54--5.2.1 全球经济一体化

5.

2.1GATT/WTO P2As weanalyzed above,we findthefree tradeis thefirst bestpolicy whilethe protectionproposal isthe secondbestaccording totrade theories.In fact,free trade and protectivetrade areboth notneutralbecause theyboth conferbenefits tosome groups and makeothers suffered.A nationwillface adilemma,how tobenefit fromtradeandprotect domesticmarket atthesame timeArranged liberalizationis acompromise/kumpramaiz/that canachieve thebothgoals.If thetrading partnersnegotiate andopen domesticmarket stepby stepin theworldwidescope,it isforming amultilateral trading system,which isembodied byGATTand subsequentWTO.If itproceeds inregional area,it isembodied byregionalarrangements,such asEU andNAFTA,P3lets startwith GATT/WTO,and discussthe regionalarrangements later.P4the formationof GATTattributes to the United States advocateand effortFormost of the last100years,the United States hasentered intotrade negotiationsbasedupon thebelief thatopen marketsfoster democracywhich inturn supportsthemaintenance ofworld peace.In fact,trade policyhas beena bedrock/^edrok/of U.S.foreign policydating fromthe SecondWorld War.P5As theinaugural/in3gjural/prime ministerof the United Kingdom,Mr.WinstonChurchill saidin1941that hehad asecret meetingwith PresidentRoosevelt/^auzavelt/and reachedthe AtlanticCharter,which statedthe postwar aims.P6the postwarcooperation isbased onthe miserablelessons fromthe GreatDepressionin the1930s,which setoff avicious spiralof traderetaliation thatsawtwo-thirds ofworld tradewiped out,worsened unemployment,and eventuallycontributed to theoutbreak ofdevastating war.These includedtheUnitedStates Smoot-Hawley tariffsin1929which,triggered anoutburstof tariff-making activityin othercountries/The UnitedKingdom respondedwithemergency tariffsin1931and the1932Ottawa Agreementto deependiscriminatoryimperial preferenceswith itsdominions principallyAustralia,Canada,New Zealand and SouthAfrica.Similar protectionistand discriminatorytrade policieswereadopted bymany othercountries.The outcomewas adramatic66percent declineinworld tradeby1933,which aggravatedthe GreatDepression andcontributedtotheSecond World War.There canbe nodoubt that in1941,both theUnitedStatesand theUnited Kingdomrecognizedthe relationshipbetween global economic collaboration,open trade,andenduring peaceand security.P7Furthermore,neither countrywanted to repeat thedisastrous globalescalation ofbeggar-thy-neighbour retaliatorytrade barriersof the1920sand1930s.There canbe nodoubt thatin1941,both theUnitedStatesand theUnited Kingdomrecognizedthe relationshipbetween global economic collaboration,open trade,andenduring peaceand security.Thus,the globalrules thatunderpin the multilateral economicsystem werecreated asadirect reactionto WorldWar IIandadesire forenduring peaceand security.P8Bothleaders didnot wanttorepeaterrors of the past-where therelationship betweeninternationaleconomic collaborationand peaceand securityhad beenignored withdisastrousconsequences.Economic collaborationthrough the post-war institutions-thatintime wouldlead totheInternational MonetaryFund,the WorldBank and World TradeOrganization was一critical to avoiding newwars.PIOin chapterone wehave discussedthe natureof modernnation state,on thisbasis,the obviouscourage,was demonstratedin leadersmaking politically-difficultconcessions beyondimmediate economicself-interest to reach anagreement oflong-term benefit.Yet long-term peaceand securitywas theundeniable drivingforce behindthe creationof thepost-war multilateraleconomic rules and architecture.Today,the valueof globaleconomic rulesis beingquestioned.This hasbeen coupledwithan increasein protectionisttrade barriers.After overhalf acentury ofrelative peace,those benefitseasily couldbe forgottenintodays debatesabout globalization.Yet theyare oneof thegreatest legaciesof aremarkablebut fragilesystem ofglobaleconomicarchitecture.PllFrom1948to1994,the GATTprovided therules formuch ofworld tradeandpresided overperiods thatsaw someofthehighest growthrates ininternationalcommerce.It seemedwell-established butthroughout those47years,it wasaprovisional agreementand organization.In1995,with theexpansion oftopics andissues,the WTOwas establishedwithreplacement ofGATT andsuccession ofGATT.Form GATTto WTO,the multilateralsystem isexpanding andbecome complete.P12The WTOscreation on1January1995marked thebiggest reformof internationaltradesince theend ofthe SecondWorldWar.Whereas theGATT mainlydealt withtrade in goods,the WTO and itsagreements alsocover tradein servicesand intellectualproperty.The birthofthe WTO alsocreated newprocedures forthe settlementofdisputes.P13As thetable shown,form1947to now,GATT launched8rounds multilateralnegotiationand WTOlaunched oneround.More andmore nationsjoined intothesystem,tariff hasbeen concededtoavery lowlevel andnon-tariff barriersarerestricted byrules.P14what areits functionsGAT7/WT0provides aforum fornegotiations amongmembers concerningtheirmultilateral traderelations andmakes effortstoreachagreements.Reaching agreementsis notthe finalpurpose,it isvery importantto monitortheimplementation ofagreements.At thesame time,WTO hasestablished anofficial body to handletrade disputesamongmember nations,which willensure internationaltradeinpredictable circumstances.The WTOsprocedure forresolving tradequarrels underthe DisputeSettlementUnderstanding isvital forenforcing therulesandtherefore forensuring thattrade flowssmoothly.Countries bringdisputes tothe WTOif theythink theirrights undertheagreements arebeing infringed.At thebeginning ofSino-US tradewar,the UnitedStatesand Chinaboth submittedtheir complaintto WTO.WTO setup atrade reviewbodytosupervise iftrade policiesof membernations violateWTOrules.WTO alsoplays animportant rolein theglobaleconomicgovernance andcooperateswith IMFandWorldBank.The WTOmaintains regulardialogue withnon-governmentalorganizations,parliamentarians,other internationalorganizations,the mediaand thegeneralpublic onvarious aspectsoftheWTOandthe ongoingDoha negotiations,withthe aimof enhancingcooperation andincreasing awarenessof WTOactivities.P15In spiteof thosefunctions,WTO commitsto helpdeveloping countriesbuild theirtradecapacity andorganizes hundredsof technicalcooperation missionsto developingcountriesannually.It alsoholds numerouscourses eachyear inGeneva forgovernmentofficials.P16Over thepast20years,WTO membershave agreedmajor updatestotheWTOrulebook toimprove theflow ofglobal trade.The WTOsmembership hasexpanded to164members,representing over98%of internationaltrade.In2015,theWTOreacheda significantmilestone withthe receiptof its500th tradedispute forsettlement.P17themultilateraltradingsystemfaces dissent/disent/and protests.With thefinancialcrisis from2008,the nationsturned toprotectionism,the Doharound isstill indeadlockand uncertain.。