英语专项深度练习——阅读理解四

英语专项深度练习一一阅读理解

（四）一It isfashionable nowadaysto talkabout“Englishes”surely oneof theleast attractiveof recentcoinages.But it is anindication that the greatcommunity ofusers of English arenow conscious of the fact that theydo not all haveexactly the same accent,or habitof grammarand idiom,or vocabulary.They havea choice,and theyintend touse it.How doesBritain stand in thiscomparison Whatis therole of the BritishCouncil,and otherBritish educationalinterests Howdoes amajor initiativelike theCobuild projectfurther theimageof Britain abroad Born with EnglishInBritain onthe wholewe donot havemuch of a choice.We cantake stepsto modifyour languagea little,and thereare somefamous recentexamples of the perilsattending thatpolicy.But by and largewe justusethe languagethat somehowemerges inearly developmentand usuallyseems adequatefor ourdaily communicationneeds.We shouldnever forgetwhat anasset it is tous allthat thislanguage isEnglish.Everyone whohas English（固有的）as abirthright has an inbuiltadvantage ininternational communication.Not onlyare wespared thetroubleand expenseof masteringthe languagelater on,we alsohave accessto amastery ofit which is ofsuchhigh qualitythat fewforeigners everreach the same level.Such anasset beatsNorth SeaOil handsdown.It mustbe worthbillions ofpounds ayear and it isrenewedsolely by the operationof normalsocial processes.Only EnglishThere are somedisadvantages whichmust atleast bementioned.We inBritain are in dangerof turningthisasset into arrogance,insularity andcomplacency.Since thereis nocommercial pressureon usto learnanyparticular foreignlanguage,we tendas anation to be verybad learners of otherlanguages.This cutsusoff from the ability to appreciatefully theculture ofothers,and deniesus theabilitytomake thewonderfuloutward gestureof usingsomeone elses ownlanguage.Both personallyand commercially,most Britishpeopledo not know what they are missing,and ourcompetitors arewell able to take advantage ofthis weakness.Busy andimportant peoplenowadays travela lotand findthemselves frequentlyattending meetingsand givingtalks,which have to be in Englishalthough everyoneelse sharesa commonlanguage.It wouldimprove thesituation（格if oneach occasionthe unfortunatemonolingual wereto givea simpleand sincereapology.The oldadage言）»that ifyou justspeak Englishloudly enougheveryone willunderstand,is truerthan everbefore,butis gettingless andless effective.In practicalterms,of course,the personrestricted toEnglish couldnot beexpected tospeak allsorts ofotherlanguages,and thisis aninhibiting factor—anyone elseknows exactlywhich language is bestworthinvesting in.But wenative speakersof Englishshould alwaysbe keptconsciousof thefact that wefrequentlyforce ourfriends,customers andcolleagues into a disadvantageousposition.Which English

7.Two physiciansin London agreed to be bitten by the Aedes mosquitoto demonstratehow the germs of yellowfever werecarried.

8.In Pasteur*s experiment,sheep diedbecause theywere notinoculated.

9.In,Louis Pasteur proved that it wasliving organismsfloating aboutin the air thatspoiled foods.

10.Cases of rabies can be successfullytreated onlyby.答案I.Y

2.Y

3.N

4.Y

5.Y

6.NG

7.N

8.

259.

185010.inoculationThe English language hasbeen sosuccessfully exportedround the world that the native speakers nolonger havecontrolover it.They arenow in a snowminority,for astart,and todays learnersof Englishare notlearningit particularlyto talkto Englishmen,but alsoto talkto eachother.The veryfeatures thatdistinguish nativespeakersdisqualify themfrom keydiscussions like“Which isthe bestEnglish”Therearea lotof goodmodels of English available.As well as British English thereis AmericanEnglish,the otherworld-wide model,with Canadian,Australian,New Zealand and SouthAfrican Englishalso availableasprominent models.And whatabout theEnglish which is establishedasasecond language in manyCommonwealth countriesIndianEnglish,West AfricanEnglish,West IndianEnglish,Singaporean English and othershave adaptedto localcircumstancesover manyyears andarein the processof beingre-exported.Because they are used in theeverydaylives ofmillions ofnon-native speakers,they havefeatures whichcould make them veryattractive aspracticalalternatives to a nativespeaker variety.When native speaking teachersare notwelcome politicallyin acountry,for example,there will be foundplenty ofwell-qualified andexperienced colleaguesfrom suchcountries.Further,we arewitness atthe presenttime to the developmentof Englishas anadditional languagein a numberof communitieswhich havea commonlanguage alreadyand whichare underno politicalpressure toadopt English.People fromScandinavia,West Germanyand Holland,for instance,have Englishavailable asa matterof course.一Their wayof teachingit ismoving from the concernsof accesstoaforeign culturethe greatliterature一etc.to thepriorities of a workinglanguagein a community—how to get thingsdone.Gradually,forinternational matters,it willbe moresensible touse Englishrather thantranslate.English languagefilms（酉己音）will notbe dubbedor subtitledany more.Englishlanguagejournalism willbe editedand readbyforeign communities,and graduallywritten by them also.一Very soonthere willbe powerfulnew modelsof Englishoffered to theworldmodels whichcan claimto havearisenwithout theattentions ofnative speakers,to havenone of the mystique,and yetto beusable as theprincipal languageof externaland publicaffairs.These modelswill deriveauthority froman impressivegroup一of scholars and administratorswho mustnever beoverlooked thethousands ofexperts onEnglishandthe teachingofit who are notthemselves nativespeakers.In PracticePracticalityis akey feature of anyones choiceof a language model.Quite apartfrom thevarious reasonsadvancedabove,the learnermay in an actualsituation havea veryrestricted choiceof languagemodels,inthe availableteachers and in accessto materials.Recorded materialand radioand televisiontransmissionsoffer alternatives,but theymay confuseas muchas extendthe choiceavailable to the learner.Teachers andlearners justhavetomake thebest ofwhat isavailable to them atthe timeand in the placewherethey areworking.The sustainedefforts of authors,scholarsandpublishers arekey factorsin thestrongpresence ofBritishEnglishabroad,andin the maintenanceof thatpresence.Pronunciation isa goodcase withwhich toillustrate thispoint.Throughout theworld,learnersofBritishEnglish areaiming ata pronunciationthat fewof theirteachers use-the ReceivedPronunciation RPassociatedwith thepublic schools.The reasonis thatRP isthe variety of Englishwhichisbest documentedand mostreadilyavailable inteaching materials.Because ofits origins,it isunassailable asa modeland contributesto the elitistatmosphere of the BritishvarietyofEnglish.But ifwe putthese compellingarguments toone side,and viewit dispassionately,RP is notavery usefulmodelof pronunciation.It hassome verycomplex soundcombinations,particularly diphthongs,anditis notveryclosely relatedtothespelling system.Unlike othervarieties,RP speakersmake muchthe samenoise sayingpoor,paw,pour,and pore,and donot distinguishbetween ionand iron.So itis notthe linguisticfeaturesof RPthat giveit suchan appeal,but itssocial statusand,above all,its availabilityin theclassroom.

1.GA generalAmerican pronunciationis becomingmore andmore popularwith Britishyouth.

2.British nativespeakers areignorant ofcultures inother countries.

3.The Englishlanguageisdiverse ingrammar,vocabulary,or pronunciation.

4.English is1earned tocommunicate withnativespeakers.

5.RP isappealing inthat itsstatus ispeculiar.

6.It isnot troublesomeat allto substitutequalified Englishteachers fornativespeakingteachers.

7.Choice of alanguagemodel isdetermined byits popularity.

8.Native speakersofEnglishhave aninnate advantagein communication.

9.Competitors ofEnglish speakersmay welltakeadvantageof theweakness-most Britishpeople donotknow.

10.New modelsofEnglishare likely to emergewithout the.答案:

1.NG

2.N

3.Y

4.N

5.Y

6.Y

7.N

8.international

9.what they aremissing

10.attentions ofnative speakersAresome peopleborn clever,and others born stupidOr isintelligence developed by ourenvironment andourexperiences Strangelyenough,the answerto boththese questionsis yes.To someextent ourintelligence isgiven usat birth,and noamount ofspecial educationcanmake agenius outof a child born with lowintelligence.On the other hand,achildwho livesin aboringenvironment will develop hisintelligence lessthan onewho livesin richand variedsurroundings.Thus thelimitsof aperson sintelligence arefixed atbirth,but whetheror nothe reachesthose limitswill dependonhis environment.This view,now heldby mostexperts,can besupported in anumberof ways.It iseasy to show thatintelligence isto someextent somethingwe are bornwith.The closerthe bloodrelationship between twopeople,the closerthey are likely tobeinintelligence.Thus ifwe take two unrelated（任意的）people atrandom fromthe population,itislikely thattheir degreesof intelligencewillbecompletely different.If onthe otherhand wetake（完全相同的）two identical twins theywill verylikely beas intelligentas eachother.Relations likebrothersand sisters,parents andchildren,usually have similar intelligence,and thisclearly suggeststhatintelligence dependson birth.Imagine nowthat wetaketwoidenticaltwinsand putthem indifferent environments.We mightsend one,forexample,toauniversity andtheothertoafactory wherethe workis boring.We wouldsoon finddifferencesin intelligencedeveloping,and thisindicates thatenvironment aswellasbirth playsa part.This conclusionisalso suggestedbythefactthat people wholive inclose contactwith eachother,but whoare notrelatedat all,are likelyto havesimilar degreesof intelligence.

26.Which of theseA.To someextent,intelligence isgiven atbirth.B.Intelligence isdeveloped bythe environment.C.Some peoplearebornclever andothersbornstupid.D.Intelligence isfixed atbirth,but isdevelopedbythe environment.sentences bestdescribes thewriter spoint inParagraph1________________

27.It issuggested in this passagethat.A.unrelated peopleare not likelyto have differentintelligenceB.close relationsusually havesimilar intelligenceC.the closerthe bloodrelationshipbetweenpeople,the moredifferent theyarelikelytobein intelligenceD.people wholive inclose contactwith eachother arenotlikelytohavesimilar degreesof intelligence

28.Brothers andsisters arelikely toA.havesimilarintelligence B.have differentintelligenceC.go tothesameuniversity D.go tothesamefactory

29.In Paragraph1,the word“surroundings”means.A.intelligence B.lifeC.environments D.housing

30.The besttitle forthis articlewould be.A.On IntelligenceB.What IntelligenceMeansC.We AreBornwithIntelligenceD.Environment Playsa Partin DevelopingIntelligence答案

26.D

27.B

28.A

29.C

30.AHoming pigeonsare placedina training programfrom aboutthe timetheyaretwenty-eight daysof age.They（鸽棚）,are taughtto enterthe cagethrough a trap and to exerciseabove andaround the loft andgraduallythey are taken awayfor shortdistances inwillow basketsand released.They arethen expectedto find theirway homein theshortest possibletime.In theirtraining flightsor inactual races,the birds aretakento prearrangeddistant pointsand releasedtofindtheirway backto theirown lofts.Once thebirdsareliberated,their owners,whoarestanding byatthe homelofts,anxiously watchthe skyfor thereturn oftheir entries.Since timeis ofthe essence,thespeed withwhich thebirds can be inducedto enterthelofttrap maymakethe difference betweengaining awinor asecond place.The headofahoming pigeon is comparativelysmall,but itsbrain isone quarterlarger thanthat ofthe ordinarypigeon.The homing pigeonisvery intelligentand willpersevere tothe pointof stubbornness;some havebeenknown tofly a hundred milesoff courseto avoida storm.Some homing pigeon expertsclaim that this birdis giftedwith aform ofbuilt-in radarthat helpsit finditsown loftafter hoursof flight,for hiddenunder thehead feathersare twovery sensitive ears,while thesharp,prominent eyescan seegreat distancesin daytime.Why dohoming pigeonsfly homeThey arenot uniqueinthisinherent skill;itisfound inmost migratorybirds,in bees,ants,toads,and eventurtles,which havebeen knownto travelhundreds ofmiles toreturn totheirhomes.But inthe animalworld,the homingpigeon alonecanbetrusted withits freedomand trainedto carryoutthe missionsthatpeopledemand.

1.This passageis mainlyaboutA.homing pigeonsand theirtrainingB.how tobuy ahoming pigeonC.protection of homing pigeonsagainst thethreat ofextinctionD.liberation ofhoming pigeons

2.According tothe passage,what happensto homingpigeons when theyareabout amonth oldA.They arekept inatrap.B.They entertheir firstrace.C.They beginatrainingprogram.D.They gettheir wingsclipped andmarked.A.According tothe passage,thedifferencebetween ahomingpigeonandanordinary oneisC.the spanofthewings B.the shapeoftheeyes____________return homeEXCEPT.the textureofthefeathers D.the sizeofthebrainA.instinct B.air sacsTheauthor mentionsall ofthe followingattributes thatenable ahomingpigeontoC.sensitiveearsD.good eyes

3.Why doesthe authormention bees,ants,A.To describesome unusualkinds ofpets.toads,and turtlesinthelast paragraphB.To measuredistances traveledby variousanimals.C.To comparetheir home-finding abilitieswith thoseofhomingpigeons.D.To interestthe readerin learningabout otheranimals.答案

1.A

2.C

3.D

4.B

5.CThe differencebetween a liquid anda gasis obviousunder theconditions of temperature and pressure commonlyfoundatthesurface ofthe Earth.A liquidcanbekept inan opencontainer andfill ittothelevel ofa freesurface.A gasforms nofree surfacebut tendsto diffusethroughout the1available;it musttherefore bekeptin aclosed containeror heldbyagravitational field,as inthe_2_ofaplanet satmosphere.The distinctionwasa_3_featureofearly theoriesdescribing thephases of matter.In thenineteenth century,for example,one theorymaintained that a liquidcould be“dissolved”inavapor withoutlosing itsidentity,and anothertheory4_thatthetwo phasesare madeup ofdifferent kindsof molecules.The theoriesnow prevailingtakea quitedifferent approachby emphasizingwhat liquids and gaseshave in_5_They areboth formsofmatterthathave no_6_structure,and theyboth flowreadily.The fundamentalsimilarity ofliquidsandgases becomesclear!y apparentwhenthetemperature andpressure are_7_somewhat.Suppose aclosed container_8_filled withaliquidis heated.The liquidexpands,or inother wordsbecomesless dense;some ofit evaporates.In contrast,the vaporabove theliquid surfacebecomes denserasthe evaporatedmolecules are9to it.The combinationoftemperatureandpressureat whichthe densitiesbecome_10—is calledthe criticalpoint.A.added B.case C.prominent D.heldE.equal F.partially G.example H.previousI.space J,lifted K.permanent L.particularlyM.extended N.raised

0.common答案I.I

2.B

3.C

4.D

5.

06.K

7.N

8.F

9.A

10.EYou haveprobably heardit saidthat ifyou puta horsehairina container ofrainwater andplace itin thesunshine,a snakewilldevelop.It ishard toconvince peopleeven todaythat thisisnottrue,yet itis notdifficulttogeta horsehairand somerainwater totry theexperiment.Since veryearly timesmen havebelievedthat living things couldcome fromnon-living things.Some peoplethought thatfrogs andtoads developedfromthe mudof ponds,rats fromthe riverNile,and insectsfrom dewor from rotting waste.Vergil wrote that slime（产生）begat frogs.Centuries later,other menwrotethatwater producedfishes andthat micecame fromoldrags.This notionthat living things can come fromlifeless matteris knownasthetheory of^spontaneousgeneration.Today weknow thatliving thingscancomeonly fromlivingthings.Redi,inthe seventeenth century,was the first toexperiment toprove thatinsects donot originatefromrottingmatter.From hisexperiment,Redi concludedthat maggotsappear indecaying meatsimply becausethe eggsof flieshatch there,and notfrom“spontaneous generation”oAt thetime ofLeeuwenhoek themicroscope was not welldeveloped,but withit hediscovered bacteria.The study（小污点）ofthesetiny formsof lifewhich lookedlike specksto himwas notpractical untilmore than150years later,when microscopeswere muchimproved.However,the discoveryled somemedical menatthetime tothinkthat contagiousdiseases weredue togerms passedfromthesick tothe well.Dr.Edward Jenner,a youngEnglish physician,overheard amilkmaid saythat shewas notafraid ofsmallpox becauseshehad justrecovered froman attackof cowpox.This gaveJenner theclue,andin1796he proved thatapersonvaccinated withcowpox germsis quitecertain toescape fromgetting smallpox.At thistime smallpoxwas socommonthat aboutonly oneperson inahundredescaped.In Aristotle,s days,it was the commonbelief thatair causedfoods to spoil.People believed thatthiswastrue untiltheseventeenthcentury.In1800,Napoleon offereda prizefor thesuccessful inventionofacontainerwhich wouldkeep foodsfrom spoilingin wartimes.The prizewas wonby Francois Appert,who hadworked allhislife onthis problem.He packedfoods inglass orchina jars,poured inenough waterto coverthe food,corked andsealed them,then placedthe jarsinacontainer ofwater which was graduallyheated tothe boilingpoint.He thought,however,that it was air that causedthe foodstospoil.It wasnot untilfifty yearslaterthat Louis Pasteurproved thatit wasnotairthatspoiled foods,but tinyliving organismsthat floataboutin theair.The firsttin-can containerwas made in1807by PeterDurand.The canningindustry inthe UnitedStatesbegan in1819when salmon,lobster,and oysterswere firstcanned.The ideathat germscause diseasedid nothave manyfollowers whenit wasfirst suggested.Interest begantobe shownagain whenBassi,in1837,showed thata silkwormdisease wastransmitted tohealthy wormsbythepassingof tiny“glittering particles.Later,Henle saidthat“catching”diseases werecaused bygerms.About1850,Louis Pasteurbegan experimentingwith tinyliving organismsand wasabletodiscover manyimportantthings.He provedthat yeastplants causesubstances toferment,that bacteriacause milkto sour,and thatfloatingparticles intheaircontain livinggerms whichcause spoilingand decay.Soon afterPasteur hadannounced thesediscoveries,Joseph Listerprovedthatwounds werepoisoned bygermsfrom theair orfromthesurgeon sinstruments usedduring operations.He provedthat if the instrumentswere（防腐剂）perfectly cleanor sterileand ifantiseptic dressingswere usedon woundsto preventthe entranceofgerms,wounds would healwithout decayor bloodpoisoning.The firstantiseptic Listerused wascarbolic（石炭酸）acid Thewards inthe Glasgowinfirmary ofwhich Listerhad chargewere especiallyaffected by（坏中）gangrene HIn ashort timethey becamethe healthiestof anyknown,because heapplied hisknowledgeof antisepticstothehealing ofwounds.With someimprovements,Lister smethods areused today.Major Laveranwas thefirst todiscover thata certaingerm wasalways presentintheblood ofpatients whohadmalaria.Eight yearslater,in1888,Major Rossprovedthathe founda similargerm inthe bodyoftheAnophelesmosquito.Then,by otherexperiments,itwasshown thatthe germsthat causemalaria canbe transmittedonlyby the bite ofthe mosquito.To provethis,two physiciansin Londonpermitted themselvestobebitten bymosquitoeswhich hadpreviously bittenmalarial patientsin Italyand tenwere shippedinabox toLondon.Ineighteen daysafter beingbitten bythese mosquitoes,both physiciansdeveloped malarialfever.Soon itwasproved thatthegermsofyellowfever werecarried bytheAedesmosquito.About thistime therewere manydogs withrabies in Paris,and Pasteur set abouttoshowhow toinoculate forhydrophobia,the diseasewhichiscaused bythebiteofa mad dog.He haddone manyexperiments buthad notyettried hissuccess witha humanbeing,when aboy whohad beenbittenbyamaddog wasbrought toPasteurs laboratoryby hisparents.Pasteurswork wasstill beingcriticized bymany,and hehesitated toinoculatethe boy.The parentspleaded,and Pasteuragreed,iftheboy would be leftunder hiscare.The inoculationonthe boywith hydrophobiagerms wassuccessful,and Pasteurs famespread rapidly.Three yearslater,the firstPasteurInstitute forthe treatmentofrabieswas establishedinParis.Thousands ofcases weresuccessfullytreated here,and herealso Rouxdiscovered theantitoxin fordiphtheria.The modernscientific methodof dealingwith diseaseswas developedby Pasteur.Many peoplestill doubtedthingswhich hehad proved,but whichwere contraryto whatthey hadalways believedandtowhattheywanted tobelieve.He decidedto putonapublic demonstration.He wouldtry toprove thathe couldsuccessfully vaccinatesheepagainst anthrax,a diseasewhichwascausing greatlosses offlocks inFrance.Even atthat time,people saidafarmer wasbeing punishedby Godif hissheep died.The experimentwas begunon May5,1882,near Melun,France.，sPasteur reputationdepended onthe result.A largecrowd offarmers,doctors,and curiousonlookers gatheredforthe event.Most ofthem didnot believehe wouldsucceed.Of thefifty sheepusedinexperiment,Pasteurinoculated twenty-five withhis protectivevaccine,while theother twenty-five werenot vaccinated.On May31,he gaveall fiftysheep astrong inoculationof anthraxpoison andpredicted thatby Junefifth all theunprotected sheepwouldbedead andalltheprotected onesalive.On Junesecond,he wenttothefarm wheretheexperiment had been performedand foundthat twenty-two ofthe unprotectedsheep werealready deadand theotherthree weredying.All theanimals whichhadbeenvaccinated werein perfecthealth.Those whohad doubtedhimwere nowconvinced,and hewas praisedall overFrance.From thistime on,his methodswere adoptedeverywhere.

1.The passagegives ageneral descriptionof progressmadeindiscovery ofthe causeand preventionof certaindiseases.

2.Centuries ago,itwasbelievedthatnon-livingthingscould developinto livingthings.

3.Dr Jennerexperimented toshow thatmilkmaids wereimmune tosmallpox.

4.FrancoisAppertheated thewater inacontainertotheboiling pointto stopthe foodfrom spoiling.

5.LouisPasteurwasthefirst toprove thatdiseases weretransmitted bygerms.

6.Joseph Listerset upthefirstwards inGlasgow whereantiseptic dressingswere employed.。