2023高一英语上学期必修1语法总结

高一英语上学期必修语法总结20231干脆英语和间接英语

一、句型的变更

（一）假如干脆引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用来引导口语中常可以that that省略“I liketo listen to rock music Jsaid Peter.Peter said that heliked to listentorockmusic.【留意】假如干脆引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个可以省that略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义如The teachersaid,“The textis veryimportant.You shouldlearn itby heart.”（）

（二）The teachersaidthat the textis importantand that we shouldlearn itby heart.假如干脆引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，间接引语常变为由引导，而whether/if且要用陈述句语序如The boyasked hismother,Can Igo to play football with myfriends onSaturday”The boyasked hismother whether/if he could gotoplay football withhis friendsonSaturday.

（三）假如干脆引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序如How much time doyou spendon thehomework”he asked me.He askedme howmuchtimeI spenton thehomework.

（四）假如间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达如Why dontyou come and playfootballwithme”He asked.He advisedme toplayfootballwith him.【留意】表示请求、劝告时，通常用等+宾语+动词不定式”结构“ask/advise/want

（五）假如干脆引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为（tell ask,等）（）如:order,warn,advise sb.not to do sth.”Listen to me carefully,please.the teachersaid tous.The teacher told ustolistento himcarefully.【留意】假如祈使句中出现了在间接引语中必需省略please,

（六）假如干脆引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用或来引述如what,how thatWhat a beautiful house it is!”he said to me.He told me whata beautifulhouseit was.He toldme thatitwasa beautifulhouse.

二、时态的变更

（一）假如主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变如；He saysJTm tootired.”（）He saysthat heis tootired.

（二）假如主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态具体变更如下一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时）1The oldman said,Great changeshave taken place in China.”The oldman saidthat greatchanges hadtakenplacein China.）2“Wang Linis waitingfbr yououtside of the school gate.Li Fangsaid tome.Li Fangtoldmethat WangLin waswaiting forme outsideofthe schoolgate.【留意】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性1的动作时，间接引语的时态不变更如.Failure is the mother of success.The teachersaid tous.The teachertold usthat failureisthemotherofsuccess.【留意】当干脆引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词等，2must,need,ought to,had better变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变如He said,“You had better askfbr help when youare in trouble/9He saidthat Ihadbetterask for helpwhen I wasintrouble.

三、人称代词的变更干脆引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变更一般状况下要遵循以下几条原则

（一）干脆引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时,要和主句的主语保持一样如”Can Iuse yourbike fbra moment”the boysaid tome.The boyaskedmewhether hecould usemy bikefor moment.

（二）干脆引语的主语是其次人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一样如The teacherasked Joan,“Why areyou late again”The teacherasked Joanwhy hewas lateagain.

（三）干脆引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变如He askedme,“How longhas Teddystayed inChina”He askedme howlong Teddyhas stayedinChina.

四、主句谓语动词的变更

（一）干脆引语是陈述句，谓语动词是（）的不变，是常变为say saidsaid tosb.told sb.如He said to his friend,I amglad to see you.”He toldhisfriendthat hewas gladtoseehim.

（二）干脆引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，变为said asked;saidtosb.变为.如:asked sbHow canyou do that”Mary saidto Betty.Mary askedBetty howshe coulddothat.

（三）干脆引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可依据语气强弱选则beg,advise,等假如祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号前加.如ask,tell,order,warn tonot Isaidto her,Please pass mea glass of water.”I askedhertopassmeaglassofwater.

（四）干脆引语是感叹句，变间接引语时,引述动词常用或等ten,exclaim say如How wellhe looks!Lucy said.Lucy exclaimedhow wellhe looked.Lucy saidthat helooked well.

五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变更

（一）指示代词的变更this thatthese those

（二）时间状语的变更now thenago before/earliertoday thatday yesterdaythe daybeforethis morning/afternoon,etc.that morning/afternoon,etc.tomorrow thefollowing/next daythe day aftertomorrow intwo daystimethe daybefore yesterdaytwo daysbefore/earlier nextweek/month,etc.the nextweek/month,etc.lastweek/month theweek/month before【留意】假如在当天转述，时间状语也可不变如Mr.Black said,“I visitedthe GreatWall lastyear.Mr.Black saidthat he had visitedthe GreatWall lastyear.

（三）地点和方向性动词的变更here therecome go【留意】假如在当地转述，地点状语也可不变如He said,I willcome here this evening.”.（同时同地引述）巩固练习将下列句He saidthat hewould comeherethisevening子变为间接引语或干脆引语

1.He saidtome,“I wrotea letter to myparents lastweek.”He methat alettertoparents*

2.The sunrises in the eastand setsin the west Jmother saidtoherdaughter.Mother herdaughter thatthe sunup theeast andin thewest.3・“Dont be lateagain,Jim,said theteacher.The teacherbelateagain.

4.Have youseen thefilm HarryPotter heasked.He askedme thefilm HarryPotter.

5.Mr Wangasked the students howtheycould improvetheir spokenEnglish.“improve spokenEnglish MrWang saidtothestudents.

1.told hehad writtenhis theweek before

2.told risessets

3.told Jimnot to

4.if Ihad seen

5.How canyou your定语从句一.定语从句的定义定语从句在从句中起定语作用，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的

1.词叫先行词定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面.（定语从句有时候还可以修饰一个句子，通常指代一件事情）.引导从句的关联词叫关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词，他们的作用:2⑴引导作用⑵替代（先行词）作用（）在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用3关系代词等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系副词在从句中作状语where,when,whye.g.The boywho brokethe windowis calledTom.引导定语从句并代替先行词在定语从句中充当的主语Who the boy broke.关系代词（）的指代关系及其选择a who,whom,which,that,whose定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分指人指物在定语从句中的作用Who主语宾语Whom宾语Which4主语宾语that主语宾语whose定语（whose和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语）关系副词b.

（1）why先行词是表示缘由的名词（reason）,关系词在从句中做缘由状语表示缘由（）先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地2where点（）先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时3when间e.g.That isthe reasonwhy hewas late.This istheschoolwhere I have studiedfor threeyears.I willalways rememberthedaywhenI saw you..定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种3限制性定语从句是先行词不行缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，它对主句起到限制作用非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它对主句起进行补充说明，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开假如先行词是专出名词或独一无二的事物，我们一般要用非限制定语从句（限制性）e.g.This isthe housewhich webought lastmonth.（非限制性）The house,which webought lastmonth,is verynice.二.留意事项.只能用不能用的状况1Which that

①引导非限制性定语从句

②先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置，即当关系词紧跟在介词后面时，e.g.This isthe housein whichLu Xun lived.==This isthe housewhich/that LuXunlivedin..只能用不能用的状况2whom who

①先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置，如e.g.Tom isthe boywith whom I have talked with.==Tom isthe boywho/whomI havetalkedwith..关系代词必需用的情形3that

①当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰e.g.This isthe bestfilm thatIhaveever seen.

④当先行词被序数词修饰e.g.The firstcar thatarrived atthe destinationwas drivenby John.

③当先行词被等修饰the only,the verye.g.This isthe onlyticket thatI gotyesterday.This isthe verybook thatFm lookingfor.

④先行词被（少量,一些），等修饰时all,every,no,some,any,little much（）e.g.Ive readall thebooks thatyou gaveme.

⑤当先行词为（少量，一些）,all,much,little few,none,something,anything,everything,等不定代词时，或者是在句型中nothing therebe,e.g.Is thereanything thatI cando foryouAll thatyou havetodois topress thebutton.There isno timethatwecan waste.

⑥当先行词既指人又指物时e.g.He talkedabout theteachers andschools that hehadvisited.

⑦当关系代词在从句中作表语时（）e.g.Mary isno longerthe girlthat sheused tobe..定语从句中假如先行词是关系词常用或省略4the way,in which,that.关系代词和关系副词及其简洁混用的状况

51.This isthe factoryI once worked,where

2.This isthe factoryIve visited,that/which

3.The dayI alwaysremember isOct.l.that/which

4.The dayNanjing wasliberated isSep.l

1.when

5.The reasonhe hasntcome isthathehas beenill.why

6.Dont believethe reasonhe giveyou.that【留意】当表示时间,地点，缘由的名词,等作先行词，day,time,place,factory,reason在定语从句中作状语时，用在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用或when,where,why;thatwhich.三.介词+关系代词的状况当我们在用带有介词的定语从句时，我们有两种选择，介词放在关系代词前或者是放在定语从句中如1The womanwho/whom Spielberg is marriedto isan actress.The womanto whomSpielbergismarried isan actress.2The paintingat which I lookedwas paintedby Vincentvan Gogh.The paintingwhichIlooked atwas paintedby Vincentvan Gogh.那么如何选择介词呢介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.

1.e.g.The farmIonceworkedhas takenon anew look,on which.介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配.2e.g.Who isthe manour teacheris shakinghands withwhom.介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配.3e.g.Ours isabeautifulcountry,we aregreatly proud,of which.表示“全部格”或“整体中的部分”时，用介词4of.e.g.There areover onethousand workersin thefactory,80percent arewomen.of whom练习1关系副词或者是介词+关系代词填空1In thedark street,there wasnta singleperson shecould turnfor help.2When youread thebook,youd bettermake amark youhave anyquestions.3Barcelona isthe citythe25th SummerOlympic wereheld.向某人求助

1.to whomturn tosb.forhelp

2.where

3.where/in which练习用介词+关系代词填空2:

1.Do youlike thebook shespent$

102.Do youlike thebook shepaid$

103.Do youlike thebook shelearned a lot

4.Do youlike thebook sheoften talks望远镜

5.He builta telescopehecouldstudy theskies.

6.There isa talltree outside,stands ourteacher.

7.China hasalotof rivers,the secondlongest isthe YellowRiver.

8.The towerpeople canhave agood viewis on the hill.

9.The manI spokeonthephone lastnight isvery goodat wrestling.

10.He paidtheboy$10for washingten windows,most hadn,t beencleaned forat leastayear.

11..on which

2.for which

3.from which

4.about which

5.through which

6.under which四.引导的非限制性定语从句

7.of which

8.from which

9.to whom

10.of whichas比较并发觉The earth is round.is knownto all.ItThe earthis round,is knownto all.which/asis knownto all,the earthis roundAsois knownto allthattheearthisround.It【留意】具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如as asyou know/as yousee/as weplanned/as weexpected比较并发觉这本书和我丢的那本一模一样This isthe samepen asI lost.这本书就是我丢的那本This isthe samepen thatI lost.【留意】表示相像事物，表示同一事物the same…as thesame...that比较并发觉This issuch aninteresting bookwe alllike,asThis isso interestinga bookwe alllike,as这是大家都宠爱的如此好玩的一本书（定语从句）This issuch aninteresting bookwe alllike it.thatThis isso interestinga bookwe alllike it.that这本书如此好玩，大家都宠爱（结果状语从句）【留意】（）…引导定语从句,（）…引导结果状语从句被such so…as suchso…that动语态与主动语态一.语态概述英语中有两种语态主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象e.g.He openedthedoor.他开了门（主动句）门被开了（被动句）The doorwas opened.二.被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词及物动词的过去分词”构成人称、数和时态的变更是通过be+的变更表现出来的be一般将来时的被动语态

1.will/shall/be to/be goingto+be done现在完成时的被动语态

2.has/have beendone现在进行时的被动语态

3.be+being done歌诀是被动语态字变，过去分词跟后面be

三、被动语态的用法（）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁1e.g.Some newcomputers werestolen lastnight.⑵强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者窗户是迈克打破的e.g.The windowwas brokenby Mike.

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语1把谓语变成被动结构过去分词2be+依据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来确定的形式be把主动语态中的主语放在介词之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格3bye.g.Ihavefinished thehomework..The homeworkhas beenfinished byme.歌诀是宾变主，主变宾，短语后面跟by一.单项选择

1.If thework,you cango andplay games.A.finished B.has finishedC.will befinished D.is finished

2.It wasraining heavilyoutside,the childrenwere madeintheclassroom.A.stay B.to stayC.staying D.stayed

3.Kate theletter beforeher mothercame intoher bedroom.A.has writtenB.was writtenC.had writtenD.is writing

4.To makeour citymore beautiful,rubbish intothe river.A.neednt bethrown B.mustnt bethrown C.cant throwD.may notthrow

5.I likemy bike.It verywell.A.rides B.is ridingC.is riddenD.has ridden

6.—I wontcome tothe partyunless Tom,too.一You meanif Tomcomes,youll come.A.will inviteB.invites C.invited D.is invited

7.Everyone whoheard Mr.Greens storyit.A.laughed atB.was laughedC.laughed D.was laughedat

8.The childrenmust.A.look afterB.be takengood careC.look thesame D.be takengood careof

9.The womanstill doesntknow whatin herhometownwhile shewas away.A.happens B.happened C.will happenD.was happened一

10.Isawyou wereon footthis morning.一Yes.My bike.A.is mendingB.is beingmended C.is mendedD.is beingmending1-5DBCBA6-10DADBB二.用正确的形式填空

1.All thestudentsask tobring akite withthem lastSunday.

2.Are manywaystry tostop peoplefrom cuttingdown somany trees一

3.What areon showinthemuseum一Some photostakeby Americanchildren.

4.This coatwashwell.

5.Must theold peoplespeakto politely

6.Tm often警告not tocopy others9homework.消逝.

7.He couldntexplain whydinosaurs修理

8.Til havemy biketomorrow.（偷）

9.Have youfound yournecklace lastweek（成立）

10.The PRCwas onOctober1,

1949.

1.were asked

2.tried

3.taken

4.washes

5.be spoken

6.warned

7.disappeared

8.mended/repaired

9.stolen

10.founded。