingmixelementsintoacoordinatedprogramdesignedtoachievethecompanysmarketingobjectivesbydeliveringvaluetoconsumers.The“fburPsvtakesasellersviewofthemarketnotthebuyersview.FromthebuyerspointofviewtheRurPs”shouldbe4tfburCs”.MarketerswoulddowelltothinkthroughthefburCs”andthenbuildtheUfburPs”onthatplatform.Thecompanywantstodesignandputintoactionthemarketingmixthatwillbestachieveitsobjectivesintargetmarkets.Thisinvolvesfourmarketingmanagementfunctions.Thefourfunctionsare:analysisplanningimplementationandcontrol.Marketinganalysisinvolvesacompleteanalysisofthecompanyssituation.Marketingplanninginvolvesdecidingonmarketingstrategiesthatwillhelpthecompanyattainitsoverallstrategicobjectives.MarketingImplementationistheprocessthatturnsmarketingstrategiesandplansintomarketingactionsinordertoaccomplishstrategicmarketingobjectives.Thecompanymustdesignamarketingdepartmentthatcancarryoutmarketinganalysisplanningimplementationandcontrol.Formatsfororganizingthedepartmentinclude:Thefunctionalorganization.Thegeographicorganizationtheproductmanagementorganizationthemarketmanagementorganizationthecombinationplan.Marketingcontrolistheprocessofevaluatingtheresultsofmarketingstrategiesandplansandtakingcorrectiveactiontoensurethatmarketingobjectivesareattained.Implementationrequiresfoursteps:SetspecificgoalsWhatdowewanttoachieve.MeasureperformanceWhatishappening.EvaluateperformanceWhyisithappcning.TakecorrectiveactionWhatshouldwedoaboutit.Twobroadformsofcontrolarcimportant:.Operatingcontrolinvolvescheckingongoingperformanceagainsttheannualplanandtakingcorrectiveactionwhennecessary..Strategiccontrolinvolveslookingatwhetherthecompanysbasicstrategiesarewellmatchedtoitsopportunities.Themajortoolforaccomplishingthisformofcontrolisthemarketingaudit.Themarketingauditisacomprehensivesystematicindependentandperiodicexaminationofacompanysenvironmentobjectivesstrategiesandactivitiestodetermineproblemareasandopportunities.Thepurposeistorecommendaplanofactiontoimprovethecompanysmarketingperformance.Thecompanymustcarefullyanalyzeitsenvironmentinordertoavoidihethreatsandtakeadvantageoftheopportunities.Areastobeanalyzedintheenvironmentnormallyinclude:Forcesclosetohecompany.Broaderforces.CHAPTER3THEMARKETINGENVIRONMENTSummaryInordertocorrectlyidentifyopportunitiesandmonitorthreatsthecompanymustbeginwithathoroughunderstandingofthemarketingenvironmentinwhichthefirmoperates.ThemarketingenvironmentconsistsofalltheactorsandforcesoutsidemarketingthataffectthemarketingmanagemenCsabilityodevelopandmaintainsuccessfulrelationshipswithitstargetcustomers.Thoughthesefactorsandforcesmayvarydependingonthespecificcompanyandindustrialgroupheycangenerallybedividedintobroadmicroenvironmentalandmacroenvironmentalcomponents.Formostcompaniesthemicroenvironmentalcomponentsare:thecompanysuppliersmarketingchannelfirmsintermediariescustomermarketscompetitorsandpublicswhichcombinetomakeupthecompanysvaluedeliverysystem.Themacroenvironmentalcomponentsarethoughttobe:demographiceconomicnaturaltechnologicalpoliticalandculturalforces.Thewisemarketingmanagerknowsthatheorshecannotalwaysaffectenvironmentalforces.Howeversmartmanagerscantakeaproactiveratherthanreactiveapproachtothemarketingenvironment.Asmarketingmanagementcollectsandprocessesdataontheseenvironmentstheymustbeevervigilantintheireffortsoapplywhattheylearntodevelopingopportunitiesanddealingwiththreats.Studieshaveshownthatexcellentcompaniesnotonlyhaveakeensenseofcustomerbutanappreciationoftheenvironmentalforcesswirlingaroundthem.Byconstantlylookingathedynamicchangesthatarcoccurringintheaforementionedenvironmentscompaniesarcbetterpreparedtoadapttochangepreparelong-rangestrategymeettheneedsoftodaysandtomorrowscustomersandcompetewiththeintensecompetitionpresentintheglobalmarketplace.Allfirmsareencouragedtoadoptanenvironmentalmanagementperspectiveinthenewmillennium.KeywordsandprincipleAcompanysmarketingenvironmentconsistsoftheactorsandforcesoutsidemarketingthataffectmarketingmanagementsabilitytodevelopandmaintainsuccessfulrelationshipswithitstargetcustomersenvironment.Thecompanysmicroenvironmentconsistsofsixforcesthataffectitsabilitytoserveitscustomers.Thefirstforceisthecompanyitselfandtheroleitplaysinhemicroenvironment.Thiscouldbedeemedtheinternalenvironment.Alldepartmentsmustthinkconsumerifthefirmistobesuccessful.Thegoalistoprovidesuperiorcustomervalueandsatisfaction.Suppliersarefirmsandindividualsthatprovidetheresourcesneededbythecompanyanditscompetitorstoproducegoodsandservices.Theyareanimportantlinkinhecompanysoverallcustomervaluedeliverysystem.Marketingintermediariesarefirmsthathelpthecompanytopromotesellanddistributeitsgoodstofinalbuyers.Resellersaredistributionchannelfirmsthathelphecompanyfindcustomersormakesalestothem.Resellersoftenperformimportantfunctionsmorecheaplythanthecompanycanperformitself.Physicaldistributionfirmshelpthecompanytostockandmovegoodsfromtheirpointsoforigintotheirdestinations.Marketingserviceagencieshelpthecompanytargetandpromoteitsproducts.Financialintermediarieshelpfinancetransactionsandinsureagainstrisks.Thecompanymuststudyitscustomermarketscloselysinceeachmarkethasitsownspecialcharacteristics.Thesemarketsnormallyinclude:ConsumermarketsBusinessmarketsResellermarketsGovernmentmarketsInternationalmarkets.Everycompanyfacesawiderangeofcompetitors.Acompanymustsecureastrategicadvantageovercompetitorsbypositioningtheirofferingstobesuccessfulinthemarketplace.Nosinglecompetitivestrategyisbestforallcompanies.Apublicisanygroupthathasanactualorpotentialimerestinorimpactonanorganizationsabilitytoachieveitsobjectives.Acompanyshouldprepareamarketingplanforalloftheirmajorpublicsaswellastheircustomermarkets.publicscanbeidentifiedasbeing:FinancialpublicsMediapublicGovernmentpublicsCitizen-actionpublicsLocalpublicsGeneralpublicsInternalpublics.Thecompanyandalloftheotheractorsoperateinalargermacroenvironmentofforcesthatshapeopportunitiesandposethreatstothecompany.Therearesixmajorforcesoutlinedbelowinthecompanysmacroenvironment.Demographyisthestudyofhumanpopulationsintermsofsizedensitylocationagesexraceoccupationandotherstatistics.Itisofmajorinteresttomarketersbecauseitinvolvespeopleandpeoplemakeupmarkets.Demographictrendsarcconstantlychanging.Theeconomicenvironmentincludesthosefactorsthataffectconsumerpurchasingpowerandspendingpatterns.Marketersmustcarefullymonitoreconomicchangessotheywillbeabletoprosperwiththetrendnotsufferfromit.Thenaturalenvironmentinvolvesnaturalresourcesthatareneededasinputsbymarketersorthatarcaffectedbymarketingactivities.Duringthepasttwodecadesenvironmentalconcernshavesteadilygrown.Sometrendanalystslabeledhe1990sastheEarthDecadewhereprotectionofthenaturalenvironmentbecameamajorworldwideissuefacingbusinessandthepublic.Specificareasofconcernwere:ShortagesofrawmaterialsIncreasedpollutionGovernmentinterventionEnvironmentallysustainablestrategies.Theso-calledgreenmovementhasencouragedorevendemandedthatfirmsproducestrategiesthatarenotonlyenvironmentallyfriendlybutarealsoenvironmentallyproactive.Firmsarcbeginningtorecognizethelinkbetweenahealthyeconomyandahealthyenvironment.Thetechnologicalenvironmentincludesforcesthatcreatenewtechnologiescreatingnewproductandmarketopportunities.Technologyisperhapsthemostdramaticforceshapingourdestiny.Newtechnologiescreatenewmarketsandopportunities.Thefollowingtrendsareworthwatching:Fasterpaceoftechnologicalchange.Thereseemstobealmostunlimitedopportunitiesbeingdevelopeddaily.Thechallengeisnotonlytechnicalbutalsocoinmcrcial-tomakepracticalaffordableversionsofproducts.Increasedregulation.Thepoliticalenvironmentincludeslawsgovernmentagenciesandpressuregroupsthatinfluenceandlimitvariousorganizationsandindividualsinagivensociety.Businessisregulatedbyvariousformsoflegislation.Almosteverymarketingactivityissubjecttoawiderangeoflawsandregulations.Newlawsandtheirenforcementwillcontinueorincrease.Increasedemphasisonethicsandsociallyresponsibleactions.Sociallyresponsiblefirmsactivelyseekoutwaystoprotectthelong-runinterestsoftheirconsumersandtheenvironment.Theboomine-conimerceandInternetmarketinghascreatedanewsetofsocialandethicalissues.Concernsare:PrivacySecurityAccessbyvulnerableorunauthorizedgroupsAbusestowardconsumersbyWebcompaniesTheculturalenvironmentismadeupofinstitutionsandotherforcesthataffectsocietysbasicvaluesperceptionspreferencesandbehaviors.Certainculturalcharacteristicscanaffectmarketingdecisionmaking.Amongthemostdynamicculturalcharacteristicsare:Persistenceofculturalvalues.Peoplescorebeliefsandvalueshaveahighdegreeofpersistence.Secondarybeliefsandvaluesaremoreopentochange.Societysmajorculturalviewsareexpressedin:Peoplesviewsofthemselves.Peoplesviewsofothers.Peoplesviewsoforganizations.Peoplesviewsofsociety.Peoplesviewofnature.Peoplesviewsoftheuniverse.Manycompaniesviewthemarketingenvironmentasanuncontrollableelementtowhichheymustadapt.Theydonottrytochangeit.Todaymanycompaniesaretakinganenvironmentalmanagementperspectivewherebyafirmtakesaggressiveratherthanpassiveactionstoaffectthepublicsandforcesinthemarketingenvironment.Wheneverpossiblesmartmanagerswilltakeaproactiveratherthanareactiveapproachtothemarketingenvironment.第四章市场调查与信息系统在今天复杂而迅速变化的环境中,管理人员需要更多更好的信息,以做出有效、及时的决策与与口俱增的信息需求相对应的,是提供信息量的爆炸因此,许多公司在调杳管理人员的信息需求,并开发信息系统来满足这些需求
1、向公司解释信息的重要性好的产品与营销计划是从充分熟悉顾客需求开始的,因此,公司需要准确的信息来为顾客产生更大的价值与满意度公司还需要竞争对手、零售商与商场中其他角色与力量的信息
2、定义营销信息系统并讨论其有关部分营销信息系统包含为营销决策者准确、及时地收集整理、分析、评估并分送转达所需信息的人员、设备与程序一个设计合理的信息系统以使用者为起点与终端营销信息系统首先进行信息需求评估,然后从内部数据、营销情报活动与市场调查中开发信息营销信息系统用恰当的格式、在恰当的时间把从这些来源收集的信息传送给恰当的管理人员,以帮助他们做出更好的市场营销决策
3、概述市场调查过程的几个步聚市场调查过程的第一步是确定问题,并确立探索性、描述性因果性的调查目标;第二步是制定收集原始与二手信息的计划;第三步是通过收集、处理、分析信息来执行市场调查计划;第四步是解释与报告结果额外的信息分析有助于管理人员使用信息,并提供发现更多精确结果的精确统计程序与模型
4、比较收集信息的不一致模型的优点与缺点内部与外部的二手信息能够比原始数据更快、更便宜地提供信息,同时有的时候能够产生公司不能自己收集的信息只是,二手来源中可能没有需要的信息,即使能够找到,数据中的大部分也是不可用的调杳人员务必还要评估二手信息,确定其有关性、准确性、及时性与无偏性,原始调查也要验证以上四个特性每种原始数据收集方法-观察法、调查法与实验法,都有自身的优点与缺点每种不一致的调查联系方法-邮寄、电话、个人访问与网络,也都有自己的优点与缺点同样的,每种联系方法都有自己的有利与不利的方面
5、讨论一些市场调查人员面临的具体问题,包含公共政策问题与伦理问题一些市场营销人员面临特殊的市场调杳形势所有的组织都要对围绕市场调杳的要紧问题-公共政策与伦理总是负责地作出反应,包含消费者隐私的侵犯与调查结果的滥用关键概念与原则商家们慢慢地认识到,信息不仅是更好决策所必需的投入,而且也是重要的战略资产与营销工具营销信息系统指能够为营销决策及时、准确地收集、整理、分析与评估并分送转达所需的人员、设备与程序好的营销信息系统能够在管理人员想要得到的信息与他们真正需要、又能得到的信息之间找到均衡点公司以询问管理人员需要的信息作为起点市场营销管理人员需要的信息可从公司内部数据、市场营销情报与市场调查中获得,这些信息由信息分析系统处理后会更加适合管理人员的需要许多公司建立基于公司资料信息的大规模内部数据库,数据库信息有许多来源每个公司拥有的信息都远远超过经理们可能熟悉或者者分析的数量,公司务必以某种方式使自己的信息金矿条理化营销情报是对竞争对手与市场营销环境进展的公司公开可得信息的系统收集与分析情报收集的范围很广,从调查公司自己的员工、研究对手产品一直到搜索互联网、参观工业贸易展览及搜寻对手的垃圾箱市场营销人员通常还需要对特定情况的正式研究公司能够根据自己的研究能力与资源,决定利用自己的部门还是部分或者全部外包进行市场调查信息分析还可能包含能帮助市场调查人员作出更好决策的分析模型集合市场信息只有在被利用制定更好的营销决策时才有价值,多数公司有集成信息系统,用来向经理们提供日常工作报告,最新情报与研究结果分析报告随着计算机、软件与通信的进步,多数公司已经把自己的信息系统分散化市场调查过程包含四个步骤确定问题与调查目标,制定调查计划,执行调查计划,解释并报告调查结果确定问题与调查目标通常是调查过程中最为困难的一步市场调查项目可能有三种目标探索性调查、描述性调查、因果性调查调查目标务必被转换为具体的信息需求为满足管理人员需要,调查人员能够收集原始信息、二手信息或者者两者兼顾调查人员通常从收集二手信息开始公司的内部数据库提供了很好的起点,而公司也需要大量外部信息资源,从公司、公众、大学实验室到政府与商业出版物商业数据服务、在线数据库服务与互联网数据资源调查人员需要认真地收集原始数据,以保证这些数据的有关性、准确性、及时性与公正性调查方法有观察法、调查法与实验法调查法最适合于收集描述性数据;而实验法则适于收集因果信息越来越多的市场调查人员通过网上市场调杳-互联网调查与网上小组深度访谈收集重要数据市场调查人员通常根据抽样得出对统计主体的估计,设计样本需要确定三个问题调杳谁(样本单位)?调查多少人(样本规模)?如何确定样本中的人选(抽样过程)?在收集原始数据时,调查人员有两个要紧手段问卷与仪器市场调杳人员应该用书面建议书的形式总结计划调查人员去实施计划,包含收集、整理与分析信息通常说来,调查过程中数据收集阶段花费最多,也最容易出错调查人员需要解释自己的发现,得出结论并向管理部门报告调查人员不应该用数值与复杂的统计方法难倒管理人员,而应将有用的调查结果摆出来,帮助管理部门决策小型企业与非营利组织的管理人员,可通过观察周围事物来获得很好的市场营销信息,管理人员能够使用小样本进行非正式的调查,营销人员也能够自己做•些小实验,小型企业能得到大多数大型企业可得的二手信息国际市场调查人员与国内市场调查人员的工作步骤一样,只是这些调查人员通常遇到更困难的问题,这些市场在经济进展水平、文化风俗习惯与购买方式上都有很大的差别市场调查中两个要紧的公共政策与伦理问题是对消费者个人隐私的侵犯与调查结果的滥用市场调查应该考虑扩大”你的观点很重要”运动,提供一个免费的号码,使用公认的标准公司常常把调查成果用作关于广告与促销的要求每个公司应在进行市场调查与公布结果时承担起社会责任,以便保护消费者与自身的最大利益第三章营销环境公司务必随时观察并习惯营销环境,以寻机遇,避免威胁营销环境由所有影响公司在其目标市场有效运营能力的有关人员与因素构成
1、描述影响公司服务于顾客的能力的环境因素公司的微观环境因素包含那些与公司密切联系的有关因素,它们综合起来形成了公司的价值传递系统,影响公司顾客服务的能力微观环境包含公司的内部环境、营销渠道企业、用户市场、竞争对手与各类类型的公众宏观环境由更广泛的社会因素构成,这些因素影响着整个微观环境构成公司宏观环境的六大因素是人口统计、经济、自然、技术、政治与文化因素这些因素构成了公司面对的机会与威胁
2、解释人口统计环境与经济环境的变化如何影响营销决策人口统计学研究人口的特征如今的人口统计环境显示出不断变化着的年龄结构、家庭结构、人口居住区域,更好的教育及更多的白领人口,还有多样化趋势的增加经济环境由那些影响购买力与购买方式的因素构成如今经济环境的特点是较低的实际收入与变动的消费方式现在的消费者为财务负担所迫,倾向于寻求更大的价值-高质量与适当价格的组合收入的分布状况也在发生变化富人更加富裕,中等收入的阶层萎缩、穷人更穷了,导致了一个两极分化的市场许多公司现在针对两个不一致的市场进行营销活动-富裕者市场与中等收入市场
3、确定公司自然环境与技术环境的要紧变化趋势自然环境有三种要紧趋势某些原材料短缺、污染程度加深、政府关于自然资源更加严密的管理人们对自然环境的关心为那些明智的公司带来了营销机遇营销人员还应当注意技术环境中的四个要紧趋势高速的技术变化、高额的研发预算、公司致力于小幅度的产品改革、政府法规的增加无法跟上技术变化的公司将错过新产品与营销机会
4、解释政治与文化环境中的关键变化政治环境由影响或者限制营销活动的法律、机构与团体构成政治环境正在经历三种对营销有影响的变化工商业法规的增加、政府对法规执行的强化、对伦理道德与社会责任的强调文化环境由影响社会中人们价值观、感受、偏好与行为的制度与其他因素构成这一环境显示出长期的”集体中心主义”倾向,对组织信任度的下降,爱国主义热情的增强,对自然关注程度的增加,新精神信仰的出现,与更有意义与更持久的价值取向
5、讨论公司应如何应对营销环境公司能够将营销环境看成一个不可控因素,被动地同意并习惯,随着环境的变化采取应对措施以避免威胁或者利用机会公司也能够使用•种环境管理的观点,积极地改变环境而不仅仅是去习惯它只要有可能,公司就应当采取后一种措施关键概念与原则营销环境既能带来机遇,也会造成威胁公司营销人员关于识别与预测环境变化负有要紧责任营销环境由微观环境与宏观环境构成在制定营销计划时,营销部门要兼顾公司的其他部门,营销经理务必与公司其他部门密切配合供应商在公司整个顾客价值传递系统中起着重要的纽带作用营销经理务必注意供应能力,监控关键供应品的价格变动趋势营俏中间商帮助公司促销、销售与分配产品给最终用户包含经销商、货物储运公司、营销服务机构与金融中介现今的营销人员已经认识到与中间商通力合作而不仅仅是把它们当作销售渠道的重要性五种类型的顾客市场是消费者市场、产业市场、零售商市场、政府市场与国际市场每个公司都应当考虑到自己的规模,与同竞争对手相比在行业中的地位他们还认识到孤军作战不可能成功,因此开始与其他公司与部门紧密联系,以便于为顾客让渡更多价值他们对与世界广泛连接有了全新的认识,带来进一步的全球化,对社会与环境的更多关注与更强责任感,与营销在非营利事业与公益事业的更广泛应用全新的互联世纪为有远见的营销人员提供了令人兴奋的可能性关键概念与原则营销同其他职能相比更多地涉及到顾客,懂得、制造、沟通、让渡顾客价值与满意是现代营销思想与实践的核心内容营销是在某种利润水平下让顾客满意营销的两个目标包含向顾客承诺高价值来吸引新顾客,与让顾客满意来留住现有顾客今天,营销不能再按传统的方式懂得为“劝说与推销“,而应是满足顾客需求营销是通过制造与交换产品及价值,从而使个人或者群体满足欲望与需要的社会与管理过程营销的基石是人类的需要need这些需要不是营销人员制造的,而是人类所固有的欲望want是由需要派生出的一种形式,它受社会文化与人们个性的限制当考虑到支付能力的时候,欲望就转换为需求demand善于营销的公司总是尽可能深入地熟悉顾客的需要、欲望与需求在成功营销的公司中,各层次人员都直接与顾客接触,以便真正熟悉他们的需要、欲望与需求人们利用产品product来满足需要与欲望除了有形的物品,产品还包含服务service更广泛的产品定义还包含经验、个人、地点、组织、信息与思想等许多销售商过多地注重实物产品本身,而忽视了产品所提供的利益这往往会导致错误通常来说,顾客是根据自己对产品与服务的感知价值做出购买选择的顾客价值指顾客拥有与使用某种产品所获得的利益与为此所需成本之间的差额顾客常常并不是很精确地分析某种产品的价值与成本,而是根据他们的感知价值行事顾客满意取决于产品的感知使用效果,这种感知效果与顾客的期望密切有关对公司来说,关键的问题是使顾客的期望与公司的活动相匹配顾客满意与质量密切有关,近年来,许多公司都在开展全面质量管理totalqualitymanagementTQM活动,以便不断提高产品质量、服务质量与整个营销过程的质量当人们开始通过交换exchange来满足欲望与需求的时候,就出现了营销交换是营销的核心概念,而交易iransaciion则是营销的度量单位交易营销transactionmarketing是范围更宽的关系营销relationship的一部分营销人员除了要制造短期的交易以外,还需要与有价值的顾客、分销商、零售商及供货商建立长期的关系市场market指某种产品的实际购买者与潜在购买者的集合市场规模取决于具有这种需要及支付能力,同时愿意进行交换的人的数量营销人员要对市场有敏锐的洞察力市场的概念最终使我们完成了营销概念的整个循环营销就是要管理市场,促成满足人们欲望与需要的交换营销的核心内容包含产品的研究与开发、沟通、分销、定价与服务等营销管理marketingmanagement是指为了实现组织目标而设计的各类分析、计划、执行与操纵活动,以便建立与维持与FI标顾客互惠的交换关系营销管理涉及到对需求的管理,而需求管理又与顾客关系管理有关营销管理务必找出适当的方式来处理各类不一致的需求状态需求管理实际上也是顾客管理一个公司的需求来自两个群体新顾客群与重复采购的公众包含金融公众、媒介公众、政府公众、民间公众、地方公众、通常公众、内部公众世界人口数量高度的差异性既带来了机会也带来了威胁,营销人员应当密切注意国内外的人口进展趋势与市场变化,关注年龄与家庭结构的变化,人口的地理位置迁移,教育特点与人口的多样化经济环境(economicenvironmenl)由那些影响顾客购买力与消费方式的因素构成各国在收入水平与收入分布方面差别很大营销人员务必密切注意世界市场与各国市场的购买力变化趋势与人们的消费习惯自然环境(naturalenvironment)指的是那些营销人员需投入的或者是受到营销活动影响的自然资源营销人员应当注意自然环境中的几个趋势
(1)原材料的短缺
(2)污染的增加;
(3)政府关于自然资源越来越严密的管理关于自然环境的关心掀起了一场绿色运动,现在,越来越多的公司已认识到良好的生态环境与健康进展的经济之间的联系我们关于技术的看法,取决于我们是对它带来的新奇还是对它带来的错误留下更深的印象技术环境的变化非常迅速,新技术制造了新的市场与机会政治环境包含法律、政府机构与压力群体,在一个确定的社会中,它们影响与制约着各类组织与个人几乎每一项营销活动都面对着一系列的法律与规定在过去若干年中,世界各国都增加与工商业有关的立法国际营销人员将与几十甚至上百个负责执行商业政策与法规的政府部门打交道新的法律及事实上施将继续出现社会准则与职业伦理也制约着工商业,开明的公司鼓励其管理者不仅要遵守法规,还要”做正确的情况”蓬勃进展的电子商务与网络营销带来了一系列新的社会与伦理问题文化环境由那些影响社会的基本价值观、观念、偏好与行为的风俗习惯与其他因素构成特定社会中的人会有特定的信仰与价值观,而且轻易不可能改变营销人员能够影响人们的从属信仰,但改变核心信仰的机会却微乎其微社会的要紧价值观通过人们对自己与他人的看法,与对组织与社会、自然与宇宙的看法表现出来另一些公司则持一种环境管理的观点尽管营销管理并不总能够影响环境因素,但在很多情况下,不能仅仅满足于简单地观察环境然后做出决策CHAPTER3THEMARKETINGENVIRONMENTSummaryInordertocorrectlyidentifyopportunitiesandmonitorthreatsthecompanymustbeginwithathoroughunderstandingofthemarketingenvironmentinwhichthefirmoperates.Themarketingenvironmentconsistsofalltheactorsandforcesoutsidemarketingthataffectthemarketingmanagementsabilityodevelopandmaintainsuccessfulrelationshipswithitstargetcustomers.Thoughthesefactorsandforcesmayvarydependingonthespecificcompanyandindustrialgroupheycangenerallybedividedintobroadmicroenvironmentalandmacroenvironmentalcomponents.Formostcompaniesthemicroenvironmentalcomponentsare:thecompany.suppliersmarketingchannelfirmsintermediariescustomermarketscompetitorsandpublicswhichcombinetomakeupthecompanysvaluedeliverysystem.Themacroenvironmentalcomponentsarcthoughttobe:demographiceconomicnaturaltechnologicalpoliticalandculturalforces.Thewisemarketingmanagerknowsthatheorshecannotalwaysaffectenvironmentalforces.Howeversmartmanagerscantakeaproactiveratherthanreactiveapproachtothemarketingenvironment.Asmarketingmanagementcollectsandprocessesdataontheseenvironmentstheymustbeevervigilantintheireffortstoapplywhattheyleamlodevelopingopportunitiesanddealingwiththreats.Studieshaveshownthatexcellentcompaniesnotonlyhaveakeensenseofcustomerbutanappreciationoftheenvironmentalforcesswirlingaroundthem.Byconstantlylookingathedynamicchangesthatareoccurringintheaforementionedenvironmentscompaniesarebetterpreparedtoadapttochangepreparelong-rangestrategymeettheneedsoftoday*sandtomorrowscustomersandcompetewiththeintensecompetitionpresentintheglobalmarketplace.Allfirmsarcencouragedtoadoptanenvironmentalmanagementperspectiveinthenewmillennium.KeywordsandprincipleAcompanysmarketingenvironmentconsistsoftheactorsandforcesoutsidemarketinghataffectmarketingmanagementsabilitytodevelopandmaintainsuccessfulrelationshipswithitstargetcustomersenvironment.Thecompanysmicroenvironmentconsistsofsixforcesthataffectitsabilitytoserveitscustomers.Thefirstforceisthecompanyitselfandtheroleitplaysinthemicroenvironment.Thiscouldbedeemedtheinternalenvironment.Alldepartmentsmustthinkconsumerifthefirmisobesuccessful.Thegoalistoprovidesuperiorcustomervalueandsatisfaction.Suppliersarcfirmsandindividualsthatprovidetheresourcesneededbythecompanyanditscompetitorstoproducegoodsandservices.Theyareanimportantlinkinthecompanysoverallcustomervaluedeliverysystem.Marketingintermediariesarefirmsthathelpthecompanytopromotesellanddistributeitsgoodstofinalbuyers.Resellersaredistributionchannelfirmsthathelpthecompanyfindcustomersormakesalestothem.Resellersoftenperformimportantfunctionsmorecheaplythanthecompanycanperformitself.Physicaldistributionfirmshelpthecompanytostockandmovegoodsfromtheirpointsoforigintotheirdestinations.Marketingserviceagencieshelpthecompanytargetandpromoteitsproducts.Financialintermediarieshelpfinancetransactionsandinsureagainstrisks.Thecompanymuststudyitscustomermarketscloselysinceeachmarkethasitsownspecialcharacteristics.Thesemarketsnormallyinclude:ConsumermarketsBusinessmarketsResellermarketsGovernmentmarketsInternationalmarkets.Everycompanyfacesawiderangeofcompetitors.Acompanymustsecureastrategicadvantageovercompetitorsbypositioningtheirofferingstobesuccessfulinthemarketplace.Nosinglecompetitivestrategyisbestforallcompanies.Apublicisanygrouphathasanactualorpotentialinterestinorimpactonanorganizationsabilitytoachieveitsobjectives.Acompanyshouldprepareamarketingplanforalloftheirmajorpublicsaswellastheircustomermarketspublicscanbeidentifiedasbeing:FinancialpublicsMediapublicGovernmentpublicsCitizen-actionpublicsLocalpublicsGeneralpublicsInternalpublics.Thecompanyandalloftheotheractorsoperateinalargermacroenvironnientofforcesthatshapeopportunitiesandposethreatstohecompany.Therearesixmajorforcesoutlinedbelowinthecompanysmacroenvironnient.Demographyisthestudyofhumanpopulationsintermsofsizedensitylocationagesexraceoccupationandotherstatistics.Itisofmajorinteresttomarketersbecauseitinvolvespeopleandpeoplemakeupmarkets.Demographictrendsareconstantlychanging.Theeconomicenvironmentincludesthosefactorsthataffectconsumerpurchasingpowerandspendingpatterns.Marketersmustcarefullymonitoreconomicchangessotheywillbeabletoprosperwiththetrendnotsufferfromit.Thenaturalenvironmentinvolvesnaturalresourcesthatareneededasinputsbymarketersorthatarcaffectedbymarketingactivities.Duringthepasttwodecadesenvironmentalconcernshavesteadilygrown.Sometrendanalystslabeledthe1990sastheEarthDecadewhereprotectionofthenaturalenvironmentbecameamajorworldwideissuefacingbusinessandthepublic.Specificareasofconcernwere:ShortagesofrawmaterialsIncreasedpollutionGovernmentinterventionEnvironmentallysustainablestrategies.Theso-calledgreenmovementhasencouragedorevendemandedthatfirmsproducestrategiesthatarenotonlyenvironmentallyfriendlybutarealsoenvironmentallyproactive.Firmsarcbeginningtorecognizethelinkbetweenahealthyeconomyandahealthyenvironment.Thetechnologicalenvironmentincludesforcesthatcreatenewtechnologiescreatingnewproductandmarketopportunities.Technologyisperhapsthemostdramaticforceshapingourdestiny.Newtechnologiescreatenewmarketsandopportunities.Thefollowingtrendsareworthwatching:Fasterpaceoftechnologicalchange.Thereseemstobealmostunlimitedopportunitiesbeingdevelopeddaily.Thechallengeisnotonlytechnicalbutalsocommercial-tomakepracticalaffordableversionsofproducts.Increasedregulation.Thepoliticalenvironmentincludeslawsgovernmentagenciesandpressuregroupshatinfluenceandlimitvariousorganizationsandindividualsinagivensociety.Businessisregulatedbyvariousformsoflegislation.Almosteverymarketingactivityissubjecttoawiderangeoflawsandregulations.Newlawsandtheirenforcementwillcontinueorincrease.Increasedemphasisonethicsandsociallyresponsibleactions.Sociallyresponsiblefirmsactivelyseekoutwaystoprotectthelong-runinterestsoftheirconsumersandtheenvironment.Theboomine-commerceandInternetmarketinghascreatedanewsetofsocialandethicalissues.Concernsare:PrivacySecurityAccessbyvulnerableorunauthorizedgroupsAbusestowardconsumersbyWebcompaniesTheculturalenvironmentismadeupofinstitutionsandotherforcesthataffectsocietysbasicvaluesperceptionspreferencesandbehaviors.Certainculturalcharacteristicscanaffectmarketingdecisionmaking.Amongthemostdynamicculturalcharacteristicsare:Persistenceofculturalvalues.Peoplescorebeliefsandvalueshaveahighdegreeofpersistence.Secondaiybeliefsandvaluesaremoreopentochange.Societysmajorculturalviewsarcexpressedin:Peoplesviewsofthemselves.Peoplesviewsofothers.Peoplesviewsoforganizations.Peoplesviewsofsociety.Peoplesviewofnature.Peoplesviewsoftheuniverse.Manycompaniesviewthemarketingenvironmentasanuncontroliableelementtowhichheymustadapt.Theydonottrytochangeit.Todaymanycompaniesaretakinganenvironmentalmanagementperspectivewherebyafirmtakesaggressiveratherthanpassiveactionstoaffectthepublicsandforcesinthemarketingenvironment.Wheneverpossiblesmartmanagerswilltakeaproactiveratherthanareactiveapproachtothemarketingenvironment.老顾客群营销管理的焦点已逐步转移到维持有价值的老顾客并与之建立长期的互惠关系上所有的企业都在运用营销,而它们营销实践的方式却有很大差别营销实践通常经历三个阶段创业营销、规范化营销与企业内营销组织在进行营销活动时可能使用卜列五种观念即生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、营销观念与社会营销观念生产观念productionconcept的基本观点是顾客会同意任何他能买到、同时买得起的产品因此,管理的要紧任务就是提高生产与分销的效率这种观念是最早的营销思想它的基本假设是顾客喜欢质量最好、操作性最强、创新功能最多的产品因此,公司应该集中力量改进产品产品观念还会导致营销近视症推销观念sellingconcepl的基本假设是假如组织不进行大规模的促销与推销,顾客就不可能购买足够多的产品这种观念在“非寻求类商品unsoughtgoods”的生产厂商中尤为盛行大多数公司在生产能力过剩时都遵循推销观念,它们的目标是销售出制造的产品而非市场需要的产品营销观念marketingconcept认为,实现组织bl标的关键在于正确确定目标市场的欲望与需要,并比竞争者更有效地满足顾客的欲望与需要推销观念与营销观念很容易混淆许多成功的著名公司都使用了营销观念履行营销观念通常不是简单地对顾客已表达出的愿望与明显的需求做出响应社会营销观念societalmarketingconcept认为,组织应该确定目标市场的欲望、需要与利益,然后向顾客提供超值的产品与服务,以便改善顾客与社会的福利社会营销观念是五种营销管理理念中最新的观念如今营销的最大进展能够概括成一个主题连通性connectedness连接技术完全的改变使营俏人员不得不重新定义他们与市场的连接,包含与顾客的连接、公司内外合作伙伴的连接与与周围世界的连接计算机、电信、信息、交通与其他连接技术领域的快速进展对公司向顾客让渡价值的方式有巨大影响推动连接时代最惊心动魄的新技术也许就是互联网互联网之因此受欢迎是由于它是一种支持新业务模式的技术各类各样的公司现在都尝试着在互联网上争取新客户在营销领域最深刻的新进展就是现今公司与顾客连接方式的变化显著的差异与全新的顾客连接方式意味着更进一步的市场细分公司在寻找一些崭新方式让渡更多的价值,还认真评价顾客带给公司的价值,它们希望只同那些能让公司赢利的顾客连接在公司越来越有选择地选择它们要服务的那些顾客的同时,也以更好的、更持久的方式为他们服务最近几年来,重点已经转移到通过提供更高程度的顾客满意与价值,维持现有顾客同时与他们建立持久的关系许多公司也利用新技术与顾客更直接地连接直销又兴旺起来了直销重新定义了与销售者连接的购买者角色顾客不再是公司单项营销活动的目标,而是促成营销活动的参与者今天,有前瞻性的公司将所有部门连接起来,以便制造顾客价值通过供应链管理supplychainmanagement今天的许多公司加强了同供应链上所有伙伴之间的联系如今的公司发现想拥有更好的业绩还需要战略合作伙伴许多战略联盟都采取营销联盟marketingalliance的形式,包含产品联盟或者者服务联盟随着世界越变越小,许多营销人员现在能够与他们的顾客与营销伙伴进行全球的连接世界各国的管理人员现在都以全球化而不是本地的视角看待公司所在的行业、竞争者与营销机会营销人员正在重新考察他们同社会价值、社会责任与我们生活的地球的连接今天的营销人员需要为他们的行为对社会与环境造成的影响负起更大的责任越来越多不一致的组织都通过营销与顾客与其他重要的支持者进行联系CHAPTER1MARKETINGINACHANGINGWORLD:CREATINGCUSTOMERVALUEANDSATISFACTIONSummaryMarketingispartofallofourlivesandtouchesusinsomewayeveryday.Tobesuccessfuleachcompanythatdealswithcustomersonadailybasismustnotonlybecustomer-drivenbutcustomer-obsessed.Thebestwaytoachievethisobjectiveistodevelopasoundmarketingfunctionwithintheorganization.Marketingisdefinedasasocialandmanagerialprocessbywhichindividualsandgroupsobtainwhattheyneedandwantthroughcreatingandexchangingproductsandvaluewithothers.Marketingisakeyfactorinbusinesssuccess.Themarketingfunctionnotonlydealswiththeproductionanddistributionofproductsandservicesbutitalsoisconcernedwiththeethicalandsocialresponsibilityfunctionsfoundinthedomesticandglobalenvironment.Marketersmustalsobeawareofcustomervalueandcustomersatisfactionandmaketheseconceptsacentralpartofthefirmsstrategicplan.Marketingmustalsobeawareofandrespondtochange.FourofthegreatestchangesthathavehadanimpactonthewaycompaniesbringvaluetotheircustomersaretheexplosivegrowthofthecomputertheInternettelecommunicationsandinformationtechnology.Marketinganditscoreconceptstheexchangerelationshipthemajorphilosophiesofmarketingthoughtandpracticeandmarketingchallengesinthenewconnectedmillenniumarehemajortopicspresentedinthisintroductorychapter.ThereisaspecialemphasisonconnectednessandthetechnologiesforaccomplishingconnectionsKeywordsandprincipleCreatingcustomervalueandsatisfactionareattheveryheartofmodernmarketingthinkingandpractice.Marketingisdefinedasasocialandmanagerialprocessbywhichindividualsandgroupsobtainwhattheyneedandwantthroughcreatingandexchangingproductsandvaluewithothers.Humanneedsarethemostbasicconceptunderlyingmarketing.Ahumanneedisastateoffeltdeprivation.Ahumanwantistheformthatahumanneedtakesasshapedhycultureandindividualpersonality.Demandsarehumanwantsthatarebackedbybuyingpower.Aproductisanythingthatcanbeofferedtoamarkettosatisfyaneedorwant.Theconceptofproductisnotlimitedtophysicalobjectsandcanincludeexperiencespersonsplacesorganizationsinformationandideas.Marketingmyopiaiscausedbyshortsightednessorlosingsightofunderlyingcustomerneedsbyonlyfocusingonexistingwants.Customervalueisthedifferencebetweenthevaluesthatthecustomergainsfromowningandusingaproductandthecostsofobtainingtheproduct.Customersdonotoftenjudgeproductvaluesandcostsaccuratelyorobjcctivcly-thcyactonperceivedvalue.CustomersatisfactiondependsonaproductsperceivedperformanceinDeliveringvaluerelativetoabuyersexpectations.Ifperformanceexceedsexpectationsthebuyerisdelightedcertainlyaworthygoalofthemarketingcompany.ThetermtotalqualitymanagementTQMisanapproachinwhichallthecompanyspeopleareinvolvedinconstantlyimprovingthequalityofproductsservicesandmarketingprocesses.Marketingoccurswhenpeopledecidetosatisfyneedsandwantsthroughexchange.Exchangeistheactofobtainingadesiredobjectfromsomeonebyofferingsomethinginreturn.Whereasexchangeisacoreconceptofmarketingatransactionatradeofvaluesbetweentwopartiesismarketingsunitofmeasurement.Mostinvolvemoneyaresponseandaction.Transactionmarketingispartofalargerideaofrelationshipmarketing.Thegoalofrelationshipmarketingistodeliverlong-termvaluetothecustomerandtherebysecurecustomersatisfactionandretentionofpatronage.Theconceptsofexchangeandrelationshipsleadtotheconceptofamarket.Amarketisthesetofactualandpotentialbuyersofaproduct.Theconceplofmarketsbringsonefullcircletotheconceptofmarketing.Amodemmarketingsystemincludesalloftheelementsnecessarytobringbuyersandsellerstogether.Thismightincludesuchactivitiesasproductdevelopmentresearchcommunicationdistributionpricingandservice.Marketingmanagementisdefinedastheanalysisplanningimplementationandcontrolofprogramsdesignedocreatebuildandmaintainbeneficialexchangeswithtargetbuyersforthepurposeofachievingorganizationalobjectives.MarketingmanagementisconcernednotonlywithfindingandincreasingdemandManagingdemandmeansmanagingcustomers.Demandcomesfromnewcustomersandrepeatcustomers.Todaybesidesmakingeffortstoattractnewcustomersmarketersaregoingallouttoretainandbuildrelationshipswithexistingcustomers.Thekeytosuccessfulcustomerretentionissuperiorcustomervalueandsatisfaction.Marketingpracticeoftenpassesthroughthreestages:EntrepreneurialmarketingFormulatedmarketingIntrcprcncurialmarketing.Therearefivealternativeconceptsunderwhichorganizationsconducttheirmarketingactivities:heproductionproductsellingmarketingandsocietalmarketingconcepts.Theproductionconceptholdsthatconsumerswillfavorproductshatareavailableandhighlyaffordableandthatmanagementshouldthereforefocusonimprovingproductionanddistributionefficiency.Thisisoneoftheoldestphilosophiesthatguidessellers.Theproductconceptstatesthatconsumerswillfavorproductsthatofferthemostqualityperformanceandfeaturesandthattheorganizationshouldthereforedevoteitsenergyomakingcontinuousproductimprovements.Theproductconceptcanalsoleadtomarketingmyopia.Manyorganizationsfollowthesellingconcept.Thesellingconceptistheideathatconsumerswillnotbuyenoughoftheorganizationsproductsunlesstheorganizationundertakesalarge-scalesellingandpromotioneffort.Themarketingconceptholdsthatachievingorganizationalgoalsdependsondeterminingtheneedsandwantsoftargetmarketsanddeliveringthedesiredsatisfactionsmoreeffectivelyandefficientlythancompetitorsdo.Themarketingandsellingconceptsareoftenconfused.Manycompaniesclaimtoadoptthemarketingconceptbutreallydonotunlesstheycommittomarkct-focuscdandcustomer-drivenphilosophies.Thesocietalmarketingconceptholdsthattheorganizationshoulddeterminetheneedswantsandinterestsoftargetmarkets.Itshouldthendeliverthedesiredsatisfactionsmoreeffectivelyandefficientlythancompetitorsinawaythatmaintainsorimprovesheconsumersandthesocietyswell-being.Technologicaladvancesrapidglobalizationandcontinuingsocialandeconomicshifts-allarecausingprofoundchangesinthemarketplace.Themajormarketingdevelopmentsasweenterthenewmillenniumcanbesummedupinasingletheme:connectedness.Themajorforcebehindthenewconnectednessistechnology.Theboomincomputertelecommunicationsandinformationtechnologyaswellasthemergingofthesetechnologieshashadamajorimpactonthewaybusinessesbringvaluetotheircustomers.TheInformationSuperhighwayanditsbackbone-theInternetwilllinkcustomerstocompaniesinwaysthatwereunirnaginedonlyafewyearsago.TheInternetisavastandburgeoningglobalwebofcomputernetworkswithnocentralmanagementorownership.Theuscr-fricndlyWorldWideWebhaschangedusall.Newapplicationsinclude:Internet—connectingwithcustomers.Intranets—connectingwithothersinthecompany.Extrancts-conncctingwithstrategicpartnerssuppliersanddealers.Todaymostmarketersarerealizingthattheydontwanttoconnectwithjustanycustomers.Insteadmostaretargetingfewerpotentiallymoreprofitablecustomers.Greaterdiversityandnewconsumerconnectionshavemeantgreatermarketfragmentation.Athesametimecompaniesareanalyzingthevalueofthecustomertothefirm.Connectforacustomerslifetime.Todaybeyondconnectingmoredeeplymanycompaniesarealsotakingadvantageofnewtechnologiesthatletthemconnectmoredirectlywiththeircustomers.Directmarketingisredefiningthebuyersroleinconnectingwithsellers.Connectinginsidethecompany-traditionallymarketershaveplayedtheroleofintermediarychargedwithunderstandingcustomerneedsandrepresentingthecustomertodifferentcompanydepartmentswhichthenactedupontheseneeds.Connectingwithoutsidepartners—mostcompaniestodayarenetworkedcompaniesrelyingheavilyonpartnershipswithotherfirms.Supplychainmanagement-stretchingfromrawmaterialstocomponentstofinalproductsthatarccarriedofinalbuyers.Eachmemberofthesupplychaincreatesandcapturesonlyaportionofhetotalvaluegeneratedbythesupplychain.Strategicalliances—companiesneedstrategicpartners.Marketersaretakingafreshlookathowtheyconnectwiththebroaderworldaroundthem.geographicalandculturaldifferencesanddistanceshaveshrunkdramaticallyinthelastdecade.Todayalmosteverycompanylargeorsmallistouchedinsomewaybyglobalcompetition.Connectionswithourvaluesandsocialresponsibilities-astheworldwideconsumerismandenvironmentalismmovementsmaturetodaysmarketersarebeingcalledupontotakegreaterresponsibilityforthesocialandenvironmentalimpactoftheiractions.Broadeningconnections-marketingcanbeusedtoconnectwithcustomersandSmartmarketersofallkindsarctakingadvantageofnewopportunitiesforconnectingwiththeircustomersmarketingpartnersandtheworldaroundthem.第二章战略计划与营销过程市场营销有助于战略计划,而公司整体计划定义了营销在公司中的地位与作用尽管有关战略计划的众多讨论都集中在大公司,小企业同样能够从合理的战略计划中受益匪浅
1、解释公司范围的战略计划及其四个步骤战略计划就是为公司的长期生存与进展而制定战略它包含四个步骤定义公司使命、设定目标、规划业务组合与制定职能计划定义明确的公司使命从起草正式的使命陈述开始然后使命被转化为具体详尽的支持性FI标,以指引整个公司根据这些FI标,公司最高层开始规划业务组合,决定什么产品或者业务应当得到更多或者更少的资源与之对应,各个业务与产品单位务必制定全面的营销计划,并保证与公司整体计划保持一致全面、合理的营销计划通过对特定机会的全面阐述来支持公司的战略计划
2、讨论如何规划业务组合,如何制定成长战略管理层根据公司的使命陈述与目标来对业务组合进行计划为了能够制定••个使公司的优势、劣势与环境实现最优匹配的业务组合,公司务必分析、调整当前的业务组合,并制定成长战略以向组合中增添新产品或者新业务公司能够使用像BCG(波士顿咨询集团)增长一份额矩阵这样的标准业务计划方法但是,现在很多公司使用更加定制化的组合计划方法以更好地习惯公司特殊的情况产品一市场扩展方格提供了四种可能的成长路径;市场渗透、市场开发、产品开发与多角化
3、解释职能计划战略与营销在战略计划中的地位、作用战略目标一经确定,各业务单位的管理人员就务必准备一系列协调营销、财务、动作与其他部门的职能计划公司的成功,取决于各个部门给予顾客增值活动的绩效与各部门协同一致为顾客服务的有效性各个部门关于什么目标、什么活动最重要有着不一致的见解营销部门强调消费者立场的重要性,而运作部门可能更关心降低生产成本为了最优地实现公司的整体战略目标,营销经理务必懂得其他职能部门看待问题的视角营销在战略计划过程中起着重要的作用
4、描述营销过程与影响因素营销过程将消费者的需要与公司的能力与目标相匹配营销组合由产品、价格、分销与促销决策构成
5、列出营销管理的职能,包含营销计划的要素为了制定最优的营销组合并付诸实施,公司需要从事营销分析、计划、实施与操纵工作营销计划的要紧构成要素有执行总结、当前营销情况、威胁与机会、目标与问题、营销战略、行动方案、预算与操纵制定一个好的战略往往要比实施起来容易公司要取得成功,就务必能够有效地实施一一将营销战略转化为营销行动实施的要紧责任由公司的营销部门承担营销部门进行营销审计来确定营销机会与问题,提出短期与长期行动建议来提高总体营销绩效关键概念与原则所有的公司都务必高瞻远瞩,深谋远虑制定长期战略以习惯所在产业不断变化的环境每个公司都务必根据自身特定的位势、机会、目标与资源寻求最合理的策略制定计划的过程可能与计划本身同样重要公司通常制定年度计划、长期计划与战略计划战略计划为公司中其他的计划工作指明了步骤与阶段许多公司制定正式的使命陈述来I可答我们的业务是什么、谁是我们的顾客、顾客看重什么价值、我们的业务应该是什么这些问题使命陈述应该是以市场为导向管理人员应当避免将组织的使命定义得过于狭窄或者过于宽泛组织的使命应当与其市场环境相习惯使命需要转化成为各个管理层具体支持性的目标市场营俏战略的制定务必支持这些营销目标的实现在公司使命陈述与目标的指引下,管理者现在务必对其业务组合businessportfolio——构成公司的业务与产品的集合——做好规划公司务必1分析当前的业务组合,同时决定什么业务应当增加投资,什么应当减少与什么应当停止投资;2制定成长战略,以便在业务组合中增添新产品或者新业务管理者的第一步工作是要识别出构成公司的关键业务卜.一步要求管理者评估各个战略业务单位SBU的吸引力,同时决定各项业务应当给予多大的支持广为流传的业务分析方法是由著名的波士顿咨询集团提出的波士顿番询集团方法与通用电气公司方法这些方法有其局限性营销关于公司获取有利可图的成长负有要紧责任确定成长机会的一种有效工具就是产品-市场扩展方格producl-markelexpansiongrid公司的战略计划明确了公司将要从事什么业务与各项业务将要达到的Fl标接着在各个业务单位内务必进行更细致的计划从各个方面来说,营销都在公司的战略计划中起着重要作用但营销无法单独完成这些任务各个业务职能部门关于什么人与事最重要,有着不一致的看法但是营销人员务必使所有部门“为顾客着想”,并把顾客置于公司活动的中心小公司同样能够从合理的战略计划中受益在各个业务单位内,营销在帮助实现整体战略目标方面起着重要作用目标消费者居于中心公司首先要界定整个市场,然后将其划分成若干更小的子市场,选择其中最有前景的子市场,然后集中力量重点为这些子市场服务并满足其需要公司继而设计出由产品、价格、分销与促销这几个由公司操纵的因素所构成的营销组合公司致力于营销分析、计划、实施与操纵通过这些活动,公司观察并习惯营销环境为取得成功,公司务必在满足目标消费者方面比竞争对手做得更好规划竞争营销战略始于详尽的竞争对手分析公司使用的竞争战略取决于公司在产业中所处的位势一旦公司确定了总体竞争营销战略,就要准备计划营销组合的细节营销组合marketingmix是公司为使目标市场产生预期反应而整合的一系列可控的、策略性的营销工具营销组合由公司为影响其产品需求而采取的一切措施构成这些众多可能的措施能够归集为四组变量,即“4P”;产品product、价格price、分销渠道place与促销promotion从买方的角度来看,在这个互连时代,4c描述大概比4P更好些管理营销职能始于对公司情况的全面分析通过战略计划,公司确定各个业务单位从事的活动营销计划涉及的是制定有助于公司实现整体战略目标的营销战略营销实施marketingimplementation是为实现战略营销目标,而将营销计划转化为营销活动的过程公司的营销战略要成功地实施,就务必与公司文化一一组织成员共享的价值观与信念相习惯公司务必建立营销部门来执行营销战略与计划现代营销部门能够有数种组织方式职能组织、地理组织、产品管理组织、市场管理组。
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