TOEFL托福阅读真题

TOEFL托福阅读真题为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧托福阅读真题1PASSAGE13Any rockthat hascooled andsolidified froma moltenstateis anigneous rock.Therefore,if the Earth beganasa superheatedsphere inspace,all therocks makingup itscrustmay wellhave beenigneous andthus theancestors ofallother rocks.Even today,approximately95percent of theentire crustis igneous.Periodically,molten materialwellsout of the Earthsinterior to invade the surface layersorto flowonto thesurface itself.This materialcools into awide variety of igneous rocks.In themolten state,it iscalledmagma asit pushesinto the crust andlava whenit runsoutonto thesurface.All magmaconsists basicallyof avarietyofsilicateminerals highin silicon-oxygen compounds,but the chemicalcomposition of any givenflow maydiffer radicallyfrom thatofany other.The resultingCpoliticianD advertisement

8.According to the passage,as comparedwith televisedspeeches,traditional politicaldiscoursewas moresuccessful atAallowing newscoverage ofpolitical candidatesBplacing political issues within a historicalcontextC makingpolitics seemmore intimateto citizensDproviding detailedinformation about a candidatesprivatebehavior

9.The authorstates thatpoliticians assertbut donotargue line18in orderto suggestthatpoliticiansA makeclaims withoutproviding reasonsfor theclaimsB takestronger positionson issuesthan in the pastCenjoy explainingthe issueto broadcastersDdislike havingto explain their ownpositions onissuesto citizens

10.The wordReliance in line21is closestinmeaning toAabundanceB clarificationCdependenceD information

11.The purposeof paragraph4is tosuggest thatApoliticians willneed tolearn to become morepersonalwhen meetingcitizensB politicianswho areconsidered veryattractive arefavoredby citizensover politicianswho areless attractiveCcitizens tendto favora politicianwho analyzedtheissue overone whodoes notDcitizens willneed tolearn howto evaluatevisualpolitical imagesin orderto becomebetterinformed

12.According toparagraph5,staged politicalevents arecreatedso thatpoliticians canAcreate more time todiscuss politicalissuesB obtainmore televisioncoverage forthemselvesC spendmoretimetalking tocitizens inpersonD engagesin debateswith theiropponents

13.Which of the followingstatements issupportedby the passage APolitical presentationstoday aremore likeadvertisementsthan in the past.B Politicianstoday tendtobemore familiarwith theviewsof citizensthan in the past.C Citizenstoday areless informedaboutapoliticianscharacter thanin thepast.D Politicalspeeches todayfocus moreon detailsaboutissues thanin thepast.托福阅读真题3PASSAGE15Fungi,of whichthere areover100,000species,includingyeasts andother single-celled organismsas well as thecommonmolds andmushrooms,were formerlyclassified asmembers oftheplant kingdom.However,in realitythey are very differentfromplants andtoday theyare placedin aseparate groupaltogether.The principalreason forthis isthat noneof thempossesseschlorophyll,and since they cannotsynthesize theirowncarbohydrates,they obtain their supplieseither fromthebreakdown ofdead organic matter orfrom otherlivingorganisms.Furthermore the walls of fungal cellsare notmadeof cellulose,as those of plantsare,but ofanother complexsugarlike polymercalled chitin,the materialfrom whichthehard outerskeletons ofshrimps,spiders,and insectsare made.The differencebetween thechemical compositionof thecellwalls offungi andthoseofplants isof enormousimportancebecause itenables thetips of the growinghyphae,thethreadlike cellsof the fungus,to secrete enzymes thatbreakdown thewalls ofplant cellswithout havingany effectonthose ofthefungusitself.It isthese cellulose-destroyingenzymes thatenable fungito attackanything madefrom wood,wood pulp,cotton,flax,or otherplant material.The destructivepower offungi isimpressive.They areamajor cause of structuraldamage tobuilding timbers,acause ofdisease inanimals andhumans,and oneofthegreatestcauses ofagricultural losses.Entire cropscan bewiped outbyfungal attacksboth beforeand afterharvesting.Some fungicangrow at+50C,while o°thers cangrow at-5C,so ev°en foodin coldstorage maynot becompletely safefrom them.On theother hand,fungi bring about thedecomposition ofdeadorganic matter,thus enrichingthe soiland returningcarbondioxide tothe atmosphere.They alsoenter into a numberofmutually beneficialrelationships withplants andotherorganisms.In addition,fungi arethe sourceof manyof themostpotent antibioticsused inclinical medicine,includingpenicillin.

1.What doesparagraph1mainly discussAdifferences betweensimple andcomplex fungiBfunctions ofchlorophyll inplantsC functionsof sugarin thewalls offungal cellsDdifferences betweenfungi andplants

2.Which ofthe followingis mentionedas amajor changeinhow scientistsapproach thestudy offungiA Fungiare nolonger classifiedas plantsBSome single-cell organismsare nolonger classifiedasfungi.C Newmethods ofspecies identificationhave beenintroducedDTheories aboutthechemical composition offungihave beenrevised.

3.The wordprincipal in line4is closestin meaningtoAtrueB mainClogicalD obvious

4.According tothe passage,how dofungi obtaincarbohydratesAThe absorbcarbohydrates fromtheir owncell walls.B Theysynthesize chlorophyllto producecarbohydrates.C Theyproduce carbohydratesby breakingdown chitin.D Theyacquire carbohydratesfrom otherorganicmatter,both livingand dead.

5.The passagementions shrimps,spiders,and insectsin line9because theirskeletonsA canbe destroyedby fungiBhave unusualchemical compositionsCcontain amaterial found in thewalls offungalcellsD secretethe sameenzymes asthewallsoffungalcellsdo

6.Which ofthe followingterms isdefined inthepassage Achlorophyll line5B polymerline8C hyphaeline12D enzymesline

147.The wordthose inline13refers toAtipsB hyphaeCenzymesD walls

8.Fungi haveall ofthe followingcharacteristics EXCEPTAThey growhyphae.B Theysecreteenzymes.C Theysynthesize cellulose.D Theydestroy crops.

9.The wordEntire inline18is closestin meaningtoA certainBwholeC matureDdiseased

10.The passagedescribes thenegative effectsof fungionall the following EXCEPTAbuildingsB animalsCfoodD soil

11.The phrasebringaboutinline21is closestinmeaning toAcauseB joinCtakeD include

12.The passagementions penicillininline25as anexampleofA amedicine derivedfrom plantsBa beneficialuseoffungiC aproduct ofthe relationshipbetween plantsandfungiD atype offungi thatgrows atextreme temperatures.igneous rockswill reflectthese differences.Igneous rocksalsovary intexture aswellaschemistry.Granite,forinstance,is acoarse-grained igneousrock whoseindividualmineral crystalshave formedtoasize easilyseen bythe nakedeye.A slowrate ofcooling has allowed thecrystals toreachthis size.Normally,slow coolingoccurs whenthecrustisinvaded bymagma thatremains buriedwell below thesurface.Granite maybe foundon thesurface ofthe contemporarylandscape,but fromits coarsetexture weknow thatit musthaveformed throughslow coolingat agreat depthand laterbeenlaid bareby erosion.Igneous rockswith thiscoarse-grained texturethat formedat depthare calledplutonic.On theother hand,if thesame magma flows ontothesurface andis quicklycooled bythe atmosphere,the resultingrockwill befine-grained andappear quitedifferent fromgranite,although thechemicalcompositionwill beidentical.This kind of rock is calledrhyolite.The mostfinely grainedigneousrock isvolcanic glassor obsidian,which hasnocrystals.Some researchersbelieve thisis because of rapidcooling;others believeit isbecauseofa lackof watervaporand othergases inthe lava.The blackobsidian cliffsofYellowstone NationalPark arethe resultofalava flowofbasalt runninghead onintoaglacier.Some ofthe glaciermeltedon contact,but suddenlythere alsoappeared ahugeblack massof glassystone.

1.In thefirst paragraph,the authormentions that95%oftheEarths crustis composedofigneous rockto supportthe ideathatA theEarth beganasamolten massBa thinlayer ofmagmaflowsbeneath theEarths crustCthe mineralsfoundinigneousrockareverycommonD igneousrockiscontinually beingformed

2.The word invade inline5is closestin meaningtoA moveintoB neutralizeCcoverD deposit

3.The wordcontemporary inline15is closestinmeaning toAvastB naturalCexistingD uneven

4.The wordit inline16refers toAgraniteB surfaceClandscapeD texture

5.Granite thathas beenfound aboveground has beenA pushedup frombelowthecrust bymagmaB producedduring avolcanic explosionCgradually exposeddue toerosionD pushedup bythe naturalshifting oftheEarth

6.Which ofthe followingis producedwhen magmacoolsrapidlyA graniteBplutonic rockCrhyoliteD mineralcrystals

7.The wordfinely inline22is closestin meaningtoAminutelyB looselyCsensitivelyD purely

8.Which ofthefollowingis anothername forvolcanicglassA PlutonicrockB CrystalCLavaD Obsidian托福阅读真题2PASSAGE14Television hastransformed politicsintheUnited Statesbychanging theway inwhich informationis disseminated,byaltering politicalcampaigns,and bychanging citizenspatternsof responseto politics.By givingcitizensindependent accesstothecandidates,television diminishedtherole ofthe politicalparty inthe selectionofthemajorparty candidates.By centeringpolitics on the personof thecandidate,television acceleratedthe citizensfocus oncharacterrather than issues.Television hasaltered theforms ofpoliticalcommunication aswell.The messageson whichmost ofus relyarebriefer thanthey oncewere.The stump speech,a politicalspeechgiven bytraveling politiciansand lasting11/2to2hours,which characterizednineteenth-century politicaldiscourse,has given way tothe30-second advertisementandthe10second soundbite inbroadcast news.Increasingly theaudiencefor speechesis notthat standingin frontof thepoliticianbut ratherthe viewingaudience whowill hearandsee asnippet ofthe speechonthenews.In theseabbreviated forms,much ofwhat constitutedthetraditional politicaldiscourse ofearlier ageshas beenlost.In15or30seconds,a speakercannot establishthe historicalcontextthat shapedthe issuein question,cannot detailtheprobable causesoftheproblem,and cannotexaminealternative proposalsto arguethat oneis preferabletoothers.In snippets,politicians assertbut donot argue.Because televisionis anintimate medium,speakingthrough itrequire achanged politicalstyle thatwas moreconversational,personal,and visualthan thatof theold-style stumpspeech.Reliance on television meansthatincreasingly ourpolitical worldcontains memorablepicturesratherthanmemorable words.Schools teachusto analyzewords andprint.However,inawordinwhichpolitics isincreasingly visual,informed citizenshiprequiresa newset ofskills.Recognizing thepower oftelevisions pictures,politicians crafttelevisual,staged events,calledpseudo-event,designed to attract mediacoverage.Much ofthepolitical activitywe seeontelevisionnews hasbeen craftedby politicians,their speechwriters,and theirpublicrelations advisersfor televisedconsumption.Sound bitesinnews andanswers toquestions indebates increasinglysoundlike advertisements.

1.What isthe mainpoint ofthepassageA CitizensintheUnited Statesare nowmore informedaboutpoliticalissuesbecause oftelevisioncoverage.B CitizensintheUnited Statesprefer toseepoliticians ontelevision insteadof inperson.C PoliticsintheUnited Stateshas becomesubstantiallymore controversialsincethe introduction oftelevision.D PoliticsintheUnited Stateshasbeensignificantlychanged bytelevision.

2.The worddisseminated inline2is closestin meaningtoBdiscussedA analyzedC spreadDstored

3.It canbe inferredthat beforetheintroductionoftelevision,political partiesAhad moreinfluence overthe selectionof politicalcandidatesBspent moremoney topromote theirpoliticalcandidatesC attractedmore membersDreceived moremoney

4.The wordaccelerated inline5is closestin meaningtoAallowedB increasedCrequiredD started

5.The authormentions thestumpspeechinline7as anexampleofA anevent createdbypoliticianstoattractmediaattentionB aninteractive discussionbetween twopoliticiansC akindofpolitical presentationtypical ofthenineteenth centuryDa styleof speechcommon totelevised politicalevents

6.The phrasegivenwaytoinline10is closestinmeaning toAadded interesttoB modifiedCimitatedD beenreplaced by

7.The wordthat inline12refers toAaudienceB broadcastnews。