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TOEFLiBTReading moduleLesson OneIntroduction主讲韩梅
2011.8课程内容托福阅读考试概况I.iBT托福阅读的最新变化及特点n.iBT阅读考试题型简介in.iBT阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT综合解题方法V.阅读考试概况
1.iBT机考模式
1.pBT/iBTShort FormatLong Format⑴文章数量篇和听力相对应篇阅读个听力段子或者篇阅:3-5:3+95读个听力段子+6文章长度词/篇2:650-750题目数量:个/篇每篇有一个多选,形式为选选或者选312-1463,7597测试时间分钟/篇分钟4:2060-100测试分数分由原始分分换算到标准分分5:0-304230阅读考试概况I.iBT.文章题材摘录于大学程度的教科书,普通是都某一学科或者主体的2介绍性材料,强调并培养学生独立学习的能力科技包括天文学,地质学,化学,数学,物理,生物,医药和工程历史传记,自传,政府,地理与文化艺术文学,绘画,雕塑,舞蹈,戏剧,电影与建造社会科学人类学,经济学,心理学与社会学注意美洲文明最多⑴快速笔记的意义:辅助思维框架形成;索引功能⑵快速笔记的内容结构主体的核心词时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件人名地名专有名词:使用首字母标记例子的核心词新概念和核心概念重要的逻辑关系对照或者分类所涉及的几个方面及主要特征⑶快速笔记的简单符号体系笔记方法主要涉及笔记符号的使用核心词可以使用缩写.普通而言,可以记录单词、词组逻辑关系可以使用简单的示意符号表示例如比较关系AB,AB,A=B对照关系A=B类比关系A-B举例e.g.因果关系A-B最高级most A,A+est为了使笔记效果达到最佳程度,应该注意下列儿个方面分段记录
1.中文、英文或者二者混合都可以,以适合自己为标准
2.看完一部份,记一个意思
3.Opportunists andCompetitorsPara1:Growth,reproduction,and dailymetabolism allrequire anorganism toexpendenergy.The expenditureof energyis essentiallya processof budgeting,just asfinances arebudgeted.If allof one,s moneyis spent on clothes,theremay benone leftto buyfood orgo tothe movies.Similarly,a plantoranimal cannotsquander allits energyon growinga bigbody ifnone wouldbeleft overfor reproduction,for thisis thesurest wayto extinction.Para2:All organisms,therefore,allocate energyto growth,reproduction,maintenance,and storage.No choiceis involved;thisallocation comesas partof thegenetic packagefrom theparents.Maintenance fora givenbody designof anorganism isrelativelyconstant.Storage isimportant,but ultimatelythatenergy willbeused formaintenance,reproduction,or growth.Therefore theprincipaldifferencesinenergy allocationare likely to bebetweengrowth andreproduction.Para3:Almost allof anorganisms energycan bediverted toreproduction,with verylittle allocated to buildingthe body.Organisms atthis extremeareopportunists.At theother extremeareCompetitors,almost allof whoseresources areinvested inbuilding ahugebody,with abare minimumallocatedtoreproduction.Para4:Dandelions aregood examplesof opportunists.Their seedheads raisedjust highenoughabove theground tocatch thewind,the plantsare nobigger thanthey needbe,their stemsarehollow,and allthe rigiditycomesfrom theirwatercontent.Thus,a minimuminvestment hasbeenmade inthebody thatbecomes aplatform forseed dispersal.These veryshort-lived plantsreproduceprolifically;that is to saythey providea constantrain ofseed in the neighborhoodofparent plants.A newplant willspringupwherever aseed fallsona suitablesoilsurface,butbecausethey donot buildbig bodies,they cannotcompete withother plantsfor space,water,or sunlight.These plantsare termedopportunists because they relyon theirseeds^llingintosettingswherecompeting plantshavebeen removedby naturalprocesses,such asalong aneroding riverbank,onlandslips,or wherea treefallsand createsa gapintheforest canopy.Para5Opportunists mustconstantly invadenew areas to compensateforbeing displacedby morecompetitive species.Human landscapesoflawns,fields,or flowerbedsprovide settingswith baresoil and a lackofcompetitors thatare perfecthabitats forcolonization byopportunists.Hence,many of the stronglyopportunistic plantsare thecommonweeds offields andgardens.Para6:Because eachindividualis short-lived,the populationof anopportunistspecies islikely tobe adverselyaffected bydrought,badwinters,or floods.If theirpopulation istracked through time,it willbeseen tobe particularlyunstable-soaring andplummeting inirregularcycles.Para7The oppositeof anopportunist isa competitor.These organismstend tohavebig bodies,are long-lived,and spendrelatively littleeffort eachyear onreproduction.An oak tree isa goodexample of a competitor.A massiveoakclaims itsground for200years ormore,outcompeting allotherwould-be canopytreesby castinga denseshade anddrawing upany freewater inthe soil.The leavesofan oaktree tastefoul because they arerich intannins,a chemicalthat rendersthemdistastefulor indigestibleto manyorganisms.The tanninsare partofthedefensemechanism thatis essentialto longevity..Although oaksproduce thousandsof acorns,the investmentin acrop ofacoms issmallcompared withthe energyspentonbuilding leaves,trunk,and roots.Once anoaktreebecomesestablished,it islikelytosurvive minorcycles ofdrought andeven fire.A populationof oaksislikely tobe relativelystablethroughtime,and itssurvivalislikely todependmore on its ability towithstand thepressures ofcompetition orpredation thanonitsabilitytotake advantageofchance events.It shouldbe noted,however,that thepure opportunistor purecompetitor israre innature,as mostspecies fallbetween theextremes ofa continuum,exhibiting ablend ofsomeopportunistic andsome competitivecharacteristics综合球题方法V.阅读的步骤第步把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶1第步点键,做完词汇题(不看原文),同时关注一下是否2review有选非题(因为与原文对应的东西不少)第步边看边做阅读,要按顺序做(题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎3一致):阅读的流畅性很重要,如果考考那末仍然要PS N01Paral NO2Para3Para2看永远先看题后看文PPS第步(如何处理一道题目?)4找定位词,定位词越多越好什么是定位词?定位词就是浮现并只浮现在这道题的词定位词包括特殊名词.大写名词a.b数字词年代词c.d.注题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形Key wordsand Signal words重点信息、含义,区别Key words:定位词…顺序一致,显眼Signalwords:.独特的词1n.v.adj.adv.特殊词各种数字、时间、地点、专有名词,特殊字体(大写、斜2体)、各种符号(货币、百分比)、特殊符号(引号、破折号)A—B形式的单词等第步排除选项(普通只能排除个)52注排除法永远比对应容易优先选用排除法使用时要尽量宽容所有错误的三种类型无中生有原文中没有浮现过的内容张冠李戴题目问的是的特征,而该特征是原文中的特征,即把原文中无关A B的内容来当答案黑白颠倒与原文意思相反(题目最喜欢用不像否定词的否定词,如:等)hardly,rarely第步二选一(辨析选项)6比较两个选项的异同先比较共同点,即找到这道题的着眼点compare,找到异,在原文中找到个着眼点2E.g.1Paragraph1:It shouldbe obviousthat cetaceans-whales,porpoises,and dolphins-are mammals.They breathethrough lungs,not throughgills,and givebirth tolive young.Their streamlinedbodies,the absenceof hindlegs,and the presence ofafluke andblowhole cannotdisguise theiraffinitieswith landdwellingmammals.However,unlike thecasesof seaottersand pinnipedsseals,sea lions,and walruses,whose limbsare functionalboth onland andat sea,it isnot easyto envisionwhat thefirst whaleslooked like.Extinct but,already fullymarine cetaceansareknown fromthe fossilrecord.How wasthe gapbetween awalking mammalandaswimming whalebridgedMissing untilrecently werefossils clearlyintermediate,or transitional,between landmammalsand cetaceans.Directions:Mark youranswer byfilling inthe ovalnext toyour choice.
1.In paragraph1,what doesthe authorsay aboutthepresenceofablowhole incetaceanso It clearlyindicates thatcetaceans aremammals.o Itcannot concealthe factthatcetaceans aremammals.o Itis the main differencebetween cetaceansand land-dwelling mammals.oItcannot yieldclues aboutthe originsof cetaceans.应用材料TPOOG3rd Edition以(新托福考试官方指南)为例,其中各篇文章的题材总结如下:Practice Set1The originsof Cetaceans生物地理Practice Set2Desert Formation历史Practice Set3Early Cinema心理学Practice Set4AggressionPractice Set5Artisans and历史Industrialization生物Practice set6Swimming Machines阅读考试概况I.iBT文章结构特点
3.文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的首二句).细节主体(填充)学术性议论文常见结构1Introduction:Background information;topic、()2Body mainbody:Subtopic1,2,3;analysisevidence、3Conclusion:Restate thetopic阅读考试概况I.iBT.托福阅读文章的结构4阅读文章题材多样,但是基本结构比较固定,主要有以下几种)分类结构1Classification)比较和对照结构2ComparisonContrast)因果结构3CauseEffect)引出问题,解决问题4ProblemSolution)时间发展顺序5Chronological)总分结构6General toSpecific问题一答案(现象---Practice Set1The originsofCetaceans解释)现象---解释因果结构Practice Set2Desert FormationPractice时间Set3Early Cinema分类Practice Set4AggressionPractice Set5Artisans andIndustrial!zation口寸间分类Practice set6Swimming Machines阅读考试概况I.iBT出题原则
5.公正原则:选材范围上确定是北美部份,在选材的立场上也是表现其公正态度原则:关于态度题是健康的,积极上进重复原则:题材上重复,文章用词上重复,词汇题重复命题原则:应用原文信息提问顺序原则出题顺序和文章议论的顺序是基本一致的阅读考试概况I.iBT考察重点
6.主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.注:所有文章1都有标题⑵细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪--TRUE FALSENOT GIVENGeneralstatement ideasSomedetails⑶词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文判断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知一词多义;词汇判断判断根据上下文判断出隐藏的信息4态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:目的;手段.5WHY HOW结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构6托福阅读是以句子为核、土土”]阅卖考试概况
1.iBt I.阅读高分区分,许多大学要求阅读在分摆布722-
23251.Have avery goodcommand ofacademic vocabularyand grammatical.
2.Can understandandconnect information,make appropriateinferences,and synthesizeideas,even whenthe textis conceptuallydense and the languageis complex
43.Can recognizethe expositoryorganization ofa textandtherole thatspecific informationserveswithin thelarger text,even whenthe textis conceptuallydense.
4.Can abstractmajor ideasfrom atext,even whenthe textisconceptually denseand containscomplexlanguage.阅读考试概况I.iBT评分标准
8.新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇道题,如果遇到加试时12-14从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分.在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的除重要观点题和归类total point-so题以外,每道题的分值都是分重要观点题的分值可能是分12归类题为或者分考试所得分数范围分.340-30阅读评分标准阅读的最新iBT II.iBT变化及特点S加了标题1TOEFL文章长度明显发生变化2生词明显增多3文章出题的顺序与文章行文顺序基本一致4特殊侧重对句子和段落的考察59TOEFL比老在题型方面有变化…新增了大类题型题目多为客观6^TOEFL TOEFL57题,基本上都可以在原文中找到答案对应点五大特色标题1托福阅读部份的文章有标题,阅读标题有助于迅速了解文章的整体内容一图表、图画2为了方便读者的理解,有的阅读文章伴有图表、图画,但实际考试中图表与图画很少浮现词汇注释3glossary对于难词,如学科专有名词,普通加蓝色下划线,点击时可以看到注释加阴影与段落标记4highlight有些题,如句子简化题,会以加阴影的方式突出原文被考的部highlight份,当一道题涉及原文具体段落时,相应段落前常会出现箭尖标记方便考生做题标题分析与文章理解和为并列关系,分别阐述
1.AandB ABAPPLY ARTSAND FINEARTSOPPORTUNISTS ANDCOMPETITORS.伪和一大一小,小为主要讨论对象,大为小的背2AandB AB景ARTISANS ANDINDUSTRIALIZATION标题分析与文章理解
3.历史事件NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICSIN THEUNITED STATESEARLYCINIMA
4.A-单一位词必然两部份一什么是A,A的起源及特点AGGRESSIONGROUNDWATERPETROLEUM RESOURCESWIMMINGMACHINES标题分析与文章理解
5.A--短语对A有修饰--修饰部份就是讨论的角度TIMBERLINE VEGETATIONON MOUNTAINSTHELONG-TERM STABILITYOF ECOSYSTEMLASCAUXCAVE PAINTINGSELECTRICITYFROM WINDDEERPOPULATION OF THE PUGETSOUNDCAVE ARTIN EUROPE标题分析与文章理解标题即为讨论的事情
6.THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANSTHEORIGINSOFTHEATERDESERT FORMATIONDEPLETIONOFTHEOGALLALA AQUIFERTHEEXPRESSION OFEMOTIONS阅读的最新变化及特点n.iBTTips老托福的阅读题要学会充分利用1三天一小练,五天一大练练做题可以尝试分类练习,重点练理解能力和分析能力2有必要重视习惯用屏幕做题3阅读考试题型简介in.iBT事实信息题
1.Factual Information questions3-6questions pers et否定事实信息题
2.Negative FactualInformationquestions0-2questions perse t推断题
3.Inference questions0-2questions perst够辞题
4.Rhetorical Purposequestions0-2questions perst词汇题
5.Vocabulary3-5questions perset指代题
6.Reference questions0-2questions perset句子前化题
7.Sentence Simplificationquestions0-1question perse tf句子插入题
8.Insert Textquestion0-1question perset摘要题
9.Prose Summary0-1question perset表格题
10.Fill ina Table0-1question pers et阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT.速度1基本阅读技能训练一跳读Skimming获取段落或者文章的主旨Skimming:read fastto getthemainidea ofthe paragraphand passage判断段落的中心句——首句;特殊连接词句子等长从句划记主干考查能力一识别文章的主要观点和次要观点解法一阅读文章每段比对选项进行选择
1.TS,排除明显的细节信息选项,然后剩下的就是正确选项
2.基本阅读技能训练一扫读scanning快速定位细节信息确定关键词一显性和隐性关键词Scanning:locate informationquickl y懒方魂泊式能力要求培养语感多读托窗读词汇
2.CET-44200CET-65500TOEFL8000积累高频专业词汇注重学术词汇生活泛读词缀、同义、近义、反义一词多义主要记忆方法例句加词根(普通词典后附有常见词根词缀)例如,记忆(释放)时,可以利用例句巩固记忆emit Thefireplace emitteda词根(送,传递)pleasant warmthmit/mis记忆组词i Q(允许进入),(从事,承诺).(断断续续的),admit commitintermittent(省略).(允许),(邮寄,往omit permitremit向传递).(上交),(传递)submit transmit阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT怎么样背单词制定一个背单词的时间计划.什么时间,背什么单词,背到什么程度,要有阶段性计划A.制定一个背单词的实施计划每天的强度,时间,单词的分段,做到短期内高频率重复B.如何快速记忆单词,视觉,听觉相互结合的方式C.建议边读边写;看中文写英文;听音频想中文意思1st,2nd,3rd,利用零散时间记忆单词(没有必要每天专门花时间记忆单词,把一个单元拆散来D记忆)背词汇和做题相结合(做题时遇到生单词可以先猜测,反复浮现的重要词汇应E阅读考试能力要求iV.iBT该圮录并且圮忆)背单词小方法推荐A选用词典有讲究一利用韦氏字典Merriam Webster5s CollegiateDictionary.e.g.buckShe buckedthe system.拥有自己的词库一词库,就是相关词汇的集合,包括同义词,近义词以及在某B方面相关联的词的集合,包括反义词可以参考《韦氏同义词辞典》.wordnet.princeton.edu单词卡片C.词库the Merriam-Webster Thesaurusimportant同义big,consequential,considerable,materail,meaningful,momentous,significant,substantial,weighty相关词conspicuous,distinctive,exceptional,impressive,marked,memorable,notable,noteworthy,outstanding,prominent,remarkable,salient,powerful,telling,top-notch,distinguished,eminent反义词un,inconsiderablejitter,minor,paltry,petty,slight,trivial阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT词汇推荐书四六级单词《词汇词根词缀及联想记忆》俞敏洪TOEFL《英文字根字典》刘毅《天托福词汇》李笑来21《托福词汇》王玉梅《托福词汇精选》张红岩阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT扎实的语^去功3扎实的语法功底匡助你理解复杂的关键句子,以及整篇文章,而且在提高理解力的同时,可以辅助提高语速建议基本语法必须掌握,在掌握的基础上,把语法书当做工具书来查阅推荐朗文英语语法、剑桥中/高级英语语法阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT语法概况图实词一名词,代词,数词,动词,形容词,副词虚词一冠词,介词,连词,感叹词句子成份一主语,谓语,宾语,补足语,表语,定语,状语结构一简单句,并列句,复合句重点语法,被动语态.虚拟语气,定语从句.名词性从句
1234.状语从句时间、地点、原因、目的、比较、方式、条件、结果、让步
5.强调句和倒装,主谓一致.独立主格结构(插入结构)678阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT.丰富的背景知识4艰难:局限的知识面和信息量无疑是给阅读造成为了很大的妨碍托福文章取材来自于文理类种24措施:多读各类题材的文章,自然科学(天文,地质,生物学等),人文和社会科学(文学,地质,生物学等),以及艺术和商务等学科领域建区托福真题,Discovery,National Geography,China Daily,LingoesTranslator,Merriam Websters CollegiateDictionary wikipedia.orgnationa geographic阅读考试能力要求IV.iBT记忆力5。
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