船舶专业英语课文+翻译

（船舶设计）Chapter1Ship Design（育台舶分类）Lesson2Ships Categorized（介绍）21Introduction一艘船能采用的外形是不可胜数的The formsa shipcan takeare innumerable.A vesselmight appearto bea sleekseagoing hotelcarrying passengersalongto someexotic destination;a floatingfortress bristlingwith missilelaunchers;oroan elongatedbox transportingtanks ofcrude oiland toppedwith complexpipe一艘船可以看做是将乘客一直运送到外国目的地的优美的远航宾馆竖立有导connections.弹发射架的水面堡垒及甲板上铺盖有复杂管系的加长罐装原油运输轮None of these descriptionsof externalappearance,however doesjustice tof所有这些外部特点的描述都不能说明船the shipsystem as a wholeand integratedunit舶系统是一个总的集合体—self-sufficient,seaworthy andadequately stablein itsfunction asa secure船员和货物的安全性功能自给自足，适航,足够稳定habitat forcrew andcargo.This is the conceptthat thenaval architectkeeps inmind whendesigning theshipand thatprovides thebasis forsubsequent discussions,not onlyin两柱间长的中点称为,W且amidships and the ship is usuallybroadest at this point船舶在该处的宽度是最大的The breadthis measured atthisposition and the breadthmost commonly我们所说的宽度就是在船舶位置测得的，该宽度一used is called the breadth moulded.半称为型宽It maybe defined simply as the distancefrom theinside ofplating on oneside to a similar point onthe otherside measuredat thebroadest partof theship.我们谨定义它为船舶最宽处一侧船壳板的内侧到另一侧船壳板内侧的距离As is the casein the length between perpendiculars,the breadth mouldeddoes notrepresent thegreatest breadthof the ship,so thatto definethis greatestbreadththe breadth extreme isrequired.就像两柱间长那种情况一样，型宽不是船舶最大宽度，以至于有必要定义船舶的最大宽度为计算宽度In manyships the breadthextremeis the breadthmoulded plus thethicknessof theshell platingon eachside of the ship.对于很多船，计算宽度等于型宽交上船舶两侧船体外板的厚度In thedays ofriveted ships,where thest rakesof shell plating wereoverlappedthebreadthextreme wasequal to thebreadthmouldedplusfourthicknesses ofshell plating,but inthe caseof modemwelded shipsthe extra,在钏］接船的年代中，由于船breadth consistsof twothicknesses ofshellplatingonly舶外板列板相重叠，所以计算宽度就等于型宽加上四倍的船壳板厚度，然而现代焊接船仅加上两倍船壳板厚度The breadthextreme maybe muchgreater thanthis insome ships,since it isthe distancefrom theextreme overhangononeside of the ship to asimilar pointonthe otherside.有些船的计算宽度可能比上述所说的还大，这是因为它指的就是船舶一舷侧突出物极限点至相对称的另一舷侧突出物极限点间的距离This distancewould includethe overhangof decksa featurewhich isf这种sometimes foundin passengerships inorder toprovide additionaldeck area.距离可能包括甲板突出物宽度，我们能从客船中发现这种特性，这是为了扩大甲板面积It wouldbe measuredover fenders,which aresometimes fittedto shipssuchas crosschannel vesselswhich haveto operate in andout ofport undertheir ownpowerand havefenders providedto protectthe sidesof the ships whencomingalongside quays.我们将这些突出物称为护舷材，护舷材只用在某些船上，例如海峡渡轮，它们依靠自身的动力来进出港口，并且停靠港口时护舷能够保护船体舷侧免受损害（型深）DepthThe thirdprincipal dimensionsis depth,which variesalong the length of theship butis usuallymeasuredatamidships.第三个主尺度是深度，它沿船长方向会发生变化但通常以船肿处的值为标准This depth is knownas thedepth mouldedand is measured from theunderside of the platingof thedeck atside amidshipsto thebase line.这种深度称为型深指的就是船舶舷侧甲板板下部至基线间的距离It Issometimes quotedasa depth moulded to upperdeck ordepth有时引用为顶部甲板型深或次甲板型深等等mouldedtosecond deck,etc.Where nodeck isspecified itcan betaken thedepthismeasured to the如果没有指出是哪处的甲板，那么深度就以连续甲板的最高uppermost continuousdeck.处为基准.一些现代船舶有修圆的舷边In somemodem shipsthere isa roundedgunwaleIn suchcases thedepth mouldedismeasuredfrom the intersection of the.这种情况下，型深就取自甲板线deck linecontinued with thebreadthmoulded line与型宽线的交点.这是一个造船工程师设计船舶使必须记this chapterbut throughoutthe entirebook住的、能为以后讨论提供根据的观念，不仅涉及本章也贯穿全书In orderto discussnaval architecture,!!is helpfulto placeships incertaincategories.For purposesof thistext,ships areclassified accordingto theirmeans将船舶分成一些特定的种类来讨论造of physicalsupport and their designedpurposes•船工程是有好处的本文的目的就是根据船舶物理支撑方式和设计目的来将它们分类（根据物理支撑方式来

2.2Ships TypedAccording toMeans ofPhysical Support分类）The modeof physicalsupport by which vesselscan becategorized assumesthat the vesselis operatingunder designedconditions-Ships aredesigned tooperateabove,on,or below the surface of thesea,so theair-sea interfacewill beusedas thereference datum.船舶按物理支撑的分类方式假设，船舶是在设计工况的条件下航行船舶预定在海面上，海面中或海面以下航行，因此使用空气与水的接触面作为基准面Because thenature of the physicalenvironment isquite differentfor thethreeregions justmentioned,the physicalcharacteristics ofships designedto.由于上面提到的三个区域中物理环境的本质相operateinthose regionscan bediverse差很大，所以那些区域中的船的物理特性也不同空气静力支撑Aerostatic SupportThere aretwo categoriesof vessels that aresupported above the surface ofthe seaon aself-induced cushionof air.These relativelylightweight vehiclesarecapable ofhigh speeds,since airresistance isconsiderably lessthan waterresistance,andtheabsence ofcontact withsmall wavescombined withflexible有两种靠自身诱导的气垫浮于seals reducesthe effectsof waveimpact athigh speed.海面上的船这些重量相对轻的船能够高速航行，这是因为空气阻力比水阻力小得多，而且船舶高速航行时，弹性密封圈没有与小波浪接触，因而降低了了波浪冲击的影响Such vesselsdepend onlift fansto createa cushionof low-pressure airin an这种船依靠升力风扇在船体水下部分产生了低压气垫underbody chamber.This cushionof airmust besufficient tosupport theweight of the vehicle这种空气气垫必须足够支撑水面上方船的重量above the water surface.The firsttype ofvessel ha.s flexible“skirts“that entirelysurround theaircushion andenable theshiptorise completelyabovethesea surface.第一种船有完全围绕在气垫周围并且能够使船完全漂浮在水面以上的弹性围裙This is called anair cushionvehicle ACV,and ina limitedsense itisamphibious.它被称为气垫船（）某种有限的程度上适用于两栖ACV,The othertype of air-cushion crafthas rigidside wallsor thinhulls thatextendbelowthesurfaceof the waterto reducethe amountof airflow required另一种气垫船带有刚性侧壁,且有延伸到水下能够减小to maintainthe cushionpressure.空气流量的瘦船体，该气流用来维持气垫压力（）.这种类型船称为束缚气This typeiscalleda captured-air-bubble vehicleCAB泡减阻船It requiresless lift-fan powerthan anACV ismore directionallystable andf相对于来说,它需can bepropelled bywaterjets orsupercavitating propellers.ACV要较低的升力风扇动力，航向稳定性更好，并且能使用喷水推进器和超空泡螺旋桨It is not amphibious,however,and hasnot yetachieved thepopularity oftheACVs,which includepassenger ferries,cross-channel automobileferries,但是，它不是两polar-exploration craft,landing craft,and riverinewarfare vessels•栖用途的，也还没有那么广的适用范围，适用范围包括游客渡轮，横越海峡车客渡轮，ACVs极地考察船，登陆舰及内河舰艇（水动力支撑）Hydrodynam icSupportThere arealso twotypes ofvesselsthatdepend ondynamic supportgeneratedby relativelyrapid forwardmotion ofspecially designedhydrodynamic也有两种类shapes eitheron orbeneath thesurfaceofthe water.型船，它们依赖通过船的相对高速前进运动来产生动力支持，这种船型的水上和水下部分的形状都经过特殊设计A principleof physicsstates thatany movingobject thatcan produceanunsymmetrical flowpattern generatesa liftforce perpendicularto thedirection一个物理定理这样陈述任何运动的物体都能造成不均匀的流态，产生一个垂直of motion.于运动方向的升力Just asan airplanewith airfoilproduces liftwhen movingthrough theair,ahydrofoil locatedbeneath thesurface andattached bymeans of a surfacepiercingstrut,can dynamicallysupport avessel shull abovethewater.正如装有空气翼的飞机在空气中移动时气翼上能产生一个升力一样，位于水面以下且其上固定有穿透水面的柱体的水翼，能够动态支撑水面以上的船体Planing hullsare hull forms characterisedby relativelyflat bottomsandshallow V-sections especiallyforward of amidships thatproduce partialtonearly fulldynamic supportfor lightdisplacement vesselsand smallcraft athigherspeeds.滑行船体的特征是底部相对较平，横剖面呈浅形尤其是船的前半部分这种形状特V1点能够使船产生偏近满动力支持，适用于使小排水量船和高速小艇Planing craft are generallyrestricted insize anddisplacement because of therequiredpower-to-weight ratioandthestructural stressesassociated with一般说来，滑行船体的尺寸和排水量有限制这是traveling athigh speedin waves.因为需要满足动力和重量的比率要求，以及在波浪中高速航行时的结构应力要求Most planingcraftarealso restrictedto operationsin reasonablycalm waterf虽然although some“deep V“hullformsare capableof operationin roughwater.有一些,深型剖面船能够在恶劣的海况中航行，但大多数滑行船体也都限制在相当平静的V水面上航行（主尺度）Lesson3Principal Dimensions（主尺度）31Principal DimensionsBeforestudying indetail thevarious technicalbranches ofnaval architectureitis importantto definevarious termswhich will be madeuseofin laterchapters.The purposeof thischapter isto explainthese termsand tofamiliarise thereaderwith them.在系统的学习船舶工程不同的技术分支之前，应该定义一些术语以便于后面章节使用,这很重要本章旨在于解释这些术语，并且让读者熟悉它们In thefirst placethe dimensionsbywhichthe sizeofaship ismeasured willbe considered;they arereferred toas principaldimensions.The ship,like anysolidbody,requires threedimensions todefine itssize andthese area length,afbreadth andadepth.首先，考虑用来测量船舶尺寸的尺度；它们即是〃主尺度〃像任何其他固体一样，船舶需要三个尺度来定义其尺寸，它们是长度，宽度和高度Each ofthese willbe consideredin turn.我们将依次来讨论它们（船长）LengthThere arevarious waysof definingthelengthofaship,but firstthe lengthbetween perpendiculars willbeconsidered.有多种定义船舶长度的方法，但是首先应该考虑脑服两柱间长The lengthbetween perpendicularsis the distance measuredparallel tothebase at the levelofthesummer loadwaterline fromthe afterperpendicular totheforward perpendicular.柱间长指的是平行于基底夏季载重水线，从艇柱到脑柱间的距离The afterperpendicular istaken asthe afterside ofthe rudder post wherethereis sucha post,andtheforward perpendicular isthevertical linedrawnthrough theintersection ofthe stemwiththesummer loadwaterline Inshipswhere thereisnorudderpostthe afterperpendicularistaken asthe linepassingthrough thecentre lineoftherudder pintles.房柱指的就是船舶舵柱的后侧，而脑柱是通过船箱与夏季载重水线的交点的竖直线如果船上没有舵柱，那么腥柱就取通过舵销中心线的直线The lengthbetweenperpendicularsL.B.R isused forcalculation purposesaswill beseen laterbut itwillbeobvious fromFigure

3.1that thisdoes notf.两柱间长是用于后面的计算之用的，represent thegreatest lengthoftheship L.B.P.然而从图中可以看出两柱间长不是船舶的最大长度

3.1For manypurposes,such asthe dockingofaship,itisnecessary toknowwhat thegreatest lengthoftheshipis.明白船舶的最大长度是必要的，很多地方都能用到最大船长，比如船舶入坞1This lengthis knownasthelength overalland isdefinedsimplyas thedistancefromtheextreme pointattheafter endtoasimilarpointattheforwardend.这个长度称为总长，是以从船服端点到船脑端点间的距离来定义的This canbe clearlyseen byreferring againto Figure

3.

1.In mostships thelength overall wiltexceed bya considerableamount thelength betweenperpendiculars.大多数船的总长都比两柱间长超出很多The excesswill includethe overhangofthestem andalso thatofthestem超出的长度包括船艇悬挂物和前倾型船艄悬挂物where thestem israked forward.（）In modemships havinglarge bulbousbows thelengthoverallL.O.A.mayhave tobe measuredtotheextreme point ofthebulb.现代大型球鼻脑船舶的总长（）应该以球鼻为端点测量L.O.A.A thirdlength whichis oftenused tparticularly whendealing withshipresistance,isthelength onthe33坨川11€（1_・亚・1_.）.第三种长度是水线长（L.W.L）常用于计算船舶阻力This isthedistancemeasured onthe waterlineat whichtheshipis floatingfromtheintersection ofthestern withthe waterlinetotheintersectionofthestem withthe waterline.水线长指的就是在船舶所漂浮的水线上从船殖与水线的交点到船服与水线的交点间的距离This lengthis nota fixedquantity fora particularship,as itwill dependupon一艘特定the waterlineat whichtheshipis floatingand uponthe trimoftheship.的船上的水线长不是一个固定值，它是取决于船舶所漂浮的水线的位置及船舶的纵倾程度（型宽）BreadthThe midpointofthelengthbetweenperpendicularsiscalled。