c

英语考前速记清单68条语法要点建议advice建议，忠告（不可数）;suggestion建议（可数）usefuladviceyougaveme!（What）valuablesuggestionyouhaveofferedme!（Whata）room/space/place:room”房间〃（可数）;〃空间〃（不可数）Couldyoumakesomeroomforme你能为我让一下空间吗？space〃太空；空间”（不可数）inspace在宇宙太空Isthereanyspaceformeinthecar车里有给我留的空间吗？（此处和room的含义相当）place〃地方〃（可数），指某一具体地点Iwanttoliveinaplacewhichiswarminwinter.我想住在冬季温暖的一个地方Itisawonderfulplacetogo（to）.news/information/messagenews新闻，消息（不可数）；information信息（不可数）；message音信□信（可数）CanItakeamessageforyou如:Whenyougobacktotheclassroompleasegetmemypen.♦carry〃拿、搬、扛〃，没有特定方向Timiscarryingabox.receive;acceptreceive指收到，但不一定接受；accept指接受，收下IagiftfromoneofmyfriendsbutIdontwanttoit.（receive;accept）put短语puton（穿上）putoff（推迟）putaway（把…整理好）putup（举起搭起，挂起，张贴）putdown（放下）putout（扑灭）;turn短语turnon打开turnoff关闭turnup调大turndown关小turnout结果是turntosb向某人求助give短语giveaway赠送giveout发放giveup放弃giveback归还givein屈服让步take短语takeoff脱下，起飞takeaway拿走takeout拿出takein吸收takeup从事look短语lookup查找lookover仔细查看lookafter照看lookout当心lookthrough浏览.used短语usedtodosth过去常常做某事beusedtodoingsth习惯于做某事beusedtodosth=beusedfordoingsth被用来做某事.keepmakegethave用法:

①keep+sb/sthdoingsth〃让…一直做…”Imsorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.（区别keep+doingsth〃坚持做某事，一直做某事〃）

②make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事（接动原）HItrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.make若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带to不定式Imadehimwaitforlong.—Hewasmadetowaitforlong.

③get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事HegotPetertobuyhimapen.©have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoitzplease.让他做它吧（him和do逻辑上形成主谓关系，do用原形）Wehadthemachineworking.我们让机器一直工作着（让某物一直在进行着某事）Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动）

⑤也都可接形容词keepsafe/busykeepthedoorclosed/openmakeushappygetthedoorclosedhaveeverythingready..in/after一段时间in+一段时间，用于将来时，用howsoon提问after+一段时间，用于过去时.through/past/across区别都可作介词，〃穿过〃，前常有位移动词（以下黑体部分）Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.（从内部穿过）Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.（从旁边经过）Heswamacrosstheriver.（从表面经过）［through内部；past旁边；across表面】位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于动词cross..since/for+时间since+过去某时间（点）for+一段时间（段），常用于完成时，强调动作的延续性，用howlong提问.infrontof/inthefrontofinfrontof在物体外部的前面;inthefrontof在物体内部的前面.乘交通工具之表达®bybike/car/sea（ship）/air（plane）（前无冠词，且不用复数）

②onahorseback/hisbike/theplane/aship（有冠词或限定词）

（3）inhis/acar（car前用in）

④onfoot

⑤动词短语rideabike/ahorse;driveacar;walk;takeaplane/taxi/bus;fly等.常见带介词to的短语prefer…to…（与---相比较更喜欢）;lookforwardto…（期待;渴望）;payattentionto…（注意）;be\getusedto...（习惯于）；devote…to…（致力于）putoneseffortinto…把某人的精力投身到……makegreatcontributionto对做出贡献（以上短语可接名词或代词，若接动词，需用ing形式）thekeyto...（…的钥匙），theanswerto---（...的答案）;replyto（.…的答复）;leadto…（引起…）;theclueto（…的线索）;thewitnessto（---的证人）.连词if/whetherif如果（引导条件状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时）/是否（引导宾语从句，根据时间确定时态）DoyouknowifhewillgotothepostofficeIfhegoesthereIwillaskhimtobuymesomestamps.两个if前者〃是否〃；后者〃如果〃，观察其后时态的不同whether〃是否〃引导宾语从句（相当于if）whether可接r（not）也可接带to不定式而if则不可另外，if从句中用any常不用some.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:

①howlong是对长度或时间段提问@howoften是对频率提问如:neversometimesoftenusuallyalwaysonceaweektwiceadaythreetimesayeareveryday/everyfouryears等若只有次数，贝用howmanytimes提问:HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek-Twice./onlyonce.]

③howsoon是对〃in+时间段〃提问:@howfar是对以下三种表达法的提问—Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool有以下三种回答▲一Itsfiveminuteswalk/anhoursride/thirteenminutesbusride.▲—Itsabout20kilometersaway.（注意回答时不再用far而用away）▲一Its15minutesbybus/onfoot/bytrain/bybike..主谓一致◊One/Neitherofyouisright.（单数谓语）Tomwithhisfriendshasgone.（主语是Tom单数谓语）oThispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.wouldyouliketotrythemon（主语是pair谓语用单数但代词用复数）oEveryboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.（此结构中用单数谓语）Weeachhaveacar.（主语是we用复数）oEachofushasacar.（主语是each单数谓语）oTheoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.（the加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数）Mr.andMrs.GreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇（复数谓语）oTheteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家，—个人，单数谓语oBothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.（both..…and…做主语，谓语用复数）oNotonlyyoubutalsoIamastudent（notonly--butalso---;neither--nor---;either--or---;therebe有就近原则）oTenyearshaspassedsincehecamehere.时间、金钱以及表度量衡的词做主语表单数.therebe用法常有以下结构theremaybe可能有/mustbe一定有/usedtobe曾经有therebe在不同时态中的形式Thereis/are/was/were/wi11be/isaregoingtobe/havehasbeenotherebe后接的是表示泛指的名词，单数名词前用不定冠词Thereisadogunderthedesk.Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.戈线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing.常见后接动词原形的词或短语使役动词letmakehave情态动词canmaymust...助动词dodoesdidwhynothadbetterwouldratherwouldyouplease【注意否定形式hadbetter/wouldrather/wouldyouplease直接加not+动原】.常见后接动词ing的词或短语finish、enjoy、practiceimaginesuggestspend、considermiss（错过）、keep、mind、feellikeprefer...to..scanthelp（禁不住）、bebusy、beworth（值得）、giveupxhavefunxhaveagoodtime、havetrouble（in）、haveproblems（in）、havedifficulty（in）/+doing.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:

①havegoneto+地点〃已去了…（还未回来）〃-Icantfindthosechildrenwherearethey-Theyhavegonetothefarm.（去了农场，不在这儿）

②havebeento+地点〃去过…（原来去过，现在已回）句尾常接次数或地点ShehasbeentoQingdaothreetimes.Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.Wherehaveyoubeen你去哪儿了？（Where后省略to）

③havebeenin+地点，〃已在…（多久了）句尾常接for+时间段或since+过去时间点PeterhasbeeninChinaforalongtime..be+形+ofsb与forsb的区别

①Itskindofyoutohelpme.你帮助我真好解释kindnicegoodcleverfoolishlazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格此句相当于在说Youarekindtohelpme.形容词在描述人而不是事，此情况下介词用的是£

②Itseasyforyoutodothework.对你来说做这事是容易的解释easydifficultnecessaryimportantdangerousinteresting等词不是说人，而是说事，相当于Todotheworkiseasyo此情况下介词用的是for.又如:Itfsdangerousforustoclimbthemountain.是说〃爬山〃这件事是危险的故用for..条件与祈使有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换注意以下句子结构有何不同

①Ifyouworkhardyouwillachieveyourdream.含条件句相当于Workhardandyouwillachieveyourdream.含祈使句，用and连接后一句子

②Ifyoudontlistencarefullyyouwontunderstandit.相当于:Listentomecarefullyoryouwontunderstandit.用or（否则）连接后一句子Youwontunderstanditunlessyoulistentomecarefully..动词seem的常用句型®Itseemsthat+从句Itseemsthathefeelsverysad.

②seems+adj看起来好像…Heseemsverysad.

③sb・seemtodosth.Heseemstofeelverysad..要某人做某事的常用句型MayIleaveamessage.job/workjob可数Ihaveajobasateacher.work不可数:Icannotfindworkinthistown..声音voice/noise/soundvoice指人的声音或嗓音；noise指难听刺耳的噪音，吵闹声；sound指声音的总称.数量number/amountnumber指可数名词的数量；amount指不可数名词的数量.the/anumberofthenumberof.的数量”;anumberof:〃许多的〃，都跟可数名词复数前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数Thenumberofthetreestwothousand.（用单数谓语is.另注意trees前有限定词）Anumberoftreesbeencutdown.（用复数谓语have.另注意trees前无限定词）.other;elseasksb.todo叫…做某事；asksb.nottodosth.叫…不要做某事tellsb.todo告诉…做某事；tellsb.nottodosth.告诉…不要做某事如Theteacheraskedmetocleantheclassroom.Iwasaskedtocleantheclassroombytheteacher.Dontcleantheclassroom.z/Theteachersaid.改为间接引语Theteachertoldmenottocleantheclassroom..表达〃更喜欢……〃的常用句型

①prefersth.更喜欢某事IpreferEnglish.我更喜欢英语

②preferAtoB.同…相比更喜欢A.Ipreferdogstocats.

③preferdoingAtodoingB.宁愿做A而不愿干Bo©likeAbetterthanB.同B相比更喜欢A

⑤prefertodoAratherthandoB.同B相比更喜欢A.

⑥wouldratherdoAthandoB.同B相比更喜欢A..〃该到某人做某事的时间了〃句型

①Itstimeforsbtodosth

②Itstimefor+n/doing.

③Itsonesturntodosth..〃自从……已多久”的句型

①Its+时间段+since+过去时态的从句.

②Ithasbeen+时间段+since+过去时态的从句.

③时间段+haspassedsince+过去时态的从句.Itsthreemonthssincehelefthishometown.=Helefthishometownthreemonthsago.=Threemonthshaspassedsincehelefthishometown..〃the+比较级the+比较级…・・・〃越越・・・・・.〃句型Themoreyoueatthefatteryouare.你吃得越多，就越胖.〃比较级+and+比较级〃“越来越”的句型；moreandmore+多音节形容词Hebecomesstrongerandstronger.他越来越健士Ourschollisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful..比较级前+the（特例）Heisthetallerofthetwo.（他是两个当中较高的那个，the表特指）.你最好做”句型hadbetter+dosth”你最好...hadbetternot+dosth〃你最好不...”.〃问路〃的句型

①thewaytothe@Can\CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothe

③howtogettothe©whichisthewaytothe

⑤wherethe---is.”……出毛病了，怎么了〃的句型，句中的what为主语

①Whatswrongwithsb\sth

②Whatsthematterwithsb\sth

③Whatsthetroublewithsth\sb©Thereissomethingwrongwithsb\sth.=Somethingiswrongwithsb/sth.=sthisbroken.=sthdoesntwork..〃对事物看法如何”的句型

①Whatdoyouthinkofsb\sth

②Howdoyoulikesb\sth=Howdoyoufindsb\sth.〃问天气如何〃的句型

①Whatstheweatherliketoday

②Howistheweather.对某人的评价Whatssblike---He/Sheisfriendlyandhelpful.（人品或外貌）Whatdoessblooklike---He/Sheistallandslim.（夕卜表长相）.询问职业Whatissb---He/Sheisateacher.询问身体Howissb--He/Sheiswell.find/think+it（形式宾语）+adjtodosth.”简单句句型IfinditdifficultformetolearnEnglishwell.（it为形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式tolearnEnglishwelldifficult是形容词作宾补）=IfinditisdifficultformetolearnEnglishwell.（宾语从句形式一复合句）.Itis+过去分词+that...Itissaidthat+从句，“据说……:相当于Itisbelievedthat从句，据信……Itisreportedthatthebookwillcomeoutsoon.据报道---

65.否定前移think/believe/expect等后接从句时，从句中的否定要前移到主句中来Idontthinkyouarerightareyou（主句主语是第一人称，反意疑问句根据从句来变）Idontbelievehewillcometodaywillhe.

66.find和think用法find/think+宾语+宾语补足语（代替宾从）宾补有以下情况

①名词短语Johnfoundhimacleverboy.

②形容词短语Mrs.Smiththinksherkind.

③有时宾补后可接带to不定式Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.

④.find后也有v-ing形式作宾语补足语Ifoundhimreadingabookjustnow..计量表达法数量+单位+形容词Thestreetistwokilometerslong.Thatboycanjumpfourmetersaway.（此处不用far）Thefishisfivekilosheavy.Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数Theyduganeight-meter-deephole.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.Itsapieceof2-meter-thickice.Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.Itsatwo-monthholiday.Sheisathree-childmother..定语从句中关系词的选择当先行词指人时，常用who或that;当先行词是物时，常用which或that但当先行词前有最高级、序数词、theonly等词修饰时只用thatother修饰名词，放于名词前else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，放在后面WhatelsecanyouseeinthepictureDoyouhaveanythingelsetosayWhereelsecanyouseeitJimistallerthananyboyinhisclassotherwell/goodwell:1adj指身体健康状况好Youlookwelltoday.adv修饰动词或形容词sellwell畅销dowellin;bewellworthdoing很值得做good:adj.修饰人或物begoodat;smellgoodTheclotheslookandtheysellonthemarket.good;wellalready/yetalready用于肯定句；yet用于否定句和疑问句also;too;aswell;either〃也〃:either用于否定句的末尾also通常挨着动词，少用于句尾too通常在句尾，前常有逗号aswell只用于句尾，前无逗号注意后三个词都不用于否定句before;agoago〃…时间前〃结构时间段+ago用于一般过去时TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.Isawittenminutesago.（若有since+时间段+ag，常用现在完成时:Mr.Lihasworkedheresince5yearsago.）before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时〃以前‘IhavebeentoLondonbefore.（若是时间段+before常用过去完成时，…前〃Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.）almost;nearly;hardlyalmost几乎，差不多，后接肯定或否定词；nearly几乎，差不多，后接肯定意义的词hardly几乎不，表否定toomuchtoomany与muchtoo:mucht〃过于〃，加形容词或副词原级muchtoohot/slowly等toomuch〃太多的〃，加不可数名词toomuchwork/rain等toomany〃太多的〃，加可数复数toomanybooks/people等abit/alittle区别:都可作副词，后直接加形容词或副词Imabit/alittlehungry.Shefeelsabit/alittletired.也都可作代词（或形容词），后接不可数名词，但有所不同Sheatealittlebreadandwentout.（alittle直接加不可数名词）Sheateabitofbread.（abit先力口of再跟名词）everyday与everyday:everyday是形容词后接名词「日常的〃HeispracticingeverydayEnglisheveryday是副词，作时间状语，〃每天〃WespeakEnglisheveryday..wish;hope

①wish既可接todosth.也可接sb+todosth.也可接that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish（that）Icouldbeascientist.（注接that从句时，从句用虚拟语气）wish还用来接祝愿语wishsbagreatsuccess;wishyouahappyjourney;wishyougoodluck等

②hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.spend;take;cost;pay

①It+take+sb+sometime+todosth:Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.

②物+cost+sb+钱Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.若cost后无sb则译作〃价钱是〃Thebagcosts30Yuan.

③人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.

④人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/indoingsth.ThegirlspenttwohoursinsearchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指〃度过〃:spendholiday/weekends/winterputon;wear;dress;in

①puton〃穿上〃后接物表行为，是短暂动词Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.

②wear〃穿，穿着〃后接物，表状态，是延续性动词Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter.

③dress〃给…穿衣〃后接人Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物也可直接加表示颜色的词Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt.Thestudentsarealldressedinyellow.getdressed〃穿好衣服〃，常不接宾语Hewentoutassoonashegotdressed.dressupas…〃装扮成Hedressedupasaclown.他装扮成小丑

④in〃穿着〃后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语也可以直接加表示颜色的词Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Iwanttotalktotheboyinblack.我想找那个穿着黑衣服的男孩谈谈reach;arrive;get至U达:

①getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China接地点副词时，不带to.getthere/home/here.©arrivein+大地点如Beijing/Zhengzhouarriveat+小地点如school/hospitalarrive只作不及物动词所以也可单独用Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.

③reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England但常不说reachhome/there/here.talktellsayspeak:

①talk只作不及物动词Donttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudyHeistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou（注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同talkwith/tosb;talkaboutsth）

②tell只作及物动词，〃告诉；讲〃常接双宾结构（tellsbsth.）常用短语有tellalie;tellthetruth;tellthedifferencebetweentellsbastory;tellajoke

③say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语见以下划线部分）PleasesayitinEnglish.HowdoyousaythatinEnglishPleaseshowmewhattosay..DoyouhaveanythingtosayImustsaysorrytoyou.©speak•〃说话〃不及物动词•接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith•也可译为〃说〃，作及物动词后接语言DoyouspeakEnglish/Chinesewin与beat区别:都有〃赢〃的意思win后加物而beat后加的是人，也可译为〃打败〃Imafraidtheywillbeatus.leave;forget©leave可指〃离开”leaveZhengzhouforWuhan离开郑州到武汉

②leave留下；忘记Ileftmybookathome.leave后接地点而forget后无地点如SorryIforgotthemoney.takebringfetch与carry:都译为〃拿〃♦take〃拿走〃，从说话人处带到另一处Couldyoutaketherubbishoutwhenyouleave♦bring〃带来，从另一处带到说话人处Donftforgettobringyourhomeworkheretomorrow.♦get〃去拿来〃，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。