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第课时第一节真题再现4语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会糖税难度系数★★★建议用时8，文章出处（全国乙卷篇）2022DThe Governmentssugar taxon softdrinks hasbrought in half as much moneyas Ministersfirstpredicted it would generate,the firstofficial dataon thepolicy hasshown.First announcedin April,2016,the taxwhich appliesto softdrinks containingmore than5g of sugar（月巴胖）per100ml,was introducedto helpreduce childhoodobesity.It isbelieved thattodays childrenandteenagers areconsuming threetimes theremended levelofsugar,putting them at ahigher riskof thedisease.Initially the sugar taxwas expected to make£520mayear for the Treasury.However,data of the firstsixmonths showeditwouldmake less than halfthis amount.At presentit isexpectedtogenerate£240mfor theyear endingin April2019,which willgo toschool sports.It esafter more than halfof softdrinks soldin shopshave hadtheir sugarlevels cutby manufacturers（制造商〕so theycan avoidpaying the tax.Drinks nowcontain45million fewerkilos ofsugar as a resultof manufacturers*efforts to avoid thecharge,according toTreasury figures.Since Aprildrinks panieshave been forced to pay between18p and24p forevery litreof sugarydrink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content.However,some highsugar brands,like ClassicCoca Cola,have acceptedthe sugar tax andarerefusing tochange for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milkbased drinksand mostalcoholicdrinks are free of the tax,as aresmall paniesmanufacturing fewerthan Imlitres peryear.Todays figures,according toone governmentofficial,show thepositive influencethe sugar tax is（设施）having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.Helpingthe next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and theindustry isplaying its part.
32.Why was the sugar tax introducedA.To collect money forschools.B.To improvethe qualityof drinks.C.To protectchildrens health.D.To encourageresearch ineducation.
33.How did some drinks panies respond to the sugar taxA.They turnedto overseasmarkets.B.They raisedthe pricesof their products.C.They cut down ontheir production.D.They reducedtheirproducts*sugarcontent.
34.From which of the following is the sugar tax collectedA.Most alcoholic drinks.B.Milkbased drinks.C.Fruit juices.D.Classic Coke.
35.What can be inferredabout the adoption of the sugar tax policyA.It isa shortsighteddecision.B.It isa successstory.C.It benefitsmanufacturers.D.It upsetscustomers.体裁社会类说明文主题人与社会——糖税【语篇导读】本文主要介绍糖税的产生，在一些国家生效，以及它所带来的正面影响【段意梳理】第一段数据表示糖税给政府带来的收益其次段推行糖税的目的第三段糖税所带来的收入第四和五段一些含糖饮料公司针对糖税推行做出的不同反响第六段征收糖税的正面影响【答案及解析】（）主旨大意题依据第一段4A.Cities usuallyhave a good reason for beingwhere they are,like anearby portor（城settle in these places because they are easy^to get to and naturally suited to municationsand rise and fallof acity.市的兴衰），应选A【点评】直接信息题直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文根本全都
1.的题目间接信息题间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要
2.对原文信息进行转换综合信息题综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是
3.原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求同学把原文所供应的信息综合起来分析，而不能断章取义典例力量挑战****3（湖南卷*阅读理解篇）Passage12015BIn itsearly history,Chicago hadfloods frequently,especially in the spring,making thestreets somuddy thatpeople,horses,and cartsgot stuck.An oldjoke thatwas popularat thetime wentsomething likethisA manis stuckupto hiswaist ina muddyChicago street.Asked ifhe needshelp,he replies,nNo,thanks.Pve gotagoodhorse underme.”The cityplanner decidedto buildan undergrounddrainage（排水）system,but theresimply wasn*t enoughdifferencebetween theheight of the groundlevel and the waterleveLThe onlytwo optionswere tolower the ChicagoRiver orraise the city.An engineernamed Ellis Chesbrough convincedthe citythat ithad nochoice but to build the pipes above groundand then cover them with dirt.This raisedthe levelof the citys streetsby asmuch as12feet.This ofcourse createda new problem dirtpractically buriedthe firstfloors ofevery buildingin Chicago.Buildingowners werefaced with a choiceeither change the firstfloors of their buildingsinto basements,and thesecond storiesintomain floors,or hoistthe entirebuildings tomeet thenew streetlevel.Small wood-frame buildingscould beliftedfairly easily.But what about large,heavy structureslike TremontHotel,which wasa six-story brickbuildingThats whereGeorge Pullmancame in.He haddeveloped somehouse-moving skillssuccessfully.To lifta big（螺旋千斤顶）structure like the TremontHotel,Pullman wouldplace thousandsof jackscrewsbeneath the building*sfoundation.One manwas assignedto operateeach sectionof roughly10jackscrews.At Pullman*s signal each manturnedhis jackscrewthe sameamount at the sametime,thereby raisingthe buildingslowly andevenly.Astonishingly,the TremontHotel stayopen during the entireoperation,and many of itsguests didnteven noticeanything washappening.Some peoplelike to say thatevery problemhas asolution.But inChicagos early history,every engineeringsolutionseemed tocreate anewproblem.Now thatChicagos wastewater wasdraining efficientlyinto theChicagoRiver,the citysnext stepwas toclean thepolluted river.）[1The authormentions thejoke toshow D.A.horses werefairly usefulin ChicagoB・theChicagopeople wereparticularly humorousC.Chicago wasvery dangerousin the springD.Chicagos streetswere extremely muddy⑵The underlinedword hoistin Paragraph4means*BA.changeB.liftC.repairD.decorate（）3The cityplanners wereconvinced byEllis Chesbroughto A.A.build the pipes above groundB・lower theChicago RiverC.fight againstheavy floodsD.get ridof thestreet dirt）[4The passageis mainly about the early ChicagosC.A.popular lifestyles and their influencesB・environmental disastersand theircausesC.engineering problemsand theirsolutionsD.successful businessmenand theirachievements【分析】本文章介绍了早期芝加哥的建筑问题与解决方案【解答】（）细节推理题依据文章的第一段第一句话1D.In itsearlyhistory,Chicago hadfloods frequently,（他的争论可能意味着especially inthespring,making thestreets somuddy thatpeople,horses,and cartsgot stuck.孤独的人类不会与机器人相爱，他们也不太可能成为机器人的奴隶）”可知，选项”D.Chicagos streetswere.芝加哥的街道特别泥泞”所以作者提及那个玩笑是为了突出芝加哥这一特点，符合题干extremelymuddy应选D⑵B.词义猜想题依据第四段wood-frame buildingscould belifted fairlyeasily.〔小的木结构的建筑会相当简洁地举起来，）”由此可见，另一种方法就是将建筑上升转变；举起；修理；A.change B.lift C.repair D.decorate装修应选B细节理解题依据第三段第一句话3A.An engineernamed EllisChesbrough convincedthecitythat ithad no——个叫的工程师说服市choice butto buildthepipesabovegroundandthencover themwithdirt.EllisChesbrough政府，他们别无选择，只能在地面上修建管道，然后用泥土掩盖”可知为首的人们认为应Eill Chesbrough当在施工例下排水管道，选项把管造建在地面上”符合题干应选A.buildthepipesaboveground.A细节推理题依据倒数其次段中的倒数其次句话4C.At Pullman^signaleachman turnedhis jackscrewthe same在的指导下，每个人同时抬起他amount at the sametime,thereby raisingthebuildingslowly andevenly.Pullman们手中的千斤顶，因此建筑就被渐渐地、平整蚯抬起来了”可知，选项.“C.engineering problemsandtheirsolutions工程问题及其解决方案”符合题干应选Co【点评】做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行认真分析，结合选项选出正确答案要在抓住关键句子的根底上合理的分析才能得出正确答案,切忌胡乱猜想，肯定要做到有理有据全国甲卷*阅读理解篇Passage22021DWho isa geniusThis questionhas greatlyinterested humankindfor centuries.Lets stateclearlyEinstein wasa genius.His faceis almostthe internationalsymbol forgenius.But wewant togobeyond oneman andexplore thenature of genius itself.Why isit thatsome peopleare somuch moreintelligent orcreativethan the rest ofus Andwho are theyIn thesciences andarts,those praised as geniuseswere mostoften whitemen,of Europeanorigin.Perhaps thisis notasurprise.Its said that history is written by thevictors,and thosevictors setthe standards for admission to the geniusclub.When contributionswere madeby geniusesoutside theclub-women,or peopleof adifferent coloror belief-theywere unacknowledged and rejected by others.A studyrecently publishedby Sciencefound thatas youngas agesix,girls areless likelythan boystosaythatmembers of their genderare really,really smart.1234Even worse,the studyfound thatgirls act on thatbeliefAround agesix they startto avoidactivities saidto befor childrenwho arereally,really smart.1Can ourplanet affordto have anygreat thinkersbee discouragedand giveup Itdoesn*t takea geniusto know the answerabsolutely not.Here*sthegood news.In awired worldwith constantglobal munication,were allpositioned tosee flashes of geniuswhereverthey appear.And the more welook,themorewe willsee thatsocial factorslike gender,race,and classdo notdeterminethe appearanceofgenius.As awriter says,future geniusese fromthose withintelligence,creativity,perseverance,and simplegood fortune,who areable tochange theworld.n依据这个信念行事的六岁左右，她们开头防止那些据说是“特别特别聪慧”的孩子参与的活动）可推知,女孩简洁受到社会的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做聪慧孩子做的事情应选D（）细节理解题依据最终一段的3A.In awired worldwith constantglobal munication,were allpositioned tosee（在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的消失）flashesofgenius whereverthey appear.可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道应选A（）标题推断题依据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题（谁是天才）和最终4B.Who isa genius1What doesthe authorthink ofvictors*standardsforjoining thegenius clubA A.Theyre unfair.B.Theyre conservative.C.TheyTe objective.D.Theyre strict.⑵What canwe inferabout girlsfrom the study inScience D A.They thinkthemselves smart.B.They lookup togreat thinkers.C.They seegender differencesearlier thanboys.D.They arelikely to be influencedby socialbeliefs.3Why aremore geniusesknown to the publicA A.Improved globalmunication.B.Less discrimination against women.C.Acceptance ofvictors*concepts.D.Changes inpeoples socialpositions.4What is the besttitle for the textBA.Geniuses ThinkAlike.B.Genius Takes Many Forms.C.Genius andIntelligence.D.Genius andLuck.【分析】这是一篇说明文文章由问题谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上”天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”力量【解答】［推理推断题依据第三段的1A.It issaidthathistoryiswrittenbyvictors,and thosevictors setthe standardsfor admissionto thegeniusclub.When contributionswere madeby geniusesoutside theclub-women,or peopleof a据说历史是由成功者书写的，而那些成different coloror belief-they wereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.功者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或的人做出奉献时，他们不会被成认并且被其他人拒绝可推知，作者认为那些“成功者“对进入”天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公正的应选A推理推断题依据第四段的2D.Even worse,thestudyfound thatgirls acton thatbelief.Around agesixtheystart toavoidactivities saidtobefor childrenwho arenreally,really smart.更糟糕的是，争论发觉女孩们是——段的As awriter says,future geniusese fromthose withHintelligence,creativity,perseverance,and simplegeniuses,正如一位作家所说，将来的天才来台那些具有才智、制造力、毅力和那些能够who areable tochangethe world,f转变世界的简洁天才）可知，天才不肯定是那些有巨大奉献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比拟突出的一般人由此而知项天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最正确标题应选B GeniusTakesManyForms”B【解析】细节理解题此题询问为什么要实行糖税？依据
32.C Why was the sugartaxintroduced其次段First announcedin April,2016,the taxwhich appliesto softdrinks containingmore than5g of（肥胖）.该税种于年月sugar per100ml,was introducedto helpreduce childhoodobesity20164首次公布,适用于每毫升含糖量超过克的软饮料，旨在关心削减儿童肥胖症可知,项为学1005A校募集资金为正确项意为为了提高饮料的质量B项意为为了爱护儿童的健康项意为为了鼓舞教育方面的争论应选C DA【解析】细节理解题此题询问一些饮
33.D Howdidsomedrinks paniesrespond to the sugartax料公司是如何应对糖税的？依据第四段It esafter more than halfof softdrinks soldin shopshave had〔制造商）在这之前，商店里their sugarlevels cutby manufacturersso theycan avoidpaying the tax.销售的软饮料有一半以上被制造商降低了糖分，这样他们就可以防止交税项意为他们转向A海外市场项意为他们提高了他们产品的价格项意为他们削减了生产项意为他B CD们削减了产品的含糖量可知，项符合题意应选A A【解析】细节理解题此题询问糖税是
34.D Fromwhichof thefollowingis the sugartaxcollected从以下哪项中征收的？依据五段Fruit juices,milkbased drinksand mostalcoholicdrinksarefreeof果汁、奶类饮料和大多数酒精the tax,as aresmall paniesmanufacturing fewerthan Imlitres peryear.饮料免征糖税，每年生产少于万升的小公司也是如此可知，糖税是从大多数酒精饮料中10征收的，应选D【解析】推理推断题此题询问
35.B What canbe inferred about the adoptionof thesugartaxpolicy关于采纳糖税政策可以推断出什么？依据最终一段Todays figures,according toone governmentofficial,show thepositive influencethesugartax ishaving by raising millions of pounds for sports（设施）facilities and healthier eating in schools.Helping thenextgenerationtohave ahealthyandactive.据一位政府官员说，今日的数字childhoodisof greatimportance,andtheindustry isplayingitspart显示了糖税的乐观影响，它为体育设施和学校的健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑关心下一代拥有一个健康和活泼的童年是特别重要的，而这个行业正在发挥其作用可推断它是一个成功的例子，项意为这是一个目光短浅的打算项意为它使制造商受益项意为它使顾客不快乐A CD应选Bo其次节精深语篇
一、高频核心词汇v.预言，估计
1.predict/prldi kt/宣布，公布
2.announce/s nauns/v.包含，容纳
3.contain/k9n teln/v.
1.1ntroduce/,I ntrsdjus/v.介绍，引见
5.reduce/n djus/v.削减，降低
6.consume/kon sjum/v.消耗，消费建议，劝说；推举，介绍
7.remend/,reks mend/v.n.数量，量
8.amount/s maunt/期盼；估计
9.expect/i kspekt/v.防止，防止；回避
10.avoid/a voI d/v.〃，武力；力，力气11,force/fo:s/（）n.数字
12.figure/fi gar/
13.produce/pra djus/v.弓I起，造成
14.import/I mp3t/〃.进口，进口商品n.品牌，商标
15.brand/braend/接受，收受
16.accept/ok sept/v.
17.refuse/riQuz;reQus/v.拒绝，回绝使心烦意乱,使生气
18.upset/,A pset/”
19.consumer/ksn sjumsr/n.消费者，顾客提升，举起
20.raise/rei z/v.n/n.一代人;一代人的时间
21.generation/,dj enorei f〃力健康的,健壮的
22.healthy/helOi/adj.好动的；乐观主动的
23.active/aekti v/v/adj.良好的;有助益的；正面的
24.positive/pDzatl质量，品质
25.quality/kwD lati/z.鼓舞，鼓舞；煽动
26.encourage/i nkA ri/v.
27.research/riS3tf;riS3tj/n.争论，探讨n.生产,制造
28.production/pra dAkf n/打算，选择
29.decision/disi Jsn/n.对〔某人〕有用，使受益
30.benefit/beni flt/v.
31.obesity/subissti/n.过度肥胖，肥胖症n.部长，大臣
32.Minister/ml nlstsr/
33.Treasury/tre3sri/n.儿生产者；制造者；生产商
34.manufacturer/,manju fektjoror/设施；设备
35.facility/fa siloti/
二、词性转换adv.开头，最初
1.initially/lnl fMi/adj.开头的，最初的*initial/inl f1/牛奶为主的milkbasedadj.含糖的；甜的
2.sugary/fugori/n.食糖；一匙糖，一块方糖*sugar/\u gsr/oversea/,ouv’si Iadj.外国的；海外的shortsighted/J□tsal tid/adj.目光短浅的;近视的
三、熟词生义
1.soft熟义:adj.软的，松软的生义adj.不含酒精的原文The Governmentssugartaxon softdrinks hasbrought inhalf asmuch moneyas Ministersfirstpredicted itwould generate,the firstofficial dataonthepolicy hasshown.译文关于该政策的第一个官方数据显示，政府对不含酒精饮料征收的糖税所产生的资金是部长们最初猜测的一半分析在本句中意为不含酒精的〃“nonalcoholic
2.introduce熟义介绍，引见v.生义比推行；实施；采纳原文First announcedin April,2016,the taxwhich appliesto softdrinks containingmore than5g ofsugarper100ml,was introducedto helpreduce childhoodObesity.译文该税种于年月首次公布，适用于每毫升含糖量超过克的软饮料，被推出201641005是为了关心削减儿童肥胖症_分析在本句中意为推行；实施；“to makesth availablefbr use,discussion,etc.for thefirst time采纳〃熟义n.指控；控告
3.charge生义n.要价，收费原文Drinks nowcontain45million fewerkilos ofsugar asa result ofmanufacturers*efforts toavoid thecharge,according toTreasury figures.译文依据的数字，由于制造商努力防止收费，现在饮料中的糖含量削减了万公斤4500分析在本句中意为（要价，收费）〃“the amountof moneythat sbasks forgoods andservices
4.content熟义,满足的；满足的adj生义所容纳之物；所含之物；内容n.原文Since Aprildrinkspanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18p and24p forevery litreof sugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,depending onthesugarcontent.译文自月以来，饮料公司被迫为其生产或进口的每升含糖饮料支付便士至便士，详细41824取决于糖的含量分析在本句中意为“（所容纳之物；所含之物；内容）〃the thingsthat arecontained insth
5.raise生义v.筹募；征集；召集；组建原义以增加，提高〔数量、水公平）译文They raisedthe pricesof theirproducts.分文析他们提高了他们产品的价格熟在本句中意为“to increasethe amountor levelof sth（增加，提高〔数量、水公平））〃
6.adoption熟义收养；领养n.生义〔想法、方案、名字等的）采纳n.原文What canbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy译文对于采纳糖税政策，可以推断出什么？_分析在本句中意为“（采纳）
四、the decisionto startusing sthsuch asan idea,a planoraname词汇应用提升
1.raise/rez//re z/verb MOVEUPWARDS
①〜sth tolift ormove sth toahigher level提升；举起；提起She raisedthe gunand fired.她举枪射击
②〜sth/sb/yourself（adv./prep.）to movesth/sb/yourself toa verticalposition（使）直立，站立Somehow wemanaged to raise herto herfeet.不管怎样，我们最终让她站了起来
③〜sth（to sth）to increasethe amountor levelof sth增加，提高〔数量、水公平）toraisesalaries/prices/taxes提高薪水/价格/税金They raisedtheir offerto$
500.他们将出价抬高到美元500
④〜sthtobring orcollectmoneyor people together;to manageto getor formsth筹募；征集；召集；组建We areraising moneyfor charity.我们在进行慈善募捐He setabout raisingan army.他着手组建一支
⑤ANIMAL孩子；动物especially NAmEto carefor achild oryoung animaluntil it is ableto takecare抚养；哺育；培育of itself〜sb/sthThey wereboth raisedintheSouth.他们俩都是在南方长大的kids raisedonadiet ofhamburgers吃汉堡包长大的孩子他们把她培育成为天主教徒〜sb/sth assth|〜sb/sth nounThey raisedher asa Catholic.I wasborn andraisedacity boy.我是个在都市里诞生、长大的男孩
五、核心词块处于的更高风险atahigher riskof小于少于不到lessthan目前,现在at present因此，由于；作为的结果asaresultof取决于；依靠；依靠depend on为了防止,生怕forfearof远离；免于be freeof据所说，依据报道according to有着重要意义的，特别重要的ofgreatimportance起作用；尽本分play onespart响应;答复;对对反响respondto求助于;转向turn to削减，削减cutdownon
六、【长难句分析】
①原句Firstannounced in April,2016,thetaxwhich appliesto softdrinks containingmorethan5g ofsugarper100ml,was introducedto helpreduce childhoodObesity.分析本句为主从复合句主句主语为谓语动词为其中，过去分词短thetax,was introduced语作状语；引导定语从句同学先行词First announcedinApril,2016,which thetaxo译文该税种于年月首次公布，适用于每毫升含糖量超过克的软饮料，旨在关20164105心削减儿童肥胖症
②原句Todays figure,according toone governmentofficial,show thepositive influencethesugartaxis havingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsports facilitiesandhealthiereatinginschool.分析本句为主从复合句主向主干为…其中，Todays figure.…show thepositive influence为插入语，为省略关系代词的定语从句，according toone governmentofficial,thesugartax ishaving修饰先行词influence；介宾短语byraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatingin在句子中作方式状语school译文据一位政府官员说，今日的数字显示了糖税的乐观影响，它为体育设施和学校的健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑第二法实造逮绻典例根底缘★★L新高考卷*阅读理解篇Passage12022I DHumanspeech containsmorethan2,000different sounds,from themon nmand nanto therare clicksof somesouthernAfrican languages.But whyare certainsounds moremon thanothers Aground-breaking,five-year studyshowsthat diet-related changesin humanbite led to newspeech soundsthat arenow found inhalfthe worldslanguages.More than30years ago,the scholarCharles Hockettnoted thatspeech soundscalled labiodentals,such asandwere moremon inthe languages of societiesthat atesofter foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at theUniversity ofZurich,Switzerland,has foundhow andwhy thistrend arose.（对齐）,They discoveredthat theupper andlower front teeth of ancient human adults werealigned making it hardto produce labiodentals,which areformed bytouching thelower lipto theupper teeth.Later,our jawschanged toan〔结构），overbite structuremakingiteasier to produce suchsounds.The teamshowed thatthis change in bitewas connectedwith thedevelopment ofagriculture inthe Neolithicperiod.Food becameeasier tochew atthis point.The jawbonedidnt haveto doasmuchwork and so didntgrow tobe solarge.Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed that there wasa globalchangeinthe sound of world languagesafter theNeolithic age,with theuse off andnvH increasing remarkably duringthe last few thousand years.Thesesounds are still not foundinthe languagesof many hunter-gatherer people today.This researchoverturns thepopular viewthat allhuman speech sounds werepresent whenhuman beingsevolvedaround300,000years ago.nThe setof speech sounds weuse hasnot necessarilyremained stablesince theappearance ofhumanbeings,but ratherthe hugevariety of speech soundsthat wefind todayistheproduct ofa plexinterplay of thingslike biologicalchange andcultural evolution,n saidSteven Moran,a memberofthe research team.
（1）Which aspectofthehuman speechsound doesDamian Blasisresearch focuson DA.Its variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.D.Its development.
（2）Why wasit difficultfor ancient humanadultstoproducelabiodentals C A.They hadfewer upper teeth thanlowerteeth.B.They couldnot openand closetheir lipseasily.C.Their jawswere notconveniently structured.D.Their lower frontteethwere notlarge enough.
（3）What isparagraph5mainly aboutA A.Supporting evidencefor the research results.B.Potential applicationoftheresearchfindings.C.A furtherexplanation oftheresearchmethods.D.A reasonabledoubt aboutthe researchprocess.⑷What doesSteven Moransay aboutthe setof humanspeechsoundsC A.It iskey toeffective munication.B.It contributesmuch tocultural diversity.C.It isa plexand dynamicsystem.D.It drivesthe evolutionof humanbeings.【分析】本文是一篇历史文化类阅读，主要向读者介绍了人类语言中产生不同语音的缘由，并对其进行了简要的说明【解答】（）细节理解题依据第一段1D.More than30years ago,the scholarCharles Hockettnoted thatspeechsounds calledlabiodentals,such asand v，were moremon inthe languagesof societiesthat atesofter foods.Now ateamof researchersledbyDamian Blasiat theUniversity ofZurich,Switzerland,has foundhow andwhy thistrend（多年前，学者留意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如”和在吃软食物的社会的语arose.30Charles HockettF v”,言中更常见现在，瑞士苏黎世高校的领导的一组争论人员发觉了这一趋势产生的方式和缘由）Damian Blasi可知，的争论重点是在语言的演化上，应选DamianBlasiD⑵C.推理推断题依据第三段They discoveredthattheupper andlowerfrontteeth ofancienthumanadults were（对齐）,aligned makingit hardtoproducelabiodentals,which areformed bytouching thelower lipto theupperteeth.（他们发觉古代成人的上下门牙是对齐的，使下唇与上齿接触形成唇齿的过程变得困难）可知，古代人的工塾结构特况因此使他们很难发出唇齿音，应选C（）段落大意题依据第五段3A.Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed thatthere wasa globalchangein thesoundofworldlanguagesafter theNeolithic age,with theuse off andincreasingremarkablyduringthelastfew叩.〔对语言数thousandyears.These soundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gatherer peletoday据库的分析还证明，新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球变化，”和、”的使用在过去几千年中F显著增加这些声音在今日很多狩猎采集者的语言中仍旧找不到）可知，第五段主要争论支整争论结果的证据，应选A⑷C.推理推断题依据最终一段The setofspeechsounds weuse hasnot necessarilyremained stablesince theappearanceof humanbeings,but ratherthe hugevariety ofspeechsoundsthat wefind todayistheproduct ofa plexinterplayofthingslike biologicalchange andcultural evolution,n saidSteven Moran,a memberoftheresearch team.（争论小组成员说咱从人类消失以来，我们使用的语音不肯定保持稳定，我们今日发觉的各Steven Moran种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等简单相互作用的产物”）可知，认为语音是一个简单的动Steven Moran态系统应选C【点评】做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行认真分析，结合选项填写出正确答案（全国卷*阅读理解篇）…Passage22020ID D（突变）-raising peoplein EastAfrica andnorthern Europehave gaineda mutationthat helpsthem digestmilkas adults.On Thursdayin anarticle publishedin Cell,ateamofresearchersreported anew kindadaptation-not toair ortofood,buttothe ocean.A groupof sea-dwelling peoplein SoutheastAsia haveevolved intobetter divers.The Bajau,asthese peopleare known,number inthe hundreds of thousandsin Indonesia,Malaysia andthe Philippines.They havetraditionally lived on houseboats；in recenttimes,theyve alsobuilt houses on stilts[支柱）in coastal waters.nThey aresimplya strangertotheland,“said RodneyC.Jubilado,a University of Hawaiiresearcher whostudies the Bajau.Dr.Jubilado firstmet the Bajau whilegrowing upon SamalIsland inthe Philippines.They madea livingas divers,spearfishing orharvesting shellfish.We wereso amazedthat theycould stayunderwater muchlonger thanus localislanders,Dr.Jubilado saidnI couldsee themactually walkingunder thesea.”In2015,Melissa llardo,then agraduate studentin geneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heard abouttheBajau.She wonderedif centuriesof divingcould haveledtothe evolutionof physicalcharacteristics thatmade thetaskeasier forthem.nIt seemedliketheperfect chancefor naturalselection toactona population,”said Dr.llardo.She alsosaidthere werelikely anumber ofother genesthat helptheBajaudive.）[1What doesthe authorwant totell usby theexamples in paragraph1DA.Environmental adaptationof cattleraisers.B.Significance offood selection.C.Recent findingsof humanorigin.D.New knowledgeof humanevolution.）[2Where dotheBajaubuild theirhousesCA.In valleys.B.Near rivers.C.Off thecoast.D.On thebeach.）[3Whywas the youngJubilado astonishedattheBajauB A.They couldwalk onstilts allday.B.They could stay longunderwater.C.They hada superbway offishing.D.They livedon bothland andwater.）[4What canbe asuitable titleforthe textsAA.Bodies remodeledfor aLife at SeaB.Highlanders SurvivalSkillsC.Basic Methodsof GeneticResearchD.The WorldsBest Divers【分析】这是一篇记叙文文章主要告知读者关于人类进化的新学问【解答】（）细节理解题依据原文第一段1D.We are the productsof evolution,and notjust evolutionthat occurred（我们是送化的产物，而不仅仅是发生在数十亿年前的进花）可知，文章主要告知读billions ofyears ago.者人类进化的新竽问应选D[5）C.细节理解题依据原文其次段They havetraditionallylivedonhouseboats；in recenttimes,theyVe alsobuilt（支柱）（他们传统上住在船屋里；最近，他们还在沿海水域建筑了踩高跷housesonstilts incoastalwaters.的房子）可知，他们住在海岸边应选C）细节理解题依据原文倒数其次段”[6B.We wereso amazedthat theycouldstayunderwater muchlonger thanuslocal islanders,Dr.Jubilado saidnI couldsee themactually walkingunder thesea.（它们能在水下停留的时间比我们当地岛民长得多，这让我们特别惊异，”朱比拉多博士说，”我能看到它们真的在海底行走”）可知，他特别惊异于他们可以在水下呆很长时间应选B）标题推断题通读全文，可知，文章主要告知读者关于人类进化的新学问[7A.A.Bodies remodeledfor aLife〔为海上生活而进化的身体）为最正确标题应选atSeaA【点评】做这类阅读理解，要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行认真分析，结合选项选出正确答案典例力量提升服★★★2（全国卷*阅读理解篇）Passage12019ID BFor Western designers,China andits richculture havelong beenan inspirationfor Westerncreative.（来源）Its nosecret thatChina hasalways beena sourceof inspirationfor designers,says AmandaHill,chief时尚creative officerat A+E Networks,a globalmedia panyand hometo some ofthebiggest fashionshows.Earlier thisyear,the ChinaThrough ALooking Glassexhibition inNew Yorkexhibited140pieces ofChina-inspired fashionableclothing alongsideChinese worksof art,with theaim ofexploring theinfluence ofChinese〔美学aesthetics onWestern fashionand howChina hasfueled thefashionable imaginationfor centuries.Theexhibition had record attendance,showing thatthere ishuge interest in Chineseinfluences.China isimpossible tooverlook,says Hill.Chinese modelsare thefaces ofbeauty andfashion campaignsthatsell dreamsto womenall overthe world,which meansChinese womenare notjust consumersof fashion-they arecentral to itsmovement.nOf course,only aretodays topWestern designersbeing influencedby China-someofthebest designersof contemporaryfashion arethemselves Chinese.Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wuare takingonGaliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs-and beatingthem handsdown indesign andsales,n adds Hill.For Hill,itisimpossible notto talk about Chinaastheleading playerwhen discussingfashion.nThe mostfamousdesigners areChinese,so arethe models,andsoaretheconsumers,*she says.China isno longerjust anothermarket；一in manysenses ithas beethe market.If youtalkaboutfashion today,you aretalking aboutChina itsinfluences,itsdirection,its breathtakingclothes,and howyoung designersand modelsare finallyacknowledging thatin manyways.n⑴What canwe learnabouttheexhibition inNew YorkBA.It promotedthe salesof artworks.B.It attracteda largenumber ofvisitors.C.It showedancient Chineseclothes.D.It aimedto introduceChinese models.）[8What doesHill sayabout Chinese womenAA.They aresetting thefashion.B.They startmany fashion campaigns.C.They admiresuper models.D.They dobusiness all overtheworld.）[9What dothe underlinedwords takingon*inparagraph4mean DA.learning from.B.looking downon.C.working with.D petingagainst⑷Whatcanbe asuitable titleforthetext DA.Young ModelsSelling DreamstotheWorld.B.A ChineseArt ExhibitionHeld inNew York.C.Differences BetweenEastern andWestern Aesthetics.D.Chinese CultureFueling InternationalFashion Trends.【分析】本文是一篇社荟文化类阅读，文章以国外视角报道中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，呈现了中国对国际时尚和设计开展的引领作用这篇文章通过在试题情境中融入中国优秀传统文化和美学学问，引导考生在关注和提高审美情趣的同时，坚决抱负信念、增加文化自信以及树立正确的价值观【解答】推理推断题依据第三段此次展览的参观者已经创下了[1B.The exhibitionhadrecordattendance.记录可知，在纽约的这次展览吸引了大量的游客，应选B〔〕推理推断题依据第四段2A.Chinese modelsarethefaces ofbeauty andfashioncampaignsthat selldreams towomenallovertheworld,which meansChinesewomenare notjust consumersof fashion-theyarecentraltoits中国模特是向全世界女性推销幻想的美容和时尚活动的代言人，这熹味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚movement.的消费者--她们是这场运动的核心可知，中国女性们正在引领潮流，应选A）词义猜想题依据第四段[
1.直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文根本全都的题目间接信息题
2.间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要对原文信息进行转换.3综合信息题综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求同学把原文所供应的信息综合起来分析（全国卷*阅读理解篇）Passage22019111BCities usuallyhaveagood reasonfor beingwhere theyare,like anearby portor river.People settlein theseplacesbecause theyare easy to getto andnaturally suitedto municationsand trade.New YorkCity,for example,is neara（港口）large harbour atthe mouth ofthe Hudson River.Over300years itspopulation grewgradually from800peopleto8million.But notall citiesdevelop slowlyover along periodof time.Boom townsgrow fromnothing almost［荒野）overnight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,was unmappedwilderness.But goldwas discoveredthere in1897,andtwo yearslater,it wasone ofthe largestcities inthe West,withapopulation of30,
000.Dawson didnot haveanyofthe naturalconveniences ofcities likeLondon orParis.People wentthere forgold.They travelledover snow-covered mountainsand sailedhundredsofmiles upicy rivers.The pathto Dawson was［雪崩）covered withthirty feetof wetsnow thatcould fallwithout warning.An avalancheonce closedthe path,killing63people.For manywho madeit toDawson,however,the rewardswere worththe difficulttrip.Of thefirst20,000people whodug forgold,4,000got rich.About100of thesestayed richmen forthe restof theirlives.But nomatter howrich theywere,Dawsonwasnever fortable.Necessities likefood andwood wereveryexpensive.But soon,the goldthat Dawsondepended onhad allbeen found.The citywas crowdedwith disappointedpeoplewith nointerestinsettling down,and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left一Dawson Cityas quicklyas theyhad e.Today,people stilleandgo tosee wherethe Canadiangold rushhappened.Tourism isnowthechief industryof Dawson City—its presentpopulation is
762.［1）What attractedtheearlysettlers toNew YorkCity CA.Its businessculture.B,Its smallpopulation.C.Its geographicalposition.D.Its favourableclimate.［2）What dowe knowabout thosewho firstdug forgold inDawsonB A.Two-thirds ofthem stayedthere.B・One outof fivepeople got rich.C.Almost everyonegave up.D.Half ofthem died.（）3What wasthe mainreasonformany peopleto leaveDawsonB A.They foundthecitytoo crowded.B.They wantedto trytheir luckelsewhere.C.They wereunable tostand thewinter.D.They wereshort offood.⑷What isthetextmainlyaboutAA.The riseand fallofacity.B・The goldrush inCanada.C.Journeys intothe wilderness.D.Tourism inDawson.【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了这座城市的开展缘由、过程与现状Dawson【解答】［）细节理解题依据第一段1C.Cities usuallyhaveagood reasonfor beingwhere theyare,like anearbyport orriver.People settlein theseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogetto andnaturallysuitedtomunications andtrade.New YorkCity,for example,is neara largeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.〔城市通常有其存在的理由，比方四周的港口或河流人们在这些地方定居，由于他们简洁到达，自然适合沟通和贸易例如，纽约市靠近哈德逊河口的一个大港）可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是由于交通便利，便于做生意而纽约就是在哈德森河口四周的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的缘由是它的地理位置，应迤C（）推理推断题依据其次段2B.Of thefirst20,000people whodug forgold,4,000gotrich.About100of these（最先挖金矿的万人中，有千人致富其中大约有人在他们stayed richmen fortherestoftheirlives.2410的余生都是富人）可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，应、4000选B（）推理推断题依据最终一段3B.oandwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,they left（当他们听说阿拉斯加发觉了新的杀矿时，他们就像来时一样快速地离开DawsonCityas quicklyas theyhad e.了道森市）可知，人们离开的主要缘由是听说在发觉了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方查Dawson Alaska找发财的时机应选B。
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