英语专项深度练习——阅读理解一

英语专项深度练习一一阅读理解

（一）The“standard of living”of anycountry meansthe averageperson sshare of the goods and serviceswhichthe countryproduces.A countryys standardof living,therefore,depends firstand foremoston its capacityto produce wealth.Wealth“in thissense isnot money,for wedo notlive onmoney buton thingsthat moneycanbuygoods”such asfood andclothing,and“services“such astransport andentertainment.A country scapacityto producewealth depends upon manyfactors,most ofwhich have an effecton oneanother.Wealth dependsto agreat extentupon a country snatural resources,such ascoal,gold,and otherminerals,water supplyand soon.Some regions of the world arewell suppliedwith coaland minerals,and havea fertilesoiland afavorable climate;other regionspossess perhapsonly one of thesethings,and someregions possessnoneof them.The U.S.A is oneof the wealthiestregionsof theworldbecause shehas vastnatural resourceswithinher borders,her soilis fertile,and herclimate isvaried.The SaharaDesert,on theother hand,is oneof theleast wealthy.Next tonatural resourcescomes theability toturn themto use.China isperhaps as well offas the U.S.A.in natural resources,but sufferedfor manyyears fromcivil andexternal wars,and forthis and otherreasons was.unable todevelop herresources.Sound andstable politicalconditions,and freedomfrom foreigninvasion,enable a country todevelop itsnatural resourcespeacefully andsteadily,and toproduce morewealththan anothercountry equallywell servedby naturebut lesswell ordered.Another important factoris thetechnical efficiencyof acountryspeople.Old countriesthat have,through manycenturies,trainedup numerousskilled craftsmen and techniciansare betterplaced toproducewealththan countrieswhose workersarelargely unskilled.Wealth alsoproduces wealth.As acountry becomes wealthier,its peoplehavealargemargin forsaving,and canput theirsavings intofactories andmachines whichwill helpworkers toturnout moregoods in their workingday.

1.A countrys wealthdependsupon.,A.its standardof livingB.its moneyC.its abilityto providegoodsandservicesD.its abilityto providetransport andentertainment

2.The word“foremost“means.A.most importantlyB.firstlyC.largely D.for the most part

3.The main idea of the secondparagraph is that.A.acountryswealthdepends onmany factorsB.theU.S.A.isoneof thewealthiest countriesin theworldC.the SaharaDesert isa verypoor regionD.naturalresourcesare animportantfactorin thewealth orpoverty ofacountry

4.The thirdparagraph mentionssome of the advantageswhich onecountry mayhave overanother inmakinguse ofits resources.How manysuch advantagesare mentionedin thisparagraphA.2B.3C.4D.

55.The secondsentence,in Paragraph3is.A.the mainidea of the paragraphB.an examplesupporting themainideaof theparagraphC.the conclusionof theparagraphD.not relatedto theparagraph答案

1.C

2.A

3.A

4.B

5.BThe productivityof Americansemployed inprivate businesseshas declined.The productivityof workersincountries such as Japanand Germanyis increasing.American machinetools,on average,are old,relativelyinefficient,and rapidlybecoming obsolete,whereas thoseof ourcompetitors overseas,in comparison,arenewer and more efficient.We areno longerthemostproductive workersin theworld.We areno longerthe（革新）leaders inindustrial innovationWe arean immenselywealthy nationof educatedmen and women一who seem to havelost sightof thefact thateverything from the simplestnecessities to the finestluxuries一must beproduced throughour owncollective hardwork.We havecome toexpect automaticincreases inourcollective standardofliving,but weseemtohave forgottenthat theseincreases arepossible onlywhenour productivitycontinues togrow.One thingthat mustchange isthe rateat whichwe substitutecapital equipmentfor human labor.Simply put,our labor force hasincreased at a fargreater ratethan hasour stockof capital investment.We seemtohave forgottenthat ourpast productivitygains,to alarge extent,were realizedfrom substitutionsof capitalforhumanlabor.Today,3times asmany robots are listedas capitalassets byJapanese firmsas byUnitedStates firms.There isno doubtthat robots will becomea commonsight inAmerican factories.Representing anew generationoftechnology,robots willreplace factorylabor muchas thefarm tractorreplaced thehorse.Robot technologyhasmuch to offer.It offershigher levelsof productivityand qualityat lowercosts;in promisesto freemen andwomenfrom thedull,repetitious toilof thefactory,it islikely tohave animpact onsocietycomparable tothat madeby the growth ofcomputer technology.

1.The word“obsolete”Para.1most probablymeans.A.weak B.oldC.new D.out ofdate

2.The authoris anxiousabout.A.his peopleno longertaking thelead inindustrial innovationB.his countryno longerbeing awealthy nationC.his peopleforgetting to raise theirproductivityD.his countryfalling behindother industrialnations.

3.According to the author,in hiscountryA.the proportionof labor force tocapitalinvestmentis quitelowB.thegrowthrate oflaborforceshould begreater thanthat ofcapital investmentC.the productivityincreases shouldbe achievedby theincreases oflabor forceD.capitai investmentshould haveincreased morerapidly thanlaborforce

4.So faras theinfluence onsociety isconcerned,.A.robot technologyseems tobe muchmore promisingthan computer technologyB.computer technologyhas lesstoofferthan robot technologyC.robot technologycan becompared withcomputer technologyD.robottechnologycannot becompared withcomputertechnology

5.The purposeof theauthor inwriting thispassage isto showthat.A.robots willhelp increaselabor productivityB.robots willrule AmericanfactoriesC.robotsarecheaper thanhuman laborersD.robotswillfinally replacehumans in factories答案

1.D

2.C

3.D

4.C

5.ASugar isso mucha partof ourmodern lifethat weonly reallythink aboutit when,for some1，wecannot obtainit.It hasbeen knownto manfor at least3,000years,but has2into commonuse onlyin3times.Until quiterecently itwas consideredas amedicine andasa luxuryfor thevery richonly.Sugar is,then,4to ourcivilization.But what5is itOf course,most ofusrecognize sugarimmediately asthe sweetmaterial whichwe putin coffeeor cakes.This commonform of sugaris derivedfrom twoplantsthe sugarcane atype ofgrass whichgrows to a heightof twentyfeetandthe sugarbeet whichgrows underground Butthere areinfactmanytypes ofsugar,and thechemist recognizeshundreds ofdifferent________6,each comingfroma differentsource.About90%ofthesugar isproduced asfood.Only10%is usedin industryfor___7____other thanfoodproduction.Yet sugarhas greatpossibilities foruse asthe basisof chemicals.It canevenbe usedfor makingplastics.In thefuture thesepotential useswill certainlybe developedmore thaninthe past.There aremany reasonswhy weshould_______8the productionofsugar.Most importantis thatitis oneofthemost highlyconcentrated ofenergy foods.Thus sugarcane andbeet producean averageof7,000,000calories peracre.In thisway they have theadvantageover potatoeswhich giveonly4,000,000,while the9for wheatandbeans is2,000,000each.So threeacres ofland growingwheat,beans andpotatoes giveonly10more energythan oneacre ofsugar.A.slightly B.intention C.reason D.modernE.strongly F.figure G.come H.significantI.exactly J.increase K.proposals L.turn M.purposes N.varieties

0.serious答案I.C

2.G

3.D

4.H

5.I

6.N

7.M

8.J

9.F

10.AMore than60percent ofall high school graduatescontinue theirformal educationafter graduation.Many attendcolleges that offer four-year programsleading toa bachelors degree.College studentsarecalled undergraduates,and theirfour yearsof studyare dividedinto thefreshman,sophomore,junior,andsenior years.In mostcolleges thefirst twoyears aredesigned toprovide abroad generaleducation,andduring thistime thecollege studentis usuallyrequired totake coursesin generalareas of study,suchas English,science,foreign languages,and socialscience.By thejunior yearthe studentbegins tomajorin oneparticular fieldof study,or discipline.Some institutionsof higher learning offeronly thefour-year collegeprogram.A universityoffers graduateorpost-college programs,aswell.Graduate degreesin fieldssuch asEnglish literature,chemistry,andhistory aregranted bygraduate schoolsof artsand sciences.These schoolsmay offerone-or two-year programsleadingtoa masterJ s degree M.A.,and programslasting three years ormore thatlead tothe degreeofdoctor ofPhilosophy Ph.D.A candidatefor aPh.D.must meetcertain courserequirements inhisofield,pass writtenand oralexaminations,and presenta writtenthesis basedon originalresearch.Someuniversities offerpostdoctoral programsthat extendstudy andresearch beyondthe Ph.D.Many universitiesalso havewhat arecalled professionalschools forstudy insuch fieldsas law,medicine,engineering,architecture,social work,business,library science,and education.Professional schoolsdifferwidely in their requirementsfor admissionand thelengths oftheir programs.Medical students,forexample,must completeatleastthreeyearsof premedicalstudies atan undergraduateschool beforetheycan enterthe three-or four-year programatamedical school.Engineering andarchitecture students,onthe otherhand,can entera four-or five-year professionalschool immediatelyupon completionof secondaryschool.The variousdisciplines,or fieldsofstudy,are organizedby department.These departmentsare staffedbyfaculty membersranging fromfull professorstoinstructors.A fullprofessor hastenure,which ispermanent appointmentwith guaranteedemployment attheinstitution untilhis retirement.Ranking belowthe full professors arethe associateprofessors,who mayormay not have tenure,depending onthe policyoftheparticular collegeor university.Next arethe assistantprofessors,who donothavetenure.At thebottom ofthis academic ladder arethe instructors.They areusuallyyoung teacherswho havejust receivedtheir doctoratesor willreceive themshortly.Sometimes graduatestudentsare employedas part-time teachingassistants whilethey arecompleting theirgraduate work.Today almost5million menandmore than3million womenattend more than2500colleges and universities.Approximately85percent of these schoolsare coeducational,which meansthat bothmenandwomen areenrolledin thesame institutions.Colleges rangein sizefrom afew hundredstudents tomany thousands.Severaluniversities havemorethan20,000undergraduate andgraduate studentson onecampus.A numberof largestateinstitutions maintainbranches onseveral differentcampuses throughoutthe state.Classes varyfromseminars,or smalldiscussion groups,of fewerthan twentyto largelecture coursesfor hundredsof students.Approximately one-fourth ofall college and university students attendprivate institutions.The reststudyat state or municipal,publicly financedcolleges and universities.Every statehas atleast onepublicuniversity,and inaddition there are severalhundred state and locallysupported colleges.The academicprogramsoftheseprivate andpublic institutionsare verysimilar.Indeed,thereareonly afew importantdifferencesbetween public andprivate col leges.Private collegesare privatelyorganized andprivately run;public institutionsare operatedunder thecontrolof stateor localofficials.The otherdifferences involveadmissions policiesand themethods bywhich publicandprivate institutionsare financed.Admission toa stateuniversity isusually opento allmenandwomen who have graduatedfrom high schoolsof the stateandwhohavesatisfactory highschool records.Many stateuniversities requirestudents toearnhigh scoreson achievementand aptitudeexaminations,but theunderlying philosophyisthatall studentswho want an education and are qualified shouldhave the opportunity to continue their education atpublicinstitutions.Tuition ratesare low,compared toprivate-college costs,and scholarshipaid andloans arefrequentlyavailable.A fewnonresidents areadmitted tostate schools,but theymust paymuch highertuitionfees thanresidents ofthestate.Admission to some private colleges ismore selectiveand rigidthan admissiontosomepublic institutions,and frequentlythe studentbody issmaller.High schoolapplicants tosome private colleges mustsubmitdetailed applicationforms,and theymust takescholastic aptitudeand achievementexaminations.Collegeadmissions committeesdecide whichstudents toaccept,basing theirjudgment onthese applications,theresults ofthe examinations,highschoolrecords,and otherfactors suchas personalinterviews withtheapplicants andletters ofrecommendation fromhighschoolteachers.For certaincolleges,suchasHarvard,Yale,Princeton,Stanford,and Columbia,applications usuallyfar exceedthe numberof students who areaccepted.In1975,for example,Harvard received7620applications for1500available places.The averageprivatecollegetuition in the early1970s was$2161a year.This figurewas approximatelyfourtimes greaterthan theaverage public-collegetuition.At Harvard,tuition cost$3200in1973-

1974.TheUniversity ofMassachusetts,a publiclysupported institutioninthesame state,charged$300for astateresident.These tuitionfigures donot includethe costsof room,food,andothereveryday livingexpenses.Some studentsreceive scholarshipassistance andloans tohelp payfor thecost oftheireducation.Manystudents atprivate andpublic collegeswork whilethey areattending school,in orderto paytheir expenses.Almost1500American colleges anduniversitiesare privatelyorganized andfinanced.More thanhalf the incomeof theseinstitutions comes from studenttuition payments.The restcomesfromprivate gifts,endowmentearnings,and somefederal researchgrants,Because ofsteadily rising costs,many privateinstitutions havehadtoraisetuition rates,reduce scholarshipaid,and limitsome academicprograms.The poorfinancialcondition ofmost privateinstitutions isa veryserious problemintheworld ofhigher educationtoday.Student feesaccount foronly15percent oftheincomeof public collegesanduniversities.The restcomesfrom municipalor stateand somefederal governmentsources.Although public institutions havealsoexperienced theproblem ofrisingcosts,theyhaveoften beenable todepend onstate legislatorsfor financialsupport.In largepart thissupport maybe explainedby thelegislatorsresponse*othewishes ofthe peoplewhoelected themand togeneral acceptanceoftheAmerican traditionthat everyonewho isqualified shouldhavethe opportunitytocontinuehis climbup theeducational ladderat publiclyfinanced institutions.

1.It canbe inferredfromthe passage thatall highschool graduateswhowantaneducationandarequalifiedwill havetheopportunityfor furthereducation ineither publicor privateuniversities.

2.According tothepassage,about threefourths ofcollegeanduniversitystudentsare studyingin thepublic institutions.

3.Private institutions,enjoy higherreputation ofgood teachingquality,although theyhave similaracademicprograms withpublicinstitutions.

4.Students canstudy foramaster,sdegreeor thedegree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy inany institutionsaslong asthey canmeet allthe requirements.

5.The assistantprofessors areright nexttothefullprofessorsintheacademicladder.

6.The averagetuition ofprivate collegeswas aboutfour timesmorethanthatofpubliccollegesin theearly1970s,which accountedfor halfofthetotal income.

7.The majorityofthestudentswhograduate fromhigh schoolsgo onwith theireducation inthe institutionsofhigherlearning.

8.A collegesenior issupposed tofocus hisstudy on.

9.That theoperation ofthe collegesanduniversitiesrests withstateorlocal governmentis thecharacteristicof.

10.The admissionscommittees ofprivatecollegesare responsiblefor.答案I.Y

2.Y

3.NG

4.N

5.N

6.N

7.Y

8.his major

9.publicinstitutions

10.deciding whichstudentsto accept。