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①用作形容词义表示肯定表示否定用法用于可数名词a few虽少,但有几个,强调有few不多,几乎没有,强调没有用于不口]数名词虽少,但有一点不多,没有什么a little,littleFm going to buya fewapples.He canspeak only a littleChinese.There isonlya little milkin theglass.He hasfew friends.They hadlittle moneywith them.
②a little和little也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”(修饰形容词)Pm alittle hungry.hungry(修饰动词)Let himsleep alittle.sleep(修饰副词比较级)Mary,go alittle faster,please.She sleptvery littlelast night.考点四疑问代词常用的疑问代词有■(加为强调形式)who,whom,whose,what,which,whichever,whoever,whatever-ever疑问代词一般放在句首,用来构成特殊疑问句,可用作名词性成分即主语、宾语、表语其中what,which,whose兼有形容词特征,可与名词连用作定语Who toldyouWhat jobdo youwant tofindWhose girlis sheWhichsubject isyour bestone疑问代词的用法比较)和1which what两者均可与名词连用,就人或物提问但是一般用于有一定选择范围的情况,用于无选择范围或究which what竟是什么还不清楚的情况Which colourdo you like-green,red,yellow orbrownWhat colourisherdressWhat writersdo you like best几个特殊的短语
①What for”为何目的,为何理由”(=Why)o
②What if…”要是……会怎样呢”
③What about/How about…”做好吗”(用于征求意见),后面常接动名词那又怎么样?@So what
⑤Guess what你猜会怎么样?你猜猜怎么着了?)和2which who两者都可作代词,它们的区别是不管选择的范围是大还是小,一般用作指物whichWhich wouldyouliketo eat-steak orfishWho wonthe game-Smith orJohnson当有一定选择范围时,代替作宾语.which onewhoWhich onedo youlike better,your motheror yourfather)当充当连接代词引导从句时,除起到连接主从句的作用外,还在从句中充当主语,宾语,定语,表语等成分,3具体不同我们在名词性从句和定语从句中详细讲解,这里只做例句举例(弓|导表语从句--作主语)The questionis whocan operatethe newmachine.(引导宾语从句一作定语)They askedwhose ideathis was.(弓导宾语从句一作定语)When youare older,you canwatch whateverprogram youlike.I(这里可看成,)Ill givemy ticketto whoeverwants it.whoever anyonewho orthe personwho溯源高考原题【例题1】(2022全国甲卷)My fatheroften tookme tohis hospitalwhen I was offmy school.去掉myWith theefforts madeby allsides,we beganto understandeach otherbetter.both去掉myoff school是固定词组,译作不在上学时,中间不加代词all^both句意为在两方的努力下,我们开始更好的理解彼此有后面主语we和eachother可知,指的是作者和父亲双方,两者之间知识点回顾(两者都)一(两者都不)both neither(三者及以上都)(三者及以上都不)all-none(两者中每一个)(三者中每一个)each—every(两者中任一个)(三者中任一个)either―any【例题](全国乙卷)22022The ChineseAncient Teamuseum wasofficially unveiledat theceremony,opening70first exhibition:The Avenueof Truth-A SpecialExhibition ofPuer tea.、句意为中国古茶博物馆在仪式上正式揭牌,开启他的首展真理大道一普洱茶特展是名词,70its exhibition应用形容词性物主代词知识点复习考查代词表格我你他她它我们你们他们主格I youhe sheit weyou they宾格me youhim herit usyou them形容词性物主代词my yourhis herits ouryour their名词性物主代词mine yourshis hersits oursyour theirs反身代词myself yourselfhimself herselfitself itselfyourselves themselves【例题全国乙卷3]2021Ecotourism has63it originwith theenvironmental movementofthe1970s.、句意为生态旅游起源于世纪年代的环保运动空后是名词,应用形容词性物主代词63its2070origin【例题】全国甲卷42021Some willturn outto theirparents orteachers forhelp.Only alittle chooseto dealwith theproblemson ourown.Their answersalso showthat theydislike talktotheirothers.They keptvery muchto themselves.句意为只有一些学生选择独自处理问题根据上下文可知,应是他们独自处理问题our—their their,they考试贴士在代词表格中代词出现时,需要讨论对应关系当文中发生人称转换时,例如从第一人称转变为第三人称等,更加需要注意【例题全国新高考卷5]2021IAs thesong goes,this longand windingroad willnever disappear,and itwill alwaysstickin thevisitors memory.lt suredoes in64I、句意为正如歌中所唱,这条漫长而蜿蜒的道路”永远不会消失”64mine它将永远留在游客的记忆中它确实也留在我的记忆中设空处代指作介词的宾语,应用名词my memory,in性物主代词故填mineo【例题浙江卷月6]20216She wasextremely pretty,and herhouse was a reflectionof61she,everything ingoodtaste andin prefectorder.句意为:她非常漂亮,她的房子就是她自身的一种反映,所有的东西都很有品位,且井然有序根6K.herself据句意可知,设空处应指“玛丽自己二故填反身代词herselfo课后练习(礼节)l.They havebecome morethanakind oftableware andhave establisheda setof etiquetteand customsofthey own.
2.He movedfrom onebed toanother tomakehe fallasleep.
3.took artistGuo Fengtwo monthsto completethe black-and-white paintingnamed Yongshengin Chinese,meaningliving forever.
4.If youdont build your dream,someone willhire youto buildthey.
5.What reallymatters isthe opinionwe haveaboutwe.The worldhas changedand wemust changewith it
6.However,would bea seriousmistake to replace libraries with tablets.
6.1didnt fullyknow whatIwasdevotingme toatthebeginning,but Ikept going to class.
8.Life ismore like a baseballseason,when eventhe bestteam losesone third ofit games.
9.1dislike whenthe airis bad
10.It isthe actitrather thanthe thingyou buythat matters.
11.Some peoplewalked orjogged.practiced yogaand stretchingmovements.答案句意为它们已不仅仅是一种餐具,还形成了自己的一套礼节和习俗意为“某人/某物自1their ofones own己的”,此处应用形容词性物主代词,表示“它们自己的,故填their句意为他从一张床移到另一张床来让自己睡着.由句意可知,此处表示“让他自己”,的
2.himself make逻辑主语和其宾语为同一人,故宾语应用反身代词,故填himselfo句意为艺术家郭峰花了两个月的时间完成了这幅名为《永生》的黑白画
1.1t takes/took sb.+some time+todosth.意为“花费某人多少时间做某事”,作形式主语It句意为如果你不去构筑自己的梦想,总会有人雇用你去构建他们的理想本空在句中作的宾语,
4.theirs build与前面的呼应,因此应用名词性物主代词代替故填buildyourdream theirstheir dreamstheirso句意为我们对自己的看法才是至关重要的根据句意可知,介词后的宾语和从句主语
5.ourselves aboutwe指代相同,故填反身代词ourselves句意为然而,用平板电脑取代图书馆将是一个严重的错误分析句子结构可知,此处为固定句型动
1.1t“it4-be词+for sb.+to dosth.n,it为形式主语,真正的主语是toreplacelibrarieswithtabletso故填计it句意为一开始我并不完全知道自己在全力做什么,但我一直去上课是固定搭配,意
7.mvself devote oneself为”某人献身于”,此处应用反身代词故填myself句意为生活更像是一个棒球赛季,即使是最好的球队也会输掉三分之一的比赛设空处修饰应用
8.its games,形容词性物主代词故填it句意为我不喜欢空气不好的时候“主语引导的从句”用于表示对某
9.it+hate/dislike/love/like tit+when-情况的喜爱厌恶,此处是形式宾语,引导的从句是真正的宾语,故填i whenito句意为重要的这个行为本身而不是你所买的东西本句为强调句,强调主语,根据句意,该空处与lO.itself the指代内容相同,故填反身代词act itselfo句意为一些人散步或慢跑,其他人练习瑜伽和伸展运动为固定用法,意为”
11.others Some..Others..一些其他…,故填Otherso(作表语)—Is thisEnglish-book yours-No.Mine isin mybag.(作宾语)Fve alreadyfinished myhomework.Have youfinished yours注意、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词(也就是说名词性物主代词后不同再加名词,再改错中名1物代后出现名词说明在这里可能时有错的)This isher coat.Mine is over there.=This isher coat.My coatisoverthere.、名词性物主代词”可用作定语如2“of+Some friendsof minewill attendmy birthdayparty.)反身代词可以作宾语、作表语、作同位语6作动词宾语Tom taughthimself Chinese.作介词宾语The boyisoldenough totake careof himself.作表语She isnot quiteherself today.作同位语I myselfcan repairthe bike.含反身代词的习惯用语
①与介词连用(亲自)YouH haveto seeif hehas gonetotheschool for yourself,for oneself你得亲自去看看他是否去学校了(本质上)Jim isnot badin himself,but heis alittle shy.in oneself吉姆本人并不坏,可有点害羞(独自)You shouldntleave thechild byhimself at home,by oneself你不应把孩子独自留在家里(独自享用)One wouldrather havea bedroomto oneself.to oneself最好是每个人都各有自己的卧室
①指天气It wasraining thismorning.今天早晨下雨了It waspouring withrain.这时下着倾盆大雨
②指时间What dayis ittoday今天星期几?Its thethirdofJune.今天是六月三日
③指环境Its nicedown there.在那儿很好Ifs gettingso dark.天很黑了在强调句中的应用被强调部分2It is++that...该句型是强调句型将被强调的部分放在前面,其它部分置于之后被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,表that语或状语强调的主语如果是人,可以由换用如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺的that who句子这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法It was about600years agothat the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.被强调部分原句是.强调时间状语the firstclockwithafaceandanhourhand wasmadeabout600years agoIt was theythat whocleaned the classroom yesterday.被强调部分原句是.强调主语they cleanedtheclassroomyesterday被强调部分It isnot until++that…该句型也是强调句型主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语”直到・・・才・・.”,可以说是not...until...的强调形式1It wasnot untilshe tookoff herdark glassesthat Irealized shewas afamous filmstar.=Not untilshe tookoff herdark glassesdid Irealize shewasafamous filmstar.=I didntrealize shewasafamous filmstar untilshe tookoff herdark glasses.作形式主语3常见句型一It isclearobvious,true,possible,certain....that・・・・.该句型中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句,常译为”清楚显然,真的,肯定・・・”是主语从句最常见的一种结构It isvery clearthat hes round and tall likea tree.并没有实际含义,只是占据了主语的位置,而真正的主语是引导的主语从句部分是因为如果把主语It that that从句直接放在句首,会显得这个句子头大身小=That he,sroundandtalllikeatree isvery clear.常见句型二It isimportantnecessary,right,strange,natural...that...该句型和上一个同属一个句型由于主句中的形容词不同,后的从句中要用虚拟语气动词原that should+形,可以省去建议记住该句型中的形容词shouldIt isimportant thatwe shouldlearn Englishwell.It isnecessary thathe shouldremember thesewords.常见句型三It is a pitya shame...that...该句型中,后的从句一般用虚拟语气动词原形,可省去.表示出乎意料,常译为”竟然”that should+should没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气It isa pity that such a thingshouldhappen inyour class.这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾!是形式主语,是真正的主语.it thatsuch athingshouldhappen inyour classIt isapitythathe isill.他生病了,真遗憾!常见句型四;It isno goodusedoing sth.该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是no good,not anygood,no use,not anyuseIt isno goodlearning Englishwithout speakingEnglish.^Learning Englishwithout speakingEnglish isno good.)固定搭配4()It istime abouttime,high time that...该句型中后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是
①常用过去时态表示虚拟.
②有时也用+动that should词原形,should不能省常译为”是(正是)・・・的时侯・・・It istime thatchildren shouldgo to bed.=It istime thatchildren wenttobed.()It isthe firstsecond...timethat...该句型要和上一个句型区别开来该句型中的从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态至于用什么完成时态,that由主句的谓语动词的时态决定如果是一般现在时后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时后面从is,was,句则用过去完成时态该结构中可以省去;有时用替换.常译为”是第一that itthis
(二)・・.、次…*OIt isthe firsttime I have beenhere.=This isthefirsttime I have beenhere.注意时态对应关系)5It be...before...该句型主句中的指时间,主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态.主句中的表语多是it long,notlong,3days,2weeks等表示时间段的词或短语常译为..・之后・・・It was3days beforehe wentto Beijing.It willbe notlong beforehe finisheshis job.)形式宾语6We thinkit importantto learn a foreign language.是形式宾语,真正的宾语是It tolearnaforeignlanguage.该句型中的作形式宾语为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为结构”it“61236指主句中常用的动词think,believe,make,find,consider,feel;指的是形式宾语1it;指的是宾补的两种形式形容词或名词;2指的是真正宾语的三种形式不定式短语,动名词短语或引导的宾语从句3thatWe thinkit ourduty toclean ourclassroom everyday是形式宾语,是真正主语.It toclean ourclassroom everydayHe feltit importantlearning Englishwell.是形式宾语,是真正宾语It learningEnglish wellTheyfound itdifficult that they wouldfinish theirwork intwo days.注意和的区别It one与都可替代上文出现的某个名词,但用法不同用来指上文出现的某物中的一个,指上文中的那one it.one it个物,可以总结为是同类同物,是同类异物仔细比较it one
1.AI havea redpen B:I alsohave one.
2.A:Do youlike thepen B:Yes,I likeit.还要注意的复数形式是用法跟相似,不过它代表的是复数.one ones,one知识点二指示代词指示代词包括this,that,these,those,such和一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,和则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,lthis thesethat thoseThis isapen andthat isa pencil.We arebusy thesedays.In thosedays theworkers had a hardtime.有时和指前面讲到过的事物,和则是指下面将要讲到的事物,例如2that thosethis theseIhadacold.Thats whyI didntcome.What Iwanttosay isthis;pronunciation isvery importantin learningEnglish.有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用或相当于复数可数名词代替,例如3that thosethe+指代At thistime ofyear,the weatherhere ismuch colderthan thatin Nanjing,thattheweatherTelevision setsmade inBeijing arejust asgood asthose madein Shanghai.在电话用语中代表自己,则代表对方例如4this thatHello!ThisisMary.Is thatJack speaking和还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于
5.this thatsoo我所做的就这么多Fve doneonly thatmuch.他总这么忙吗?Is healways thisbusy指示代词和在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指代物,不能指代人此外,6this,that these只有、后面可以跟定语从句,且只有后接定语从句时可以指人,that thosethose that=the one,those=the如ones(对)那是我的老师(作主语,指人)That ismy teacher.that(对)He isgoingtomarry thisgirl.他要和这个姑娘结婚(this作限定词)(错)(作宾语时不能指人)He isgoingtomarry this.this(对)I boughtthis.我买这个(this指物,可作宾语)(对)He admiredthose wholookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人(those指人)(错)(作宾语时不能指人)He admiredthat whodanced well.that(对)他赞赏外表漂亮的东西He admiredthat whichlooked beautiful.一些习惯用法这样那样,各种事情也就是说this andthatthatis tosay真的吗?够了!Is thatso Thatsenough!)的用法7such
①作定语.我从没有看到过这么美的图片Ihavenever seensuch abeautiful picture
②作主语(谓语动词单复数视其所指代的意义而定)这才是生活Such islife.这些就是结果Such arethe results,
③作宾语The murdererwas arrested,andwassentenced assuch.注意
(1)such代替或修饰可数与不可数名词都可He issuch aman.I dontlike suchwords.()应位于等词之后2such no,one,another,some,many,allOne suchgrammar bookis enough.()()结构等同于()3such+a n+adj.+n.so+adj.+an+n.oIt issuchagood chance.=Itisso gooda chance.()如果名词为不可数名词,则只能用而不能用4such soHe has madesuch greatprogress.Itwassuch goodweather.()如果名词被修饰,则要用而不用5many/much/little/few sosuchHe hasmade somuch progress.知识点三不定代词英语的不定代词有()all,each,both,either,neither,one,none,many,much,other,another,some,any,no,a few,()等,以及由和构成的合成代词(即alittle,both,enough,every some,any,no everysomebody,anyone,nothing等)在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词以及由和构成none some,any,no every的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而和则只用作定语no every考查一指代范围的区别(两者都)(两者都不)both—neither(三者及以上都)(三者及以上都不)all—none(两者中每一个)一(三者中每一个)each every(两者中任一个)(三者中任一个)either-any例如我的父母都是医生(父母两人)Both ofmy parentsare doctors.所有的学生对此都很感兴趣(学生们三者及以上)All ofthestudentsare interestedin it.广场的每一边都种有树(广场不止两面)There aretrees onany sideofthesquare.,他有两个儿子,都不富有(两个儿子都不)He hastwo sons,neither ofwhom isrich.他有三个儿子,都不富有(三个儿子都不)Hehasthree sons,none ofwhom isrich注意和区别each every、可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用不能用1each everyeach,every如不能说0There aretrees onevery sideoftheroad.、指“每个”的个别的情况,相当于汉语的“各个”,可用于指代对象有两个或以上时,能作代词或形2each容词;虽有“每个”的意思,但常从整体出发,强调共同性,相当于“每个都”,可用于指代对象有三个every及以上时,只能作形容词不能作代词Every oneof ushas strongand weakpoints.(强调所有人都不例外)(强调各自)Each ofus gota presentwith ourown nameon it.主语中有构成反意问句时,疑问部分多用复数指代each/every,Every studentlikethefilm,don ttheyEach ofus takespart inthe activity,don tweevery可以和not连用,each不可以Not everyworker cando it.还可表示“每隔……;每……中的”every每一两年every yearor two时常every nowand then每隔一天every otherday每十个男孩中选一个Choose oneout ofevery tenboys.考查二复合不定代词的用法特点复合不定代词包括some-something,somebody,someoneany-anything,anybody,anyoneno-nothing,等它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作nobody,no oneevery-everything,everybody,everyone定语等和等的区别与和的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一1something,someone anything,anyone someany般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句Ihavesomething interesting to tell you.Do youhave anythinginterestingtotellyou注意在表示请求别人意见或者别人同意,也可以用语疑问句;在肯定句中,只能翻译成“任何”some-any-Would你要喝点什么吗?youlikesomething todrink我能为你作任何事I cando anythingforyou.复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面不定代词+形容词结构,形容词要后置2这收音机没有毛病There isnothing wrongwith theradio.你见过名人吗?Have youseav anyone[anybody]famous指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数不3he,him,his一定指男性但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they,them,their人人都知道这一点,不是吗Everyone knowsthis,doesn the[don tthey]要是有人来,让他等着If anybody[anyone]comes,ask him[them]to wait.4指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they Everythingjs一切都准备好了,是吗?ready,isntjt。
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