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过渡句children andadvertising前文主要讲的是广告语经常用双关语，让孩子误解・Faritasy isone of the morecommontechniques inadvertising thatcould possiblymislead ayoung audience.BChild-orientedadvertisements aremore likelyto includemagic andfantasy thanadvertisements aimedat adults,aln acontent analysisof Canadiantelevision,the authorStephen Klineobserved thatnearly allcommercialsfor charactertoys featuredfantasy play..Children havestrong imaginationsand theuseof fantasybrings theirideas tolife,but childrenmay notbe adeptenough torealize thatwhatthey areviewing isunreal.

13.Another aspectof advertisingthat mayespecially influencechildren isfantasy.William smithNotonly couldSmith identifyrock strataby the fossils theycontained,he couldalso seeapattern emerging:certain fossilsalways appearin moreancient sediments,while othersbegin tobeseen asthe stratabecome morerecent.|By followingthefossils.Smith wasable toput allthestrata ofEnglands earthinto relativetemporal sequence.About the same time,GeorgesCuvier madethesamediscovery whilestudying therocks aroundParis.Soon itwas realizedthatthis principle of faunalanimalsuccessionwas validnot onlyin Englandor Francebut virtuallyeverywhere.|lt wasactually aprincipleoffloral successionas well,because plantsshowed thesametransformation throughtime asdid fauna.Limestone maybe foundin the Cambrian or-300million yearslater-in theJurassic stratabut atrilobite-the ubiquitousmarine arthropodthat haditsbirth in the Cambrian—will neverbe foundin Jurassicstrata,nor adinosaur in theCambrian.

13.The findingsof thesegeologists inspiredothers toexamine therock andfossilrecords indifferent partsof theworld.理论+举例the longterm stabilityof ecosystemEcologistsare especiallyinterested to know whatfactors contributeto theresilience ofcommunitiesbecause climaxcommunities allover theworld arebeing severelydamaged ordestroyedby humanactivities.The destructioncaused bythe volcanicexplosion ofMount St.Helens,in thenorthwestern UnitedStates,for example,pales incomparison to the destructioncausedby humans..We needtoknowwhat aspectsof acommunity aremost importanttothe1community sresistance todestruction,as wellas itsrecovery.|

13.In factdamage tothe environmentby humansis oftenmuch moresevere thanfdamageby naturalevents andprocesses.前后逻辑the arrivalof plantlife inHawaii■These plantspropagate byproducing spores-tiny fertilizedcells thatcontain alltheinstructions formaking anew plant-but thespores areunprotected byany outercoating andcarryno supplyof nutrient.nVast numbersof themfall onthe groundbeneath themother plants.■Sometimes theyare carriedfarther afieldby wateror bywind.■But onlythose fewspores thatsettledown invery favorablelocations canstart newlife;the vastmajority fallon barrenground.By forceof sheernumbers,however,the mossesand fernsreached Hawaii,survived,andmultiplied.Some speciesdeveloped greatsize,becoming treeferns thatevennow growintheHawaiian forests.

13.So sincethe chancesof survivalfor anyindividual sporeare small,the plantshaveto producemany sporesin orderto propagate.swimming machine■Because theyare alwaysswimming,tunas simplyhave toopen theirmouths andwater isforcedin andover theirgills.■Accordingly,they havelost mostof themuscles thatother fishesuseto suckin water and pushit pastthe gills.Bin fact,tunas mustswim tobreathe.-They mustalsokeep swimmingto keepfrom sinking,since mosthave largelyor completelylost theswimbladder,the gas-filled sacthat helpsmost otherfish remainbuoyant.

11.Consequently,tunas donot needto suckin water.转折architecture|Modern architecturalforms generallyhave threeseparate componentscomparable toelementsof thehuman body;a supportingskeleton orframe,an outerskin enclosingthe interiorspaces,equipment,similar tothe bodys vitalorgans andsystems..The equipmentincludes一plumbing,electrical wiring,hot water,and air-conditioning.|Of coursein earlyarchitecture一such asigloos andadobe structuresthere wasno suchequipment,and theskeleton and skinwere oftenone..

12.However,some modernarchitectural designs,such asthose usingfolded platesofconcreter orair-inflated structures,are againunifying skeletonandskin.上下文的指代关系water inthe desertBasalticrocks alsosupport springs,notably atthe JabalAl-Arab onthe Jordan-Syria border.■Endogenous Riversoften donot reachthe seabut draininto inlandbasins,where thewaterevaporates oris lostintheground.«Most desertstreambeds arenormally dry,but theyoccasionallyreceive largeflows ofwaterandsediment.BParagraph5:Deserts containlarge amountsof groundwaterwhen comparedto theamountsthey holdin surfacestores suchas lakesand rivers.-But onlya smallfraction ofgroundwaterenters thehydrological cycle-feeding theflows ofstreams,maintaining lakelevels,and beingrecharged orrefilled throughsurface flowsand rainwater.

12.These suddenfloods provideimportant watersupplies butcan alsobe highlydestructive.early cinema■Exhibitors,however,wanted tomaximize theirprofits,which theycould domore readilybyprojecting ahandful offilms tohundreds ofcustomers ata timerather thanone ata timeandby charging25to50cents admission.■About ayear afterthe openingofthefirst Kinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmen suchas Louisand AugusteLumiere,Thomas Armat and CharlesFrancisJenkins,and Orvilleand WoodvilleLatham withthe assistanceof Edisonsformer assistant,William Dicksonperfected projection devices.■These earlyprojectiondeviceswere usedinvaudeville theaters,legitimate theaters,local townhalls,makeshift storefronttheaters,fairgrounds,and amusementparks toshow filmsto amass audience.B

12.When thiswidespread useof projectiontechnology beganto hurthis Kinetoscopebusiness,Edison acquireda projectordeveloped byArmatandintroduced itas“Edison slatestmarvel,the Vitascope.Cambrian explosionOneinterpretation regardingthe absenceof fossilsduring thisimportant100-million-yearperiod isthat earlyanimals weresoft bodiedand simplydid notfossilize.■Fossilization ofsoft-bodied animalsis lesslikely thanfossilization ofhard-bodied animals,but itdoes occur.■Conditions thatpromote fossilization of soft-bodied animalsinclude veryrapid coveringbysediments thatcreate anenvironment thatdiscourages decomposition.■In fact,fossil bedscontainingsoft-bodied animalshave beenknown formany years.■

1.The wordpromote inthe passageis closestin meaningtoocomplicate preventencourage affect13It isrelatively rarebecause thefossilizationofsoft-bodied animalsrequires aspecialenvironment.。