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英语四级语法总结(全)过去现在将来过去将来一般did dowill/shall doshould/woulddo进行was/were doingam/is/are doing/will/shall bedoing完成had donehave/has donewill/shall haveshould/woulddone用于have done虚拟语气完成进行had beendoing have/has been//doing一时态所谓的时态,就是时间+状态谓语动词的时态见下表:\/vw*/WAA/K/\\ZWWWWWN过去现在将来过去将来_般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shall begiven should/wouldbe given进行was/were beingam/is/are being//given given完成had beengiven have/has beenwill/shall haveshould/wouldgivenbeen givenhave beengiven完成进行///主动形式
1..被动形式211—When canI comefor thephotosI needthem tomorrowafternoon.-They beready by
1200.A.can B.should C.might D.need该题考查情态动词的基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选又如Should Bo_________12The firespread throughthe hotelvery quicklybut everyonegetout.A.had toB.would C.could D.was able to该题考查了和的区别,二者都可表示过去时间的能力,但如果表示过去成功could be ableto地做了某事只能使用,故本题选was/were ableto doDo13—Shall Itell Johnabout it一No,you.r vetold himalready.z7z7A.needn t B.wouldn tC.mustn t D.shouldn t情态动词在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示答句暗示没有必要了〃,故本shall题选A一)主谓一致主谓一致(与插入语无关)
1.主谓的分隔原则主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔1定语从句中的主谓一致随前一致23n.+together withn2as wellas includingalong withwith/of accompaniedwith/by4就近原则(就近原则)nl or n2+veither nlorn2可数可数()不可数不可数()例夕卜5nl andn2+v plnl andn2+v plwar andpeace is...是一个整体但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语war andpeace动词用单数,这种结构的特征是连接的两个词只有一个冠词andiron andsteel industryThe is veryimportant to our country.head master and mathematicalis coming.The teacher arecoming.类彳以的还有The headmasterandthe mathematicalteacher lawand orderbreadand butterblack andwhiteTo loveand to be lovedis...A lawyerand ateacherare...A lawyerand teacheris...随后原则.(与一致)百分比结构6not A but B/not onlyAbutalso B+v B7most,(由决定)倒装结构的主谓一致half,rest,some,majority,one+persent of+nl+v.nl8)由名词决定动词a Therebe+n)等介词位于句首引起倒装结构b Among,between系动词+(由名词决定动词)Among/Between...+n.的主谓一致)当表示一类人,)当表示某一抽象概念时9The+adj abThe goodis alwaysattractive.主从10To do/doing/+vs*More thanone+nmany a+n.a dayor two二).倒装全部倒装1是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时常见的结构有Up wentthe plane=the planewent up.)等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用)表1here,there,now,then,thus be,come,go,lie,run20示运动方向的副词()或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词注意back,down,off,up)上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装1Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.)谓语动词是的时候,不能倒装Hereitis.Hereyou2beare.)形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装3*typical ofcharacteristic of*coinciding with+n)表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装4(表语)+系动词+主,主同In...*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there*常考介词要倒装常考的系动词among betweenin atbeneath belie existremain rest部分倒装,否定位于句首引起倒装
1.adv notonly not until,hardly,scarcely,fseldom,rarely,no sooner...than)+时间+主谓倒装,+句子+主谓倒装1not untilnotuntil)状语位于句首2only+only+ad.eg:recently短短语prep.eg:in recentlyyears从句eg:when clause川一个词本身不倒装y))在比较级结构中,后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装3than部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词或,并将其置于主语之前do,does did)表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定,产生倒装,一般主动词提1Neither,nor,so前,谓语动词的其他部分就)引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)4as/though〔让步〕虽然,尽管〔词序倒装语气比强〕as thoughSuccessfulas heis,heisnot proud.他虽成功,却不当乔傲Women asshe is,shes everybrave.Try hardas hewill,he neverseems ableto dothe worksatisfactorily.注意)句首名词不能带任何冠词)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动A B词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前)其他部分倒装5)句型中的句型中的位于句首时,需倒装a so...that so;such...that suchSofrightened washe thathe didnot dareto movean inch.在某些表示祝愿的句型中May youall be happy.b在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有等词,可将省略,把c were,had,should if were,had,移到主语之前,采取部分倒装Were Iyou,I wouldtry itagain.should四.复合句从句可分为A名词性从句分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句>形容词性从句分定语从句>副词性从句好状语从句常考的关系代词♦:that;which;who/whom/whose;where;when;what;aso常见的同位语从句现行词之前的抽象名词♦that fact,idea,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,opinion,problem,thought,understanding...常用的引导词时间状语从句:while;when;before;whenever;as;after;till;until;since;once;everosince;as/so longas;as soonas;no sooner...than;hardly...when;scarcely/barely...when;the moment/minute/instant;on thepoint ofdoing...地点状语从句:where;wherevero原因状语从句:because;since;as;seeing that;considering that;now that;in that;forofear that;lest;owing to the fact that;because of the factthat;due to the factthat...方式状语从句:as;as if;as though;how;save that...o比较》犬语从句as;than;as...as;not so...as;hardly...than;o结果状语从句:so that;so...that;such...that;so asto...o条件状语从句if;unless;in case;so longas;so faras;provided/providing/that;osupposing;granted/granting that...;giving that....让步状语从句:though;although;even if;even though;whether;as;however;noomatter what,how,when;for allthat;in spiteofthe factthat;granted that;regardless ofthefactthat...目的状语从句:that;so that;in orderthat;lest;for thefear that;in case...o定语从句引导的定语从句结构Which是关系代词,后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子,1Which which在这个句子中,要作成分,作主语或者宾语Which完整的句子2in which+在定语从句中作的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语Which in名词谓语动词3+of which+来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词of whichI have fivebooks threeof whichare borrowedfrom Mary.介词+其功能相当于定语从句4which+to doThekey withwhich toopen thedoor islost.定语从句的省略结构5如果在定从中作宾语,可以省略.
1.that/which sub+vt+n+which/that+sub+vt—s+vt+n+s+vs+vt+nl+n2+vt*当做题时,若发现两个名词在一起,但是似乎连不上,则一定省略that/则动词为,做谓语which,vt定从的特殊省略6+句子the wayin which句子均为完整句the reasonwhy that+十句子the time that/whenI doremember thefirst time that省I everheard thesweetest voicein theworld.省句子,句子By the timethat+定从的主系省略主+系可同时省7即可同时省which be,who be,that be状语从句省略结构这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件第
一、特定的状语从句弓导词I althoughthough eventhough whenwhile ifas第
二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致;第
三、从句的谓语必须是动词,主语和动词同进同出,be be常考的三种时态过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时♦♦CET-4时间状语从句当中的时态♦一般过去日*[所有的过去r用一般现在日』表示现在和将来1L现在完成时现在完成和将来完成-.非谓语动词—.不定式-)不定式的常考形式)一般形式:被动形1He decidedto workharder in order tocatch upwith theothers.式He preferredto beassigned someheavier workto do.语法功能表示与谓语动词同步发生)完成形式:notto2He pretendedhave seenme.被动形式:The bookis saidto have been translatedinto manylanguages.语法功能表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点)不定式做定语一将要发生1••)不定式做状语一目的2••))不定式充当名词功能3---T seeis tobelieve.三)不定式的省略)感官动词1see watch,observe,notice,look athear,listen tosmell,taste,feelf ff表示动作的完整性,真实性;+do表示动作的连续性,进行性+doingI sawhim workin thegarden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了(强调“我看见了这个事实)I sawhim workingin thegarden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词good.comfortable.The caketastes Itfeels)使役动词等词后不定式要省略但同)一样被动以后要还原f2have bidmake let1to Id liketo have Johndo it.I havemy packageweighed.rPaul doesnt have tobemade tolearn.即有些动词后只跟不定式如3help help sb dohelpsbto dohelp dohelp to do!1!want,wish,hope manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide agree,z zexpectallow sbto do,cause sbto do,permit sbto do,enable sbto doforce sbto do.be morelikely to do loveto dowarn sbto dobeabletodobe ambitioustodo.beginto do.start todo五有的时候后面要接形式to・ingaccustom oneselfto;be accustomedto;face upto;in additionto;look forwardto;object to;be reducedto;resign oneselfto;be resignedto;resort to;sink to;be usedto;be alternativeto;be close/closeness to;be dedication/dedicated to;beopposition/opposed to;be similarity/similar to.三.后的形式具有被动的意思其中,不太常用need/want・ing wantHeneeds alot ofencouraging.二.动名词具有动作性特征的名词另外还有一些接形式的常用说法-ingfits nogood;its no/little/hardly any/use;it snot/hardly/scarcely use;its worthwhile;spend money/time;theres no;theres nopoint in;theres nothingworse than;whatsthe use/point...有些词后加不定式和动名词均可5后面用不定式和形式,意义截remember,forget,try stop,go oncease,mean・ingf f然不容指未来过去未来的动作I rememberedto postthe letters.(/)我记彳导这个动作I rememberedposting/ha vingposting theletters()与的用法类似forgot remember我很遗憾地通知你I regretto informyou that...…为了〃二十年前的离I regrettedha vingleft thefirm aftertwenty years.开〃而遗憾努力try toYou reallymust trytoover come yourshyness.试验try-ing Trypracticing fivehours aday.打算、I meanto go,but myfather wouldnot allowme to.[想去,但我父亲不让我去To raisewage meansincreasing purchasingpower./意味看/赠加工资意味着增加购买力的用法prefer我宁愿在这里等I preferto waithere.(所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去)I preferwaiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做)I preferswimming tocycling.(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了)分词3现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式)一般式(主任)?(与谓语动词同步发1Do yousee theman talkingtothedean生))完成形式(发生谓语动词之2Not havingmade adequatepreparations,they failed.前))完成被动形式」发生谓语动词之3Having beenadapted,the scriptseems perfect前且表示被动)过去分词)过去分词表示被动1Fight nobattle unprepared.)过去分词的进行形式(强调正在2Youll findthe topicbeing discussedeverywhere.被做)这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语他们之间的一致关系一主动还是被动,往往就是考点独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系二:虚拟三虚拟语气今情态动词所表达的可能性程度()另外两must/cantfshould/shouldnt might/may not个类情态词的形式”need/neednt;haveto/dont haveto最自然的虚拟状态由原型时态(不含时间只含状态)♦should/would+本质上是过去将来时即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同一般、进行、完成、完成进行这时“虚拟语气”的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该……(而现在却还没有……)(本来可以……,本来能……)()(一般)I shouldgo!...but Fmstill here!(进行)I shouldbe workingnow!()(完成)I should have practicedmore thanI did!我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多)(完成的否定)I shouldntdream away my time too much!()actually Idid dreamawaymytimetoomuch!(完成进行)It shouldnthavebeenleaking forsuch along time!(完成)I may/might/could havefinished!些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,常常被省略掉Shouldsuggest,advise,propose,recommend,plan;odemand,order,direct,arrange,command,decide;orequire,request;othink,expect,believe,insist,suspect.o由于他们的含义中包含建议,假设,应该这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有原型时态构成的虚拟语气should+这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句Its suggestedthat...My suggestionis that...The onlysuggestion that...The onlysuggestion I can giveyou nowis that...一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况r important;necessary;essent^il![It snatural;strange;incredible thatapity;a shame;no wonder>由引起的从句中多使用lest,for fearthat,in caseshould表达与事实相反♦与现在相反:使用[过去时]:
1.were not(一般现在一般过去)I wishI here!9wereSuppose we“cohere.were.(一般现在f一般过去)He lovedme asif Ihis ownson(现在进行少过去进行)Hope Iivere/7always/os/ogthings!hadnt been(现在完成分过去完成)If only/If Ithere!hadnt beenwaiting(现在完成进行玲过去完成进行)What if I righthere!常考句型()()()Its hightimethat...;would ratherthat...这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时与过去相反:过去完成时;
2.had pasttheHow nice it is ifItest!had sleptHowniceitisifI alittle morethis morning!与将来相反将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测
3.If itrains tomorrow,well haveto stayone daymore.不过,由于可以用表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现;也是的常考be towere toCET-4语法点虚拟条件句部分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成);ifo主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设的推测,一般使用情态动词,少数情况下使用wouldocould/might/mayo注意两个部分之间,是有逻辑关系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系O注意,虚拟条件句中的可以省略,造成提前,产生倒装ifwere/had隐含的非真实条件♦What wouldyou dowith50thousand dollarHowcould Ibehappywithout you除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气由引起的从句,肯定的时候可以使用inorderthat,so thatmay/might;can/could;否定的时候,多用shouldnt;引起的从句中,多用whoever,whatever,no matterwhat may+o情态动词的基本用法及其区别最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握
一、用情态动词+结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去have+done”的时间状语给以暗示情态动词的这一用法可以用对立统一”来概括.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整1体时,我们可用统一关系来解决这样的试题常见的结构有must have done:表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作一定做了……,只能用于肯定句中其否定形式为11can t/couldn thave done疑问式为Can/Could...have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作可能做could/might have done了……如1My sister met himat theGrand Theateryesterday afternoon,so heyourlecture.A.couldn thave attended7B.needn thave attended,C.mustn thave attended1本题选D.shouldn thave attendedA________2Jack yet,otherwise hewould havetelephoned me.zA.mustn thave arrived7B.shouldn thave arrivedzC.can thave arrivedD.need nothave arrivedC.当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助等2but,however,instead词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用对立关系来解决这样的试题这种结构常见的有:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做should have done/ought tohavedone:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做should nothavedone/ought nottohavedone了:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做need havedone:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了如need nothavedone3I wasreally anxiousabout you.You homewithout aword.NMET20017A.mustn tleave B.shouldn thave left,C.couldn thave leftD.needn tleave本不应该离家出走却走了,故本题选Bo__________4I toldSally howto gethere,but perhapsI forher.NMET94A.had towrite itoutB.must havewritten itoutC.should havewritten itoutD.ought towrite itout由句中的连词可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选but Co
二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择5—Is Johncoming bytrain一He should,but henot.He likesdriving hiscar.A.must B.can C.need D.may,表示禁止、不准;表示不可能;表示不必要;mustn tcannot neednot maynot表示〃可能不〃分析语境可知本题应选Do______________6—I hearyou vegot aset ofvaluable Australiancoins.Ihavealook—Yes,certainly.A.Do B.May C.Shall D.Should分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,表示允许、可以,语气比较委婉may常用于第
一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用则shall shall,意为要我看一下吗?,不符合上下文意思故本题选Bo_________7Mr Bushis ontime foreverything.How itbe thathe waslate fortheopening ceremonyA.can B.should C.may D.must表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选must beA8—Are youcoming toJeff sparty-rm not sure.I gototheconcert instead.A.must B.would C.should D.might由题意和下句中的mnotsure可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测,可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断,故本题might选又如______________Do Ishouldhavebeen there,but Inot findthetime.A.would B.could C.might D.should分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力;项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符故C本题选Bo_________________9Johnny,you playwith theknife,you hurtyourself.A.won t;can tB.mustn t;may,/C.shouldn t;must D.can t;shouldn t表示不可以;禁止,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选mustn tB10—Will youstay forlunch―Sorry,.My brotheris comingto seeme.7A.I mustntB.IcantC.I needntD.I wont分析题意可知因为我弟弟要来看我,所以不能留下,因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝项表示禁止;项表示不必要;而项表示不会,均不符合题意故本题A CD选又如Bo―Could Iborrow yourdictionary―Yes,of courseyou.A.might B.will C.can D.should C)是名词1seeing isbelieving)具有动词性特征可以带宾语2starving troopsis necessary.一)动名词的形式一般形式I dontlike yousmoking.完成形式I regretnot havingtaker youradvice.被动形式This questionis farfrom beingsettled.二动名词常考的点)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数1)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词2)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.3I wouldappreciate backthis afternoon.*1也对A.you tocall B.you callC.you callingD.you recallingKey:C yourcallingI regretnot havingtaken youradvice.有些词后只能接动名词4admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;cant help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...。
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