学生stylistic-Features-of-academic-writing

Chapter oneStylistic Featuresof academic writingExample1Capital is a complexnotion.There aremany Capitalis adifficult thingto understand.Wedefinitions of the worditself,and capitalas appliedin canexplain it in differentways,and inaccountingcan beviewed conceptuallyfrom a number accountingwe canlook atit fromdifferentof standpoints;that is,there islegal capital,financial angles.Accountants talkabout legalcapital,capital and physical capital.The applicationof financialcapital andphysical capital.How wefinancial andphysical concepts of capital is not applyfinancialandphysicalconceptsofstraightforward as there arevarious permutationsofcapitalisn*t easybecause people in businesstheseconcepts appliedin thebusiness environment...use itdifferently...six mainfeatures of academicwriting:andresponsibility.complexity,formality,objectivity,explicitness,hedging,Example

21.Complexity

1.1Lexical complexity

1.

1.1Complex Formationof Wordse.g.verbs+prefix-^verbPrefix MeaningExamplere-again orbackrestructure,revisit,reappear,rebuild,refinancedisappear,disallow,disarm,disconnect,dis-reverses the meaning of the verbdiscontinueover-too muchoverbook,oversleep,overworkun-reverses themeaning of the verbunbend,uncouple,unfastenmis-badly orwrongly mislead,misinform,misidentifyout-more orbetter thanothers outperform,outbidbe-make orcause befriend,belittleco-together co-exist,co-operate,co-ownde-do theopposite ofdevalue,deselectfore-earlier,before foreclose,foreseeinter-between interact,intermix,interface4Explicitnessflow

4.1Signaling wordsatfirst,eventually,finally,first,firstly,in theend,in the first place,in theTime/ordersecond place,lastly,later,next,second,secondly,to beginwithin comparison,in the same way,similarlyComparison/similar ideasbut,despite,in spiteof,even so,however,in contrast,in spiteof this,Contrast/opposite ideasnevertheless,on thecontrary,on theother hand,still,whereas,yetCause andeffectaccordingly,as aconsequence,as aresult,because,because of this,consequently,for thisreason,hence,in consequence,in order to,owing tothis,since,so,so that,therefore,thusExamples forexample,for instance,such as,thus,as followsas a rule,for the most part,generally,in general,normally,on thewhole,inGeneralisationmost cases,usuallyafter all,as onemight expect,clearly,it goeswithout saying,naturally,Stating theobviousobviously,of course,surelyadmittedly,certainly,fortunately,luckily,oddly enough,strangely enough,Attitudeundoubtedly,unfortunatelyfinally,in brief,in conclusion,in short,overall,so,then,to conclude,toSummary/conclusionsum upinother words,namely,or rather,that isto say,this means,to bemoreExplanation/equivalenceprecise,to putit anotherwayapart fromthis,as well as,besides,furthermore,in addition,moreover,nor,Additionnot only...but also,too,what ismoreCondition inthat case,thenSupport actually,as amatter offact,in fact,indeedContradiction actually,as amatter offact,in factEmphasischiefly,especially,in detail,in particular,mainly,notably,particularlyExercise1Fill in the blankusing propersignaling words

1.——the freemenof bothtown andcountry hadan organization and atype of property whichstillretained something of thecommunal aswell as somethingof the private,but in the towna radicaltransformationwas taking place.the groupdid manageto buysome landin avillage notfar fromLondon,but theproject hadto beabandonedwhen thevillagers zonedtheir landagainst agriculturaluse.,there havebeen numerouswomen altogetheroutside theprofession,who werereformers dedicatedtocreating alternatives.1went tosee theeditor of the Dispatch.There aretwo reasons.I have no evidencewhatever that the originaldocument has beendestroyed.,several firmsundertook penicillinproduction ona massivescale,but hardlyany evercame toFloreyhimself for the clinicaltrials which he wasdesperate toextend.If wetry to analyse theconception ofpossession,we findtwo elements.,it involvessomeactual powerof controlover thething possessed.,it involvessome intentionto maintainthatcontrol on the partof thepossessor.,we may notice thateven awrongful possession,if continuedfor a certain lengthof time,matures intowhatmay be,for practicalpurposes,indistinguishable fromownership.she wentup to the office.,rd liketo showyou somepictures.And,this kind of policydoes nothelp tocreate jobs.He wasfirst ofall anabsolute idiot,andhe waspretty dishonest.,the ratiobetween attackersand defenderswas roughlythe same.

2.The vastmajority of social encountersare,,mild andmuted affairs.Every babysface isdifferent from every others.,every babyspattern ofdevelopment isdifferentfromeveryothers.You shouldnotify anychange ofaddress to the Bondsand StockOffice.,savingscertificates shouldbe re-registered with the PostOffice.

3.In1950oil suppliedonly about10%of ourtotal energyconsumption;now itsup toabout40%and stillrising.the differencein theirages they were closefriends.This couldlead youup someblind alleys.,there isno realcause forconcern.The moreI talkedthe moresilent Eliotbecame.,I leftthinking that I hadcreated quiteanimpression.My fatheralways hadpoor health.,he was always cheerful.He hadnot sleptthat night.,he ledthe rallywith hisusual vigour.I havenever beenan enemyof monarchy.,I considermonarchies essentialfor thewell-being ofnew nations.John hadgreat difficultiesplaying cricket.But,he was an awfullygood rugbyplayer.Hes treatedyou badly.hes yourbrother andyou shouldhelp him.Everything aroundhim wasblown topieces,the ministerescaped without a scratch.

4.She complainedof stiffnessin herjoints.she wasadmitted tohospital forfurther tests.The redcross hasnot beenallowed toinspect thecamps,andlittle isknown about them.The ColdWar hasended.the twomajor worldpowers havebeen ableto reducetheir armsbudgetsdramatically.Many roadsare flooded.there arelong delays.these werethe onlyfilms wedseen of these people,we gotthe impressionthat theydid nothingelse butdanceto classicalmusic.The cost of runningthe clubhas increased.,we mustask ourmembers tocontribute moreeachweek.Japan hasa massivetrade surplus with therest of the world.it canafford togive moremoney to theThird World.The trafficwas veryheavy.he waslate.The computerhas becomesmaller andcheaper andmoreavailable to a greaternumber ofpeople.The fastestthese animalscan runis about65kph andtheirhunting methodshave to bevery efficientindeed.They arelearning Englishtheycan studya particularsubject.He hadto hurryreachthe nextplace onthis schedule.The rainwas terrible.,the matchwas cancelled.He speaksvery littleEnglish,I talkedto himthrough aninterpreter.You takesome of the honeyand replaceit withsugarthe beeshave somethingto eat.Im nota memberof theChurch ofEngland myself.it wouldbe ratherimpertinent ofme toexpressan opinion.If I am toaccept certainlimitations onmy freedom,I must be assuredthat othersare acceptingthe samerestraints.,an incomespolicy hasto becontrolled ifit isto beeffective.

5.Many countriesare threatenedby earthquakes.,Mexico andJapan havelarge onesthiscentury.Not allprices haveincreased sodramatically.Compare,,the priceof oilin1980and thepricenow.There aremany reasonswhy theinvasion failed,the lackofproperfood and the shortageofammunition.Plants aswell asstones can be charms.The GuyanaIndians havemany plantcharms,each onehelping tocatcha certainkindofanimal.The leavesof theplant usuallylook likethe animalit issupposed tohelp tocatch.the charmfor catchingdeer hasa leafwhich lookslike deerhorns.

6.Generalisation,the lessimportant tanexecutive is,the morestatus-conscious heis likely to be.For the most partTheNew Guineaforest is,,dark andwet.The industrialprocesses,1,are basedon man-made processes.NormallyMeetings areheldthree orfour timesa year.One ortwo wereall rightbutI used to hategoing tolectures.Shefound iteasy to go tosleep atnight.

7.Stating theobviousThere are,,several othermethods forcarrying outthe research.After allThey did notexpect heavylosses in the air.1they hadsuperb aircraft.,there isno pointin continuingthis investigationuntil we have moreevidence.It goeswithout sayingthatIamgrateful forall yourhelp.,publishers arehesitant aboutcommitting largesums ofmoneytosuch arisky project.,I dontneed to say howimportant thisproject is.There isanelement oftruth in this argument.In definingan ideology,the claimswhich seekto legitimatepolitical andsocial authorityareas importantas thenotion ofauthority itself.

8.Attitude,economists oftendisagree amongeach other.Ellie wasastudent at the universitybut Im not sureabout herbrother.such occurrencesare fairlyrare.,Saturday wasa fineday.,it wasthrough himthatImet Carson.It has,,only recentlybeen discovered.,many familiesare victimsof badhousing.He couldn*t waitto tellJudy.,she hadalready leftfor work.

9.Let*s cometo the questionof pensions.then,do youtwo wantto joinmelet mesuggest anumber ofpractical applications.9,the reportsays moremoney shouldbe spenton education.,imports accountfor halfour stock.if awoman didleave thehome,she wasonly supposedto concernherself withmatters pertainingtodomestic life.The importanceof education,,hasbeeninfinitely greaterthan inprevious centuries.,Fd liketosaythank youto everyonewho hasworked sohard tomake thisconference possible.,we cannothope forgreater successunless weidentify ourneeds clearly.

10.——,although theact ofdonating bloodwould increasethe chances of thedonor dying,this increasewassmall comparedwiththeincrease in the recipientschancesofsurviving.NamelyHe couldnot doany thingmore thanwhat hehad promised,to lookafter Charlottesestate....three famousphysicists,——,Simon,Kurte andMendelsohn.The accounthere offeredis meantasabeginning ofan answerto thatquestion.it contributesbysetting the question in a certainway.The Romansleft Britainin410ADEngland wasa Romandependency fornearly500years.With syphilis and gonorrhoea,the agesare alsorecorded,and that an accuratemap ofdiseaseprevalence can be drawnand anytrends orchanges canbe recognizedvery quickly.These reformsof Justinianin AD529proclaim that they areimposing asingle natureon trustsandlegacies or,,imposing iton legateesand trustbeneficiaries.He wasbeing heldthere againsthis will.——,he wasa prisoner.

11.Sugar isbad foryour teeth.It can—contribute toheart disease.Eccleshall andHonderich findcommon causein adesire to establish theideological natureofConservative thought,but theirapproaches to the study of Conservativismare verydifferent.Marx andEngels,many of their contemporaries,believed thatpastoralism predatedagriculture.——being goodtest cases,Locke obviouslyfinds theseideas intrinsicallyinteresting too.Computer chessgames arestill abit expensive,but they are gettingcheaper allthe time.their chess-playing strengthis rising.Our surveywill producethe essentialstatistics.,it willprovide informationabout peoplesshoppinghabits.The drughas powerfulside-effects.——,it canbe addictive.I couldnot affordto eatin restaurants.——could anyoneI knew.I couldn*t understanda wordthey said,could theyunderstand me.Meissner wascommanderof the armya closefriend of the President.Evans was not onlyour doctor.He wasa friend.,more machineswill meanfewer jobs.

12.Of coursethe experimentmay failandwe willhave tostart again.Sometimes thecomputer systembreaks down.youll haveto workon paper.

13.The companyis doingvery well.,wehavedoubled oursales budget.The winterof1940was extremelybad.---most peoplesay itwas theworst winterof theirlives.This acthasfailed tobring womensearnings upto thesame level.the gulfis widening.They continueto workthroughout theirshort life.——it isoverwork whicheventually killsthem.

14.There aremany storieswhich describewolves asdangerous,blood thirstyanimals,butthey preferto avoidhuman beings.I thoughthe couldspeak thelanguage fluently.,that wasn*tthe case at all.

15.How quicklyyou recoverfrom anoperationdepends onyour generalstate ofhealth.The experimentwasnota success,because themachine toolswere ofpoor quality.EspeciallyThey donttrust anyone,peopleinour position.Imnotattracted toSociology,the wayits taughthere.The implicationsof thistheory areexaminedin chapter

12.,he wascriticised forpursuing apolicy ofconciliation andreform.The politicalgroup willhave morepower,because of their largenumbers.Some people,his businessassociates,had learnedto ignorehis moods.The organisationhad manyenemies,mostamong feminists.Many animalsources ofprotein arealso goodsources ofiron.useful areliver,kidney,heart,beef,sardines,pilchards redfish generally,and shellfish,including musselsand cockles.Exercise2Identify andclassify thesignaling wordsin the following paragraph.To beginwith,it isnecessary toconsider thelong-term implicationsof thedecision toincrease ourdependenceon permanent staff inour restaurants.For example,let ussay wedo goahead.In thiscase,ourreliance onhourly-paid staff will decrease.As aresult,costs willreduce,as permanentstaff arecheaperthan hourly-paid staff.In fact,it is not necessarilythecase,especially asthere isno wayof knowingwhatthe relativecosts ofhourly-paid staffand permanentstaffwillbe inten years*time.However,asarulehourly permanentstaff aremore reliablethan full-time staffand this isagenuine advantage.As aconsequenceof thesetwo advantages,permanentstaffwould seemto bea betteroption.In otherwords,theyarecheaper andmore reliableso theyare better.In thatcase,it isnot necessaryto hesitate.Naturally,nothing isso simple.In short,cost isan unknownfactor andthemosteconomical choiceisnotknown.Exercise3In thefollowing articleon NuclearHazards thesignaling words and phrasesare missing.Replacethem andcheck youranswers.There arethree separatesources ofhazard relatedto the use ofnuclear reactionsto supplyuswithenergy.,the radioactivematerial musttravel fromits placeof manufacturetothe power station.thepower stationsthemselves are solidly built,the containersused for the transportofthematerial arenot.,there arenormallyonly twomethods oftransport available,road orrail,and bothoftheseinvolve closecontact withthegeneral public,the routesare boundto passnear,or eventhrough,heavily populatedareas.,there istheproblem ofwaste.All nuclearpower stationsproduce wasteswhich inmost caseswill remainradioactivefor thousandsof years.It isimpossible tode-activate thesewastes,and theymust bestored inone oftheingenious butcumbersome waysthatscientists haveinvented.they maybe buriedunder theground,dropped intodisused mineshafts,orsunk in the sea.these methodsdo notsolve the problem;they merelystore it,an earthquakecould crackopenthe containerslike nuts.there istheproblem of accidentalexposure duetoaleak oran explosionatthepowerstation.As withtheother twohazards,thisisextremely unlikelyand doesnot providea seriousobjectiontothenuclear programme,it canhappen,astheinhabitants ofHarrisburg willtell you.Separately,and duringshort periods,these threetypes ofrisk areno greatcause forconcern.Takentogether,,and especiallyover muchlonger periods,the probabilityofadisaster isextremely high.

4.2Cohesion5HedgingLanguage usedin hedging:seem,tend,look like,appear to be,think,believe,doubt,be sure,indicate,Introductory verbssuggestCertainlexical verbsbelieve,assume,suggestCertain modalverbs will,must,would,may,might,couldAdverbs offrequency often,sometimes,usuallyModal adverbscertainly,definitely,clearly,probably,possibly,perhaps,conceivablyModal adjectivescertain,definite,clear,probable,possibleModal nounsassumption,possibility,probabilityIt couldbe thecase that.That clausesItmight besuggested that.There isevery hopethat.It maybe possible to obtain.To-clause+adjectiveIt isimportant todevelop.It isuseful tostudy.Exercise1:HedgingIdentify thehedging expressionsin thefollowing sentences.

1.There isno difficultyin explaininghow astructure such asaneye ora feathercontributes tosurvivaland reproduction;the difficultyis inthinking ofa seriesof stepsby which it couldhave arisen.

2.For example,it ispossibletosee thatin Januarythis personweighed

60.8kg foreight days,

3.For example,it maybe necessaryforthespider toleave thebranch onwhichit is standing,climb upthestem,and walkout alonganother branch.

4.Escherichia coli,when foundin conjunctionwith urethritis,often indicateinfection higherin theuro-genital tract.

5.There isexperimental workto showthataweek orten daysmaynotbe longenough anda fortnighttothree weeksis probablythe besttheoretical period.

6.Conceivably,different forms,changing atdifferent ratesand showingcontrasting combinationsofcharacteristics,were presentin differentareas.

7.One possibilityis thatgeneralized latentinhibition islikelyto be weakerthan thatproduced bypre-exposure tothe CSitself andthus ismore likelyto besusceptible tothe effectofthelong interval.

8.For ourpresent purpose,itisuseful todistinguish twokinds ofchemical reaction,according towhetherthe reactionreleases energyor requiresit.

9.It appearstoestablishthree categories:thefirstcontains wordingsgenerally agreedtobeacceptable,thesecond wordingswhich appearto havebeen atsome timeproblematic butare nowacceptable,andthethirdwordings whichremain inadmissible.

6.ResponsibilityIn academicwriting youmust beresponsible for,and mustbe ableto provideevidence andjustificationfor,any claimsyou make.You arealso responsiblefor demonstratingan understandingof anysourcetexts youuse.This isdone byparaphrasing andsummarising whatyou readand acknowledgingthesource ofthis informationor ideasby asystem ofcitationpre-before pre-expose,prejudge,pretestsub-under/below subcontract,subdividetrans-across,over transform,transcribe,transplantunderfund,undersell,undervalue,under-not enoughunderdevelope.g.Suffix usedto formverbs withthemeaning“cause tobe”.Suffix Example-ise stabilise,characterise,symbolise,visualise,specialise-ate differentiate,liquidate,pollinate,duplicate,fabricate-fy classify,exemplify,simplify,justify-en awaken,fasten,shorten,moistenThe mostcommon prefixesusedtoform newnouns in academic Englishare:co-and sub-.The mostcommonsuffixes are:-tion,-ity,-er,-ness,-ism,-ment,-ant,-ship,-age,-ery.By farthemostcommonnoun affixin academicEnglish is-tion.e.g.noun+prefix-nounPrefix MeaningExamplesanti-against anticlimax,antidote,antithesisauto-self autobiography,automobilebi-two bilingualism,biculturalism,bi-metalismco-joint co-founder,co-owner,co-descendantcounter-against counter-argument,counter-example,counter-proposaldis-the converseof discomfort,dislikeex-former ex-chairman,ex-hunterhyper-extreme hyperinflation,hypersurfacein-the converseof inattention,incoherence,incompatibilityin-inside inpatient,inter-between interaction,inter-change,interferencekilo-thousand kilobytemal-bad malfunction,maltreatment,malnutritionmega-million megabytemis-wrong misconduct,misdeed,mismanagementmini-small mini-publication,mini-theorymono-one monosyllable,monograph,monogamyneo-new neo-colonialism,neo-impressionismout-separate outbuilding,poly-many polysyllablepseudo-false pseudo-expertre-again re-organisation,re-assessment,re-examinationsemi-half semicircle,semi-darknesssub-below subset,subdivisionsuper-more than,above superset,superimposition,superpowerssur-over andabove surtaxtele-distant telecommunications,tri-three tripartismultra-beyond ultrasoundunder-below,too littleunderpayment,under-development,undergraduatevice-deputy vice-presidente.g.Suffix addedtoaverb V,noun Nor adjectiveA—3nounSuffix MeaningExample-tion action/instance of V-ing alteration,demonstration-ity stateor qualityof beingA ability,similarity,responsibilityperson who V-ssomethingused forV-ing advertiser,driver computer,silencer-erperson concernedwith Nastronomer,geographer-ness stateor qualityof beingA darkness,preparedness,consciousness-ism doctrineof NMarxism,Maoism,Thatcherismdevelopment,punishment,-ment action/instance ofV-ingunemployment-ant/-ent personwhoV-s assistant,consultant,student-ship stateof beingN friendship,citizenship,leadershipbaggage,plumage breakage,wastage,-age collectionof Naction/result ofVpackage-ery/-ry action/instance ofV-ingplaceofV-ing bribery,robbery,misery refinery,bakeryMany adjectivesare formedfrom abase ofa differentclass with a suffixe.g.-less,-ous.Adjectives canalsobe formedfrom otheradjectives,especially bythe negativeprefixes un-,in-and non-.The mostcommonsuffixes are-al,-ent,-ive,-ous,-ful,-less.e.g.Suffix addedto verbsor nouns—adjectiveSuffix Examples-al central,political,national,optional,professional-ent different,dependent,excellent-ive attractive,effective,imaginative,repetitive-OUS continuous,dangerous,famous-ful beautiful,peaceful,careful-less endless,homeless,careless,thoughtless-able drinkable,countable,avoidable,e.g.negative+adjective—adjectivePrefix Examplesun-unfortunate,uncomfortable,unjustim-/in-/ir-/il-immature,impatient,improbable,inconvenient,irreplaceable,illegalnon-non-fiction,non-political,non-neutraldis-disloyal,dissimilar,dishoneste.g.base withboth prefixand suffix-able-tion-live-ment-arUncomfortableunavoidableun-unimaginativeunforgettablemisjudgementmis-misinformationmismanagementrealignmentrecoverablere-reformulation reproductiverepaymentrecyclableincoordinationinactivein-irreplaceableinattention inoperativedis-disconnection disappointmentsemi-semiconductive semi-circular

1.

1.2Technical words

1.

1.3Nominalisation

1.2At theintra-clausal level

1.

2.1Noun-based phrases

1.

2.2Lexical densityYou can controlthe trainsthis wayand ifyou dothat youcanbequite surethat theyllbe ableto runmoresafely andmore quicklythan theywould otherwise,no matterhow badthe weathergets,with atypicalwritten variant:

1.

2.3Modification ofnoun-phrasesThe useofthismethod ofcontrol unquestionablyleads tosafer andadjectivefastertrain runningin themost adverseweather conditions.ed-participle abalanced budget,the emittedlightPremodifiering-participle onestriking featureoftheyears1929-31,existing structuresapplicationareas,performance characteristics,data transmissionnounsystems,high precisioninstrumentrelative clausestudents whohavenoprevious experienceto-clausesthe solutiontotheproblemofinflation,the questiontobedebateding-clauses Adirect currentisacurrent flowingalways inthesamedirection.ed-clauses Theresults obtainedmustbechecked.prepositional weneed tobring tothe boxa specialtool witha ready-compressedPostmodifierphrase springtheroad back,the peopleoutsideadverbphraseadjective Theforces dueto frictionare calledfrictional forces.phrase Inthis factorythe onlyfuel availableis coal.

1.

2.4Subordinate clauses

1.

2.5Passive verbs

2.FormalityExercise1Avoiding informallanguageIdentify theinformal expressionsinthefollowing sentences.Rewrite thefollowing sentences,replacing theinformal expressionswitha more formal equivalent.

1.With womenespecially,there isa lotofsocialpressure toconform toacertainphysical shape.

2.Significantly,even atthis latedate,Lautrec wasconsidered abit conservativeby hispeers.

3.It focusedonasubject thata lotofthebourgeois andupper-class exhibition-going publicregarded asanti-social andanti-establishment.

4.Later Floreygot togetherwith PaulFildes inan experimentalstudyoftheuseof curareto relievetheintractable muscularspasms whichoccur infully developedinfection withtetanus orlockjaw.

5.When apatient isadmitted toa psychiatricinpatient unit,the clinicalteam shouldavoid thetemptationto startspecific treatmentsimmediately.

6.Therefore aftersix monthsthe dieteris behavingaccording toall twenty-six goalsand shehasachieved abig reductionin sugarintake.

7.Modern houseshave somany labour-saving thingsthat itis difficultfortheperson athome tohaveadequate exerciseby doingchores,cooking,and lookingafter afamily.

8.Simply makingthe effortto reclaimthis wastedstuff forfertilizer wouldhave apositive effectongreenhouse releases.

9.It is difficult toimagine exactlywhat ismeant bysaying thatsuchaclassification isnatural asanycollection ofthings couldbe classifiedinthisway.

10.Unfortunately,since therearesomany possibleexplanations,the correctone ismost difficultto findout.

11.These exercisescan easilybe incorporatedinto anexercise routine,with eachexercise done again anumberof times.

12.Fleming didwell inisolating astreptococcus from the cerebrospinalfluid ofthe patient.

13.Effective vaccinesprevent suchhazards,but onlyif asocial organisationmakes surethat allpotentialmothers arevaccinated ingood time.Exercise2:Avoiding abbreviationsRewrite thefollowingsentences,replacing theinformal abbreviatedform witha moreformalequivalent.

1.The radicalrestructuring ofBritish politicsafter1931doest lieintheevents of13-28August,but inthechanging attitudeswithin theNational Government.

2.This isnteasy to do sincemost historianspersist inspeaking ofThe National Government asif thesamesort ofgovernment ruledfrom1931to

1940.

3.The firstNationalGovernmentwasnt intendedtobea coalitiongovernment inthe normalsense oftheterm.

4.These arentatalloriginal orexotic butare basedontheordinary thingsthat most people tendto eat.Exercise3:Avoiding twoword verbs

1.A primaryeducation systemwas setup throughoutIreland asearly as

18312.This willcut downthe amountof drugrequired andso thecostoftreatment.

3.The materialamenities oflife havegone upin Westernsociety.

4.The pressreflected theliving cultureofthepeople;it couldinfluence opinionand reinforceexistingattitudes butit didnot comeup withnew formsof entertainment.

5.Thus,he shouldhave lookedinto howthe patienthas copedpreviously.

6.The aggregateof outstandingbalances wentup anddown quiteviolently.

7.In1947the Treasurybrought upthequestionof excludingSouth Africaand Indiafrom thesterlingarea.

8.Dieters oftenfeel thatthey shouldtotally getrid ofhigh-fat andhigh-sugar foods.

9.Thus whena Gallicbishop in576converted thelocal Jewishcommunity toChristianity,those whoturneddown baptismwere expelledfromthecity.

10.Western scholarsgradually turnedoutacorpus oftranslations fromthe Arabicand studiesof Islam.

11.Ms Tucker,Lord White*s29-year-old companion,has sincetaken herstatement back.

12.Discussion ofthe outcomeof experimentsthat haveused thismethod willbe putoff untilChapter

7.

13.Theydidnot easilyaccept orput upwith differencesin others.

14.My high-school friendsigned upfor threeyears withthearmyso hecould putaway enoughmoneyto goto universityand studylaw.

15.The solitaryfeeding ofinsectivores inforests wastherefore putdown toa foragingstrategy involvingthepursuit ofcryptic andeasily disturbedprey bysingletons.

16.In style,the turntoward abstractionand simplificationcame aboutearliest withAnquetin andBernardand nextwith vanGogh.

17.For Kleinthat cloudlessday neverarrived,but henever gaveup hishope fora justworld.

18.Eventually theIrish partywas forcedtogoback toWestminster.

19.The courtthinks itjust andequitable togive backthe property.

20.The Englishliked coalfires eventhough theydo notalways giveoff muchheat.

21.The storytold byGerman propaganda,however,gave awaynothing ofthe mountinghopelessness ofthe6th Armysposition.

22.These exercisescan easilybe incorporatedinto anexercise routine,with eachdoneagainanumberoftimes.

23.Marx tookas oneof hismain tasksthe understandingof howthis systemcame intobeing andthiswas inordertofind outwhy thissystem hadsuch power.

24.This wasbefore hehad readthe guidelineson howto carryouttheresearch.

25.Still,the pressuretodowellasan individualmade mostwomen believethattheproblems theyencounteredwere probablyoftheirown making.Exercise4It isoften thecase thatformal wordsare longerthan informal words,formal wordsare singlewordsnot multi-wordsandformalwordsare ofFrench/Latin originrather thantheir informalequivalentswhich areof Anglo-Saxon origin.For example:“depart isfrom French/Latin butgo isAnglo-Saxon.Complete thefollowing table:Formal InformalFormal InformalFormal Informalseemintheend amiableclimbat oncewholehelp initiallyenergeticcease intermittentlyfortunatecommence mainlychildishuse repeatedlywrongdecrease nextinferiordemonstrate thereforeinexpensivedepart gounderstanding dimwantdeficiency insanelaidenquireopportunitybackend perspirationresponsibletell houseenoughobtain sightbetterpreserve understandingtransparentreject deficiencyemptyfree opportunitymendperspirationrequire houselivesightretain3ObjectivityExercise1:DrugsRead thefollowing textand rewriteitinamore academic style.Most peopletake drugoverdoses becausethey findthat it*sdifficultto sortout theirproblemsclearly.Thats whyyou shouldtreat yourpatients ina clearway.That meansyou shouldtreat yourpatientsinaway thathelps themto tellthe differencebetween theirproblems andfind waysto dealwiththem.Exercise2Rewritethefollowing paragraphsinamoreacademicstyle.I wouldcall Wagnera subjectiveartist.What Imean isthat hisart hadits sourcein hispersonality;his workwas virtuallyindependent,I alwaysfeel,oftheepoch inwhichhelived.On theother hand,I alwaysconsider Bachan objectiveartist.Youcansee thathe workedonly withtheforms andideas thathis timeproffered him.I donot thinkhe feltany innercompulsion toopen outnewpaths.Exercise3Analyze thestylistic featuresofthefollowing text.Formal TextTheinequity inthe distribution of wealthin Australiais yetanother indicatorof Australiaslack ofegalitarianism.In1995,20%oftheAustralian populationowned

72.2%of Australiaswealth withthetop50%owning

92.1%Raskall,1998:

287.Such asignificant skewinthedistributionofwealthindicates that,at leastin termsof economics,there isan establishedclass systemin Australia.McGregor1988argues thatAustralian societycanbecategorised intothree levels:the Upper,Middle andWorkingclasses.In addition,it hasbeen shownthat mostAustralians continueto remainintheclass intowhichtheywereborn McGregor,1988:156despite argumentsabout theease ofsocial mobilityinAustralian societyFitzpatrick,

1994.The issueof classand itsinherent inequity,however,is furthercompoundedby factorssuch asrace andgender withinand acrossthese classdivisions.The relativedisadvantage ofwomen withregard totheir earningsand levelsof assetownership indicatesthatwithin classesthere isfurther economicinequity basedon gender...Informal TextBecauseonly afew peoplehave mostofthemoney andpower inAustralia,I concludethat itisnotanequal society.Society hasan Upper,Middle andLower classand Ithink thatmostpeoplewhen theyareborn intoone class,end upstaying inthat classfor theirwhole lives.When allthree classesare lookedatmore closely,other thingssuch asthe differencesbetween thesexes andpeoples racialbackgrounds alsoaddtotheunequal natureof Australiansociety.Women earnless than men andown lessthanmen.Why isthis so。