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英语主干主语从句宾语从句12表语从句定语从句34状语从句同位语从句
564.其他句型包括强调句、倒装句、句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等词汇
1.
2.时态（主动语态+被动语态）作•般进行完成完成进行时现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成进行时现在完成时sb.do/does be doing have/has beenhave/has donesth.be donebe beingdonedoinghave/has beendone一般过去时过去过去进行时过去完成时sb.didhad donewas/were doingsth.was/werehad beendonewas/were beingdonedone一般将来时将来将来进行时将来完成时sb.will dowill bedoingwill bewill havedone willsth.will bebeingdone havebeen donedone过去过去将来进行时过去将来完成时一般过去将来将来would bedoingwould havedonesb.would dosth.would bebeingwould havebeenwould be donedonedone从句
3.定语从句定语从句定语是个句子，也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词区别汉语中，定语只能放在名词前面，而英语中，定语既可以放在名词前（形容词修饰名词）,也可以放在名词后面（定语从句修饰名词）被修饰的中心词叫作先行词（）Eg.1He is a cleverboy.He is a boy who is clever.（是中心词或者先行词，是修饰的定语从句，是关系代词，替代先a boy who is clever a boywho行词）a boy拆成两个句子（主干）He is a boy.（定语）This boy isclever.定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）的后面，即:（）去掉定语从He is a boythis boyisclever.句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即把它替换成指人的关系代词即this boy,who,He is a boywho isclever.（）他是一个我们喜欢的男孩2拆成两个句子他是一个男孩（主干）He isa boy.我们喜欢这个男孩（定语）We likethis boy.定语从句在中心词（先行词）的后面，即（）.去掉定语从句中与中心He isa boywe likethis boy词（先行词）重复的部分,即把它替换成指人的关系代词即（）this boy,who,He isaboywe likewho.但是，定语从句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面，所以要紧跟在后面，即who aboyHeisaboywhowe like.一.关系代词引导的定语从句.关系代词代替前面的先行词，关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾1语、定语等常见的关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whoseo既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略that代替物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略which代替人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略Who代替人，在定语从句中作宾语，还可省略whom既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语whose
（一）.先行词是人，）在定语从句中充当主语时1that/whoEg.An architectisaperson that/who designsbuildings.I willnever forget the teacherthat/who taughtus chemistryin mymiddle school.）在定语从句中充当宾语时八（关系代词省略）2that/who/whomEg.Do youknow theman that/who/whom/\we met in theschool libraryyesterdayThis isthe studentthat/who/whom/\my fathertaught tenyears ago.）在定语从句中充当定语（所有格）时3whose/of whom其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学Eg.The girlwhose fatheris anengineer studiesabroad.The girlthe fatherof whomis anengineer studiesabroad.A childwhose parentsare deadis calledan orphan.A child the parentsof whomare deadis calledan orphan.
（二）.先行词是物，）在定语从句中充当主语时1that/whichEg.Tom worksin afactory that/which makeswatches.I donot likestories that/which haveunhappy endings.）在定语从句中充当宾语时八（关系代词省略）2that/whichEg.This isthe bookthat/which/\you wantto buyTheletter that/which/\I receivedyesterday is very important.3）在定语从句中充当定语（所有格）时whose/（which9s）/of whichEg.Do youknow thehotel whose window we can see here（）=Do youknow thehotel whichs windowwecan seehere=Do youknow thehotel the window of which wecanseehere（关系代词指代先行词也可以用意思是whose hotel,of which,whosewindow=the windowofwhich,）thewindowof thehoteloHe canrepair thedesk whoseleg isbroken.（）=He canrepair thedesk whichsleg isbroken.=He canrepair thedesk theleg ofwhich isbroken.
（三）.先行词既有人，又有物，）在定语从句中充当主语时1thatEg.The time,place andpersons that are mentioned in the story are very important.He waswatching thechildren andparcels thatfilled the car.他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹）在定语从句中充当宾语时八（关系代词省略）2thatEg.The time,place andpersons that/\the writermentionedin thestoryareveryimportant.（注意）.当介词与关系代词紧密相连时，即介词后面的关系代词用（指人时）或者（指物时）,1whom which而不用（指人时）和（指人或物时）例如who that（）1The manto whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师注意介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用也可用who,that,还可以省略关系代词因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法The manwhomour headmaster talked to justnow isour Englishteacher.1The manwho ourheadmaster talkedto justnow isour Englishteacher.2The manthat ourheadmastertalkedto justnow isour Englishteacher.3The manourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.4第句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多4（）2This isthe bookfor which you asked.注意介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用也可用which,还可以省略关系代词因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法that,This isthe bookwhichyou asked for.5This isthe bookthat youasked for.6
③This isthe bookyouaskedfor.关系代词可以指代前面的整个句子
2.which关系代词也可以指代前面的整个句子asEg.He comesfrom America,which Iknow fromhis accent.（在定语从句中作的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子）which knowhe comesfrom America.=He comesfrom America,as Iknow fromhis accent.练习题
1.Is thisthe factory_you visitedthe otherday、A.that B.Which C.\D.A BandC
2.Finally,the thiefhanded everything_he had stolen to the police.A.which B.what C.who D.that
3.His parentswouldnt lethim marryanyone familywas poor.A.of whomB.whom C.of whoseD.whose4All isneeded isa supplyof oil.A.the thingB.that C.what D.which（名月生古迹）
5.The placeyou are going tovisit isa placeof interest.A.in which B.at whichC.where D.which颐和园）（清
6.The SummerPalaceC isone ofthe mostbeautiful parksbuilt inthe QingDynasty.朝）A.where wereB.where wasC.that wereD.which was
7.She showedme theditionary she paid alot ofmoney.A.whichB.\C.for which D.that
二、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个关系副词在定语从句中作状语，在定语从句中充当时when,where,why,间、地点和原因状语
（一）关系副词的用法when关系副词代替的先行词表示的是时间，在定语从句作时间状语when whenEg.I willnever forgetthose days we lived together.=I willnever forgetthose dayswhich we lived together in.=I willnever forgetthose daysin which we lived together.=I willnever forgetthose dayswhen we lived together.（时间）（时间）the time in/on/during which...=the time when...（区分）I willnever forgetthose days we spent together.
（二）关系副词的用法where关系副词代替的先行词表示的是地点，在定语从句作地点状语where whereEg.This isthe placeLi Bai once lived.=This isthe placewhich Li Bai once lived in.=This isthe placein whichLi Baionce lived.二This isthe placewhere LiBaioncelived.=This iswhere LiBaioncelived.（地点）（地点）the placein/at which...=the placewhere...（区分）This isthe placeLiBaionce visited.
（三）关系副词的用法why关系副词代替的先行词表示的是原因，在定语从句作原因状语why whyEg.This isthe reasonhe did not come yesterday.二This isthe reasonwhich he did not come yesterday for.（）He did not come yesterdayforthis reason.=This isthe reasonfor whichhe did not come yesterday.=This isthe reasonwhy hedid not come yesterday.（原因）（原因）the reasonfor which...=the reasonwhy...（区分）This isthe reasonhe explained.（注意）以下由关系副词引导的定语从句，如果把先行词去掉，则变成了表语从句
1.when/where/why关系副词引导的定语从句Those daysare thetime whenwe lived together.This isthe placewhere we lived together10years ago.This isthe reasonwhy she did not come yesterday.表语从句Those daysare whenwe lived together.This iswhere we lived together10years ago.This iswhy shsdid not come yesterday.区分定语从句与其它从句的区别
2.）那些日子是我们曾经住在一起的时光1
①Those daysare thetime whenwe livedtogether.（定语从句）二（定语从句）Those daysare thetime which we livedtogetherin.二（定语从句）Those daysare thetimein whichwe livedtogether.
②Those daysare whenwe livedtogether.（表语从句）表语是特殊疑问句When didwelivetogether）这是我们十年前住在一起的地方2（定语从句）This isthe placewhere welivedtogether10years ago.1二（定语从句）This isthe placewhichwlivedtogether10years agoin.二（定语从句）This isthe placein whichwelivedtogether10years ago.（表语从句）This iswhere welivedtogether10years ago.2表语是特殊疑问句Where didwelivetogether10years ago）这是她昨天为何没来的原因3
①This isthe reasonwhy shedid notcome yesterday.（定语从句）二（定语从句）This isthe reasonwhich shedid notcome yesterdayfco二（定语从句）This isthe reasonfor whichshedidnotcomeyesterday.
②This iswhy shedidnotcomeyesterday.（表语从句）表语是特殊疑问句Why didntshe comeyesterday）为何不把这些政策运用到食品被出售的地方呢？4
①Why notapply thesepolicies to the placeswhere food is sold（定语从句）二（定语从句）Why notapply thesepolicies tothe placeswhich foodis soldin（定语从句）=Why notapply thesepolicies tothe placesin whichfoodis sold
②Why notapply thesepolicies towhere foodissold（宾语从句）宾语从句是特殊疑问句Where isfood sold.定语从句的位置3就像前面所讲，定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰的中心词/先行词之后，但有时候，定语从句也可以与中心词/先行词分离，即定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的成分，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句.eg.
①There was a girlupstairs who was shouting and crying.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫（定语从句whowasshoutingandcrying修饰the girl,被upstairs所隔开）
②A new master will come tomorrowwhowill teach you German.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了（定语从句修饰被who willteach youGerman anewmaster,will隔开，定语从句与先行词分离）come tomorrow限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
4.（）限制性定语从句先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间无逗号隔开，定语从句与先行词关系密1切，限制性关系强非限制性定语从句先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间有逗号隔开，定语从句与先行词只有一种松散的修饰关系，限制性关系不强（注意两种从句不同的汉语翻译）Eg.
①He hasa sonwho isa doctor.他有个当医生的儿子他有个儿子，是个医生He hasa son,who isa doctor.He lefthis hometownwhere he had livedfor30years.2他离开了他已经生活了年的家乡30He lefthis hometown,where hehad livedfor30years.他离开了他的家乡，他已经在他的家乡生活了年30
③She broughtup thelittle boywhose parentshad beendead.她把这个父母已经去世的小男孩抚养带大She broughtup thelittle boy,whose parentshad beendead.她把这个小男孩抚养带大，小男孩的父母已经去世了（）在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能用2that
①I metAlice,who toldme that she waslearning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语
②That girlisverybeautiful,whom I metinthe libraryyesterday.北京，中国的首都，将Beijing,which isthe capitalof China,will hostthe2008Olympic Games.3主办年奥运会2008He broughtup thelittle boy,whose parentshad beendead.4He comesfrom America,which Iknow fromhis accent.5（在定语从句中作的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子）which knowhe comesfrom America.练习题
1.This isthe placewelived10years ago.This isthe placewe discovered10years ago.This isthe placewelivedin10years ago.A.that B./C.where D.which E.in which
2.Til neverforget thedays westudied together.ril neverforget thedayswespenttogether.Fil neverforgetthedayswestudied togetherin.A.that B./C.when D.which E.inwhich
3.He gavethe reasonhe was late formeeting.This wasthe reasonhe gavetothedirector.He gavethe reasonhe was late formeeting for.A.that B./C.why D.which E.for which
4.She hearda terriblenoise,—brought herheart intoher mouth.主语、宾语、表语成分主语、宾语、表语可以是名词
1.eg.Good Englishis important.The studentis diligent.The teacherteaches English.The tallman is my Englishteachnr.主语、宾语、表语可以是动名词
2.eg.Studying English well is important.=It is important studyingEnglish wellPlaying basketball ismy二favorite.It ismy favoriteplaying basketball.I likeplaying basketball.My favoriteis playingbasketball.主语、宾语、表语可以是动词不定式二
3.eg.To study English well isimportant.It isimportant tostudyEnglish well.To play basketball ismy favorite.=It ismy favoriteto playbasketball.I liketo playbasketball.My favoriteis toplaybasketball.主语、宾语、表语可以是句子分别构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句
4.eg.That we studyEnglish wellisimportant.=It isimportant that westudyEnglish well.That he can win the gameis certain.=It iscertain that he canwin the game.He hopesthat hecae win the game.His hopeis that hecanwinthe game.注意当主语是不定式或句子时，不定式或句子可以用形式主语替代，真正的主语“it”（不定式或句子）放在主句的最末尾英语四大规则两个并列简单句，如果
①前后主语一致，
②其中一个句子表达主动关系，那么，把该句子中相同
1.的主语去掉，把谓语动词变成形式ingHe carriesa ball in his hands.He walksinto the classroom.---Carrying aballinhishands,he walksinto theclassroom.两个并列简单句，如果
①前后主语一致，
②其中一个句子表达被动关系，那么，把该句子中相同
2.的主语去掉，把系动词去掉He wasblamed bythe teacher.He criedsadly.---Blamed bythe teacher,he criedsadly.定语从句中，如果
①先行词在定语从句中作主语，
②定语从句表达主动关系，那么，把关系代词
3.去掉，把定语从句中的谓语动词变成形式ingThe carwhich runsfast is mine.-The carrunning fastismine.定语从句中，如果
①先行词在定语从句中作主语，
②定语从句表达被动关系或者
4.bedonebe+adj或者形式，那么，把关系代词去掉，把定语从句中的系动词去掉be+doing1The carwhich wasbought byme runsfast.---The carbought byme runsfast.2The bookswhich areavailable forstudents havebeen handedto them.---The booksavailable forstudents havebeen handedto them.3The patientwho isundergoing surgerycame acrossan accident1hour before.-The patientundergoing surgerycame acrossan accident1hour before.强调句
一、强调非谓语动词I metTom on the street yesterday.强调非谓语动词被强调部分+（指人时也可用）+句子剩余部分it is/was…+that who）强调主语」1主语从句主语从句主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语.I.当主语是陈述句时，连接词是即不省略+该陈述句
1.that thatEg.
1.That we will be late iscertain.We will belate.
2.That hedidnotcomeyesterday isapity.He didnotcomeyesterday.注意主语从句的一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的可以省略that that主语从句，不能省略Eg.
1.That we will belate iscertain.that宾语从句,可以省略
2.I hopethat we will winthe game.that当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是
2.whetheror not即+该一般疑问句的陈述语序whetheror not注意「不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分“iEg.
1.Whether he will go there is not known.Will he go there
2.Whether theycan finish\he jobor notis not clear.Can theyfinish thejob当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词
3.“8W+H”BP特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序注指的是指的是8W what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H howEg.
1.What hedid yesterdayis not known.What did he doyesterday
2.Where hewent yesterdayis notclear.Where did he goyesterday
3.Which teamhe likedhas not been decided.Which teamdidhelike
4.Who wonthv gameseems certain.Who won the game
5.Whom hemvt yesterdayis notclear.Whom didhe meetyesterday
6.Why hewaslatefor the meeting isto befound out.Why washe latefor the meeting
7.Whose bookthis isis notclear.Whose bookis this
8.When he will arriveis not known.When willhe arrive
9.How wewill help the lost boy will be discussedat themeeting.How willwe helpthe lostboyIt wasI that/who metTom on the streetyesterday.）强调宾语2TomIt wasTom that/who I met onthe streetyesterday.）强调地点状语3onthe streetIt wasonthe street thatI metTom yesterday.）强调时间状语4yesterdayIt wasyesterday thatI metTom onthestreet.强调谓语动词助动词+动词原形met（注意）强调句在强调非谓语动词时，去掉（指人时也可用）句子保持完整，不缺it is/was thatwho,任何成分，句意不变强调谓语动词
二、ImetTom onthestreetyesterday.I didmeet Toinonthestreetyesterday.
三、强调句及倒装句not...until...强调句从句/表时间的词
1.It is/was notimtil++that+…当位于句首时,句子要倒装，其结构为从句/表时间的词+助动词+（主句）主语
2.Not untilNot until++谓语+...（）Eg.1She didntremember herappointment withthe doctoruntil she had arrived home.强调句It wasnot untilshe hadarrived homethat sheremembered herappointment withthedoctor.彳到装句Not untilshehadarrivedhomedid sheremember herappointment withthe doctor.（）2The studentsdidnt stoptalking untilthe teachercame in.强调句It wasnot untilthe teachercame inthat thestudents stoppedtalking.倒装句Not untilthe teachercame indid thestudents stoptalking.（）3The sports meeting willnotbe held untilnext week.强调句It isnot untilnext weekthat thesports meetwill beheld.倒装句Not untilnext weekwill thesportsmeetbeheld.（）4I couldntafford to buy a house of my ownuntil I got married.强调句It wasnot untilI gotmarried thatI couldafford tobuy ahouse ofmy own.彳到装句Not untilIgotmarried couldI affordtobuyahouseofmyown.倒装句
1.Only in this waycan wesucceed.
2.No waycould theyrescue him.
3.Here comesthecar.虚拟语气引导的虚拟语气If和现在事实相反，从句用过去时，主句if+should/would/could/might+be/doeg.If youwere nothere,I wouldbe introuble.If Iwere you,I wouldwork harder.和过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时，主句if+should/would/could/migh havedoneeg.If you had wateredthe flowers,they wouldnot havedied.要是当时下雨了，现在的情况就好多了，我的花就不会死了因为过去没有下雨，所以我的花干死了和将来事实相反，从句用过去时，主句if+were to/would+be/doeg.If itwere torain tomorrow,we wouldstay athome.过去完成时）表示“过去的过去”--截止到过去的某个时间为止，已经完成某项动作1had done,常用时间状语有by yesterday/before lastnight/by thistime yesterday...Eg.I hadmemorized4,000words bythe endof lastmonth.I hadeaten my lunch beforehe called me.区另ll I was eatingmylunchwhen hecalledme.He hadfinished his homework by8oclock yesterdaymorning.某些动词预定的过去完成时表示“打算做某事却2“want/plan/intend/hope/mean/think.没有做成某事”Eg.I hadintended tosee you,but someonecalled andI couldntget away.I hadhoped tocatch theearly bus,but foundI missedit.）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中3Eg.The flowerswouldnt havedied ifyouhadwatered them.）主句是一般过去时，则从句用相应的过去时态4Eg.He saidhehadseen thisfilm twice.形式主语宾语补足语V+it+形式主语宾语补足语+v+it+）动词不定式1）动名词2ing）Eg.l You will find it difficultto learnEnglishwell.）2Youwillfinditdifficult learningEnglishwell.格人称主格宾格形容词性名词性物反身代词物主代词主代词Imemy minemyself-----you you your yoursyourselfhis himselfhimhers herselfheshe ither ithis herits itsitselfTom TomToms TomsTom himself一复we usour oursourselves二复youyouyour yoursyourselves三复they themtheir theirsthemselves练习题
1.Tom andMike aregood friends.often helpeach other.A.They BThem CTheir DTheirs
2.Mr.Wang isvery friendly,and likehim verymuch.A.we B.us C.our D.ours
3.1am astudent.name isTom.A.My B.Your C.His D.Her
4.My parentsgave anice toydog formy birthday.A.I B.me C.my D.mine
5.That girlis newin ourclass.Do youknow nameA.her B.she C.he D.his基数词1-10one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten11-20eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty21-30twenty-one...thirty40forty,50fifty,60sixty,70seventy,80eighty,90ninety,100one hundred,200two hundred1,000one thousand,2,000two thousand（一百万）二百万1,000,000one milliontwo million十亿二十亿one billiontwo billion序数词1-10first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,eighth,ninth,tenth11-20eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth,fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenth,twentieth一2130twenty-first...thirtieth40fortieth,50fiftieth,60sixtieth,70seventieth,80eightieth,90ninetieth,100one hundredth,1,000one thousandth,（一百万）1,000,000one millionth十亿one billionth复杂数字读法•982nine hundredand eighty-two•1,982one thousandnine hundredand eighty-two（含四位数的年份有两种读法，一种是按照以上方法从前到后读，第二种是两位两位读，所以1982年也可读成）nineteen eighty-two年月日前面介词年份，月份，泛指上午下午晚上——某天---------on具体某天的上午下午晚上——on英语常用不规则动词分类表型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）花费割,切LA---A---A cost costcostcut cutcut hit打让放下读伤hit hitlet letlet put putputread readread hurt hurthurt型（现在式和过去式同形）打
2.A-A-B beatbeat beaten型现在式和过去分词同形
3.A--B---A来come camecome变become becamebecome跑run ranrun型
4.A—B—B在动词原形后加一个辅音字母或构成过去式或过去分词1dt燃烧burn burntburnt学习learn learned/learnt learned/learnt意思mean meantmeant听见hear heardheard把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母改为构成过去式或过去分词2“d”“t”建筑build builtbuilt借给lend lentlent失去lose lostlost送send sentsent花费spend spentspent其他3付pay paidpaid下蛋lay laidlaid说say saidsaid带来bring broughtbrought买buy boughtbought想think thoughtthought睡sleep sleptslept保持keep keptkept扫sweep sweptswept站stand stoodstood明白understand understoodunderstood得胜win wonwon发光shine shone/shined shone/shined抓住catch caughtcaught教teach taughttaught觉得feel feltfelt战斗fight foughtfought发现find foundfound得到get gotgot绞死，挂hang hanged/hung hanged/hung有have hadhad盛,握hold heldheld离开leave leftleft制造make mademade遇见meet metmet卖sell soldsold射击shoot shotshot告诉tell toldtold嗅，闻smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled坐sit satsat挖dig dugdug型现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同在动词原形后加或构成过
5.A—B—C1-n-en去分词吃eat ateeaten落下fall fellfallen偷steal stolestolen给give gavegiven冻结freeze frozefrozen拿take tooktaken看见see sawseen写write wrotewritten骑ride roderidden驾驶drive drovedriven抛，扔throw threwthrown吹blow blewblown生长grow grewgrown知道know knewknown飞fly flewflown拉，绘画draw drewdrawn展不show showedshown过去式加或构成过去分词2-n-en说话speak spokespoken破碎，折断break brokebroken醒wake waked/woke waked/waken选择choose chosechosen己forget forgotforgotten变单词在重读音节中的元音字母分别为“屋过去式和过去分词3“i”“u”开始begin beganbegun按铃ring rangrung唱sing sangsung沉sink sanksunk游泳swim swamswum饮drink drankdrunk其他不规则动词的变化4是beam,is was/were been是beare werebeen做do diddone去go wentgone躺lie laylain穿wear woreworn.注意一主语从句后置！n为了避免主语冗长，句子头重脚轻,经常用作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.itEg.
1.That wewill belate iscertain.—Its certain that wewillbelate.
2.Whether he will gothere isnotknown.—It isnotknownwhether hewill gothere.
3.Where hewent yesterdayisnotclear.—It isnotclearwhere hewent yesterday.作形式主语常用句型引导的主语从句是真正的主语•It thatIt is possible/important/necessary/clear that...据说/据报道…Its said/reported that..已经通知/宣布…Its beenannounced/declared that...It seems/appears/happens that...显然、明显、碰巧・・…并不奇怪/无疑…Ifs nowonder that注意二主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定WhatWhat heneeds_is_that book.What heneeds_are_some books.注意三与引导主语从句的区别What thatEg.1What yousaid yesterdayis right.What didyou sayyesterday2That sheis still alive isa puzzle.She isstillalive.练习题
1.he madean importantspeech at themeetingwas true.A.That B.Why C.What D.How
2.weH gocamping tomorrowdepends onthe weather.A IfB WhetherCThat DWhere
3.is knownto usallisthat Americaisadeveloped country.A.Which B.As C.What D.It4・Its knownto usall aform ofenergy.A.water isB.that waterisC.is waterD.that waterto宾语从句宾语从句宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语.I.当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是即可省略+该陈述句
1.that thatEg.
1.I hopethat hewill come tomorrow.He will come tomorrow.
2.He guessesthat thisteam will win.This teamwill win.注意主语从句的一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的可以省略that that.主语从句，不能省略Eg.
1.That wewillbelate iscertainthat宾语从句，可以省略
2.I believe that wewillwinthe game.that当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是
2.whetheror not/if即该一般疑问句的陈述语序whetheror not/if+Eg.
1.I askwhether/if Tomknows Jack.Does Tomknow Jack
2.I dontknow whether/if hecame backyesterday.Did hecome backyesterday当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词
3.“8W+H”即特殊疑问词该特殊疑问句的陈述语序“8W+H”+注8W-what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H-how Eg.
1.I dontknow whathedid yesterday.What didhe doyesterday
2.He wantsto know where hewent yesterday.Where didhe goyesterday
3.He didnttell mewhich teamhe liked.Which teamdidhelike
4.We wantto knowwho won thegame at last.Who won thegame
5.His momasked whom he metyesterday.Whom didhemeetyesterday】
6.He didntfind outwhy hewaslatefo themeeting.Why washe latefor themeeting
7.I amnot surewhose bookthis is.Whose bookis this
8.They askmewhen hewillarrive.When willhe arrive9We havediscussed how wewillhelpthe lostboy.How willwe helpthelostboy注意一n.当主句的谓语动词是等表示要求或建议的动词时，command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest从句谓语动词用+动词原词，可以省略should shouldeg1She requiredthat he should go back home right now.She requiredthat hegobackhomerightnow.2I suggestedthat heshould ask his teacher for help.I suggestedthat heaskhisteacherforhelp.注意二当主句中等作谓语动词时，否定要前移believe/expect/suppose/thinkEg.I dontthink that hewill come tomorrow.He wontcome tomorrow.He doesn7believethatit is true.Itisnot true.注意三宾语从句的语序宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分eg.I believethat theywill comesoon.He askedme whetherIwasa teacher.They wantedto know what theycan dofor us.注意四宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态eg.lShe saysthat sheisastudent.She saidthat shewasastudent.2She saysthat shewill flyto Japanin aweek.She saidthatshe would flyto Japanin aweek.注意五由或特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句也就是第
二、第三种情况时，如果宾语whether8W+H从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构eg.I dontknow whatI shoulddo next.I dontknowwhatto donext.He didntknow wherehewouldlive.He didntknowwhereto live.He wasntclear whichway heshould go to reach the bank.=He wasntclear whichway togotoreachthebank.（注意七）含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补it足语之后）.（宾语是陈述句））Eg.1We think it wonderfulthatwewill ggon atrip thisweekend2I（宾语是一般疑问句）thinkituncertain whetherwewillwintheeame.）（宾语是特殊疑问句）3We hopeit discussedhowwewill solvethe problem.练习题一1Do youknowthe CapitalMuseumo一Next Friday.A.when willthey visitB.when theywill visitC.when didthey visitD.when theyvisited
2.-Can youtell me-She isinthecomputer lab.A.where Lindawas B.where isLindaC.where wasLinda D.where Lindais33-Guess Ididyesterday!o一I thinkyou wentto aparty.A.where B.when C.what D.which一
4.Could youlet meknow yesterday一Because thetraffic washeavy.A.why didyou come late B.why youcame lateC.why doyou comelate D.why youcomelate一5Do youknow theMP3player lastweeko一Sorry,I haveno idea.A.how muchdid shepay forB.how muchwill shepay forC.how muchshepaidfor同位语从句同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有advice,fact,truth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,messa*news,promise proposal,消息，一致，等reply,report suggestion,word agreemenUproblem.Question,doubt,thoughtThe news that Mr.Li willbe ournew Englishteacher is true.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开如The newsis truethat Mr.Li willbe ournew Englishteacher.当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是不省略+该陈述句
1.-.that BPthatEg.l The newsthatMr.Li willbe ournew Englishteacher is true.
2.He admittedthe factthat hehadstolenthe wallet.碓如引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已，无任何意义，也不充当任何M成分，但不可以省略that二.当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether®]not即+该一般疑问句的陈述语序whetheror not硅意』匕处不能用1if.
1.He hasntmade thedecision whetherhewillgothere.的内容是decision Willhegothere的内容是
2.They havenotcometo anagreement whetherheshouldtake partin thisgame.agreementShould hetake partinthisgame三.当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即特殊疑问词疑该特殊疑问句的陈述语序W+H”+注指的是指的是8W what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H how
1.I haveno ideawhat theboyisdoing inthe nextroom now.
2.We haventyet settledthe questionwhere wearegoingto spendour summervacation thisyear.
3.We havenotcometo aconclusion whichteam isthe best.
4.The questionwho shoulddo thework isbeing discussedatthemeeting.案件.
5.The doubtwhomhetalked withyesterdayisimportant tothe case案件.
6.The doubtwhy hedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase
7.The problemwhose moneythis ishas notbeen solved.
8.I haveno suggestionwhenhewillbeback.
9.The thoughtcame tome howI cansolve thisproblem.引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
2.that意义不同1引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容，是解释中心词；而引导的定语从that that句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词，是修饰中心词先行词Eg.
①The newsthat ourteam haswonthefinal matchis true.
②The newsthathetold usis true.［分析］
①中引导同位语从句，解释说明的内容我们队取得了决赛胜利that“nows”
②中引导定语从句，对加以限定是他告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道，起修饰作that“news”用功能不同:2that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词，不充当任何成分；that而引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、that宾语等成分Eg.
①Dad madea promisethathewould buymeaCD playerif Ipassed theEnglish test.
②.Dad madea promisethat excitedall hischildren.［分析］
①中引导同位语从句，其中无词义，也不充当任何成分；that that
②.中引导定语从句，指代又在从句中充当主语，且可以用替换°that thatpromise,that which可否省略3that引导同位语从句时，不可省略在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，可以省略，若作主语that则不可以省略Eg.
①The newsthat ourteam haswonthefinal matchis true.The newsthathetold usistrue.2The newsthat isfrom thisnewspaper istrue.3［分析］
①中引导同位语从句，不能省略that
②.中引导定语从句，指代在从句中充当宾语，可以用替换也可以省that thatnews,that which,略
③中也是引导定语从句，指代在从句中充当主语，可以用替换，但that thatnews,that which不能省略that有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开
3.定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面，而被别的词隔开Eg.
①Thenewsistruethatanew teacher willcometomorrow toteach usEnglish.
②A new teacherwillcometomorrowwho willteach usEnglish.定语从句修饰被隔开，定语从句与who willteachyouEnglish anewteacher,willcometomorrow先行词分离练习题
1.They expressedthe hopethey wouldcome overto Chinasoon.2The facthe didntsee Tomthis morningistrue.3Word hascome someAmerican guestswillcometo ourcollege fora visitnext week.
4.He cantanswer thequestion hegot themoney fromhishomeyesterday.
5.Do youhave anyidea isactually goingon intheclassroom
6.The problemwe shouldhave themeeting inthe hallnow mustbe decidedat once.
2.The suggestionthe monitorgave isgood.The suggestionwewillhave atrip onthe GreatWall thisweek isgood.A.that B.\C.whichD.where。
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