2014中考英语语法复习课件

2014Middle SchoolEntranceExaminationEnglish GrammarReviewCourseware目录•introduction•noun•Article•pronoun•adjectives and adverbs目录•Tenses andVoices•Non finiteverbs•Prepositions andconjunctions•Sentence structureand types01introductionPurpose andbackground•目的和背景随着中高考改革的推进，英语学科的考试越来越注重对学生实际语言运用能力的考查为了帮助学生更好地应对考试，本课程旨在系统地梳理和巩固英语语法知识，提高学生在实际语境中运用语法的能力Review scopeand content•复习范围和内容本课程涵盖了初中英语语法的各个方面，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等词类以及句子的基本结构、时态、语态等通过大量的例句和练习，帮助学生深入理解语法规则，提高语言运用能力02nounCountable anduncountable nounsCountablenounsNouns thatcan be counted andhavea plural form.Example:apple can be apples.Uncountable nounsNouns that cannotbecountedorhave apluralform.Example:milkcannot bemilks.Possessive caseof nounsPossessivenounsNounsthat show possessionor ownership.Formed byadding-s totheend of the noun.Example:Johns book.Plural possessivenounsFormed byaddingor sto theend of the pluralnoun.Example:boys toysor dogstails.Nouns as attributives•Nouns asattributives:When a noun is used to modify anothernoun.Example:apple treethe treethatproduces apples.03ArticleThe usage of the indefinite articlea/anGeneral usageTheindefinite articlea or an is used tointroduce anoun that is notspecificor identified.It indicatesthat the noun refersto amember of a classor type,rather thana specificindividual.Before vowelsWhenthe firstletter of anounis avowel e.g.,apple,umbrella,the indefinitearticlean is used insteadof a.ExceptionSome nouns that beginwith aconsonant soundare followed by aninstead ofa,such asan houroranhonest man.The usage of thedefinite articletheGeneral usageThedefinite articlethe isused tointroduce anoun thatis specificor identified.It indicatesthat the nounrefers to a specificindividual or thing.Common usageThedefinite articleis often used infront ofnounsthat are consideredcommon knowledgeor arewell-known,such as the sunor theUnited States.ExceptionSome nounsthat areusually precededby thecan also be usedwithout it,especially in casualspeech orwriting.For example,I sawthe movielast nightcan beshortened toI sawthemovie lastnight.Omission of articles0102General usageExampleOmission of articles isoften usedincasualspeech orwriting,In the sentence Iwant toeat pizza,theindefinitearticle aespeciallywhen the context is clear and the meaningis isomitted,but itisclearthat thespeaker meansa pizza,notunambiguous.the pizza.04pronounPersonal pronounsHeYouused to refer toa maleperson Sheusedas theobject ofa verb orpreposition toexpress theused torefer toa femalelistener or someonebeing personaddressedIItused asthe subjectofa verb used torefertoa thing ortoexpress thespeaker animalPossessivepronouns010203His HersItsused to show possessionused to show possessionused toshow possessionbya maleperson bya femaleperson byathingor animalDemonstrativepronouns02used to point out a person,Thatthing,or idea01This used topointoutaperson,thing,or ideaat adistance orin the pastIndefinitepronounsOneused asa subject or objectinplace ofa specificperson orthingYouusedin placeofa specificperson orthing addressed05adjectives and adverbsUsage and Position ofAdjective•Summary:Adjectives are used todescribe ormodifynouns or pronouns,providing more specificinformation about them.They canappear beforeorafter the noun,depending onthe adjectivesmeaningand thecontext.Usage and Position ofAdjectiveDetailDescriptive adjectives:These adjectivesprovide informationaboutthecharacteristics of thenounorpronoun,such asbeautiful,big,or happy.They usuallyappear beforethenoun,but ifthe adjectivecomes after thenoun,it modifiesaspecificfeature orquality ofthenoun.Usage andPosition ofAdjectiveLimiting adjectivesTheseadjectives areused toidentify aspecific groupor subsetofanounor pronoun,such asChinese,American,or European.They usuallyappearafter thenoun.Order ofAdjectivesWhen multipleadjectives areused tomodify anoun,they shouldbearranged in a logicaland grammaticallycorrect order,usually indescendingorder ofimportance andspecificity.The UsageandPosition of Adverbs•Summary:Adverbs areused tomodify verbs,adjectives,or otheradverbs,providing morespecificinformation abouttheir meaning.They canappearbefore or afterthe verboradjective,depending onthecontext.The UsageandPositionof Adverbs•Detail•Modifying Verbs:Adverbs canbe used tomodify the meaningof verbs,making themmorespecificor precise.For example,She runsquicklymeans that she runsatafast speed.•Modifying Adjectives:Adverbs canalsobeused tomodify themeaningof adjectives,providing morespecific informationabout theirqualityor characteristics.For example,She isextremely beautifulmeansthat sheis exceptionallybeautiful.•PositionofAdverbs:Adverbs canappear beforeoraftertheverboradjective theymodify,depending onthecontextandtheemphasisdesired.For example,She beautifullysings meansthatshesings in abeautiful way,with emphasison hersinging ability.The comparativeand superlativeforms ofadjectivesand adverbs•Summary:Comparative and superlative formsareused to compare twoor morepeople orthingsin termsof similarityor difference.Comparative forms areusedtocomparetwothings,while superlativeformsareused tocomparemore thantwo things and determinewhichone isthe bestor worst.The comparativeandsuperlativeforms ofadjectivesand adverbs•Detail•Comparative Forms:Comparative formsof adjectivesandadverbsusethe suffix-eror-ier forsome wordstoshowcomparisonbetween two things.For example,bigger,smaller,faster,andslower arecomparative formsthatshowcomparison betweentwothings.•Superlative Forms:Superlative formsof adjectivesandadverbsuse thesuffix-est formost wordstoshowcomparison amongmore thantwothingsanddetermine whichone isthe bestor worst.For example,biggest,smallest,fastest,and slowestare superlativeforms thatshowcomparison amongmore thantwothings.06Tenses andVoicesPresent tensePresentsimpleIt isusedto talk aboutgeneral truths,habits andsituationsthat areongoing atthe momentof speaking.Present continuousIt isusedto talk about anaction thatis ongoingat themomentof speakingor willbe ongoing in thenearfuture.Past tenseSimplepastIt isusedto talk about an actionthathappened andfinished in thepast.Past continuousIt isusedtotalkaboutanactionthat wasongoinginthe pastat aparticulartime.Future tenseWill/shallIt isusedtotalkabout future actions that havenot beenplanned.Going toIt isusedtotalkaboutfutureactionsthathave beenplanned.Passive voice0102The passivevoice isused whenthe subjectofthesentence isItisformed byusing theauxiliary verbto bereceivingthe actionrather thanperforming it.am/is/are/was/were andthe pastparticiple ofthe mainverb.07Non finiteverbsInfinitiveInfinitive isthe basicform ofa verb,without anyauxiliaryverbs ortense markers.Itisoften usedas thesubjector complementinasentence.Infinitive canbe eitheractive orpassive.For example,Iwant togo activeand Hewas seento runpassive.GerundGerund isa verbform thatends in-ing andfunctionsasanoun.Itisoftenusedasthesubject orobjectofasentence.Gerunds canbe eitheractive orpassive.For example,Swimming ismy favoriteexercise activeand Sheenjoysbeing complimentedpassive.participleParticiple isaverbform thatis neitherinfinitive norgerund.It functionsasan adjectiveor adverbinasentence.Participle canbe eitherpresent orpast.For example,The runningmanwas tiredpresent participle as adjectiveand Havingfinished thework,he wenthome pastparticipleasadjective.08Prepositions andconjunctionsTheusageofprepositionsTime Placeat,on,in,during,before,after infront of,behind,next to,between,above,belowDirection orPosition Causeor Reasoninto,out of,along,towards,overbecause of,due to,thanks toTheusageofconjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctionsand,but,or,so,forSubordinating Conjunctionsafter,before,since,until,whenCorrelative Conjunctionseither...or...,neither...nor...,both...and...,as wellasThe differenceand connectionbetweenprepositional phrasesand conjunctive phrasesDifference ConnectionPrepositionalphrases describethe Prepositionscanbeused inrelationshipbetween nounsand conjunctivephrases to connect twootherparts ofthesentence,while VSclauses or sentences.For example,conjunctivephrasesconnect twoHe leftbecause ofthe rainuses theclausesorsentences.preposition becauseof asaconjunctive phrasetoconnecttwoclauses.09Sentence structureandtypesSubject andPredicateSubject PredicateTheperson orthing thatperforms theThe actionor statedescribed bytheaction,e.g.,I run.subject:I verb,e.g.,I run.predicate:runObject andcomplementObjectThe personorthingthat receivesthe action,e.g.,I givehim abook.object:himComplementThe elementthat completesthe meaningofthesubjectorobject,e.g.,She isateacher.complement:teacherAdverbials andattributivesAdverbials AttributivesModifythe meaningoftheverb,Describe ormodifythesubject oradjective,or anotheradverb,e.g.,She object,e.g.,The maninthehatismysings beautifully.adverbial:father.attributive:inthehatbeautifullyThe differenceand connectionbetween coordinatesentencesand compoundsentences要点一要点二Coordinate sentencesCompound sentencesSentences that are grammatically equaland areSentencesthataregrammaticallyunequal andarejoined byconjunctions likeand,but,or or,e.g.,joined bya commafollowedbya conjunctionlikeI likeapples,but mysister prefersoranges.and orbut,e.g.,I likeapples,and mysisterprefers oranges.THANKS。