大二英语-中国文化概况-中国文化概况期末资料

Chapter1A GeneralIntroduction to Chinese CultureWordsand Expressions:炎黄子孙the descendantsof Yanand Huang瓷器porcelainThe appellationof ChinaChinesehistory beganwith twolegendary figures-Emperor Huangand EmperorYan,who,together with（中游）their tribes,inhabited thedrainage areaalong themiddle reachesof theYellow River.By the（合time ofXia Dynasty,after centuriesof livingside byside,these twotribes hadgradually mergedinto并，融合）one.Consequently,the Chinese people usuallycall themselves“the descendantsof YanandHuang”.People atthat timebelieved that the land they livedon was the centerof the world,and calledtheir state（中国）,the MiddleKingdom”thus givingChina itscountry name.China is the appellationof ourcountry givenby foreigners.The porcelainchina is the transliterationof（昌南），（景德镇）.the placename Changnanwhich was the oldname forJingdezhen Theporcelainmade inChangnan wassmooth andbright,and earnedanother nameof artificialjade.It becamefamousboth homeand abroadand wasexported to Europe inlarge quantities.In Europe,people regardedChangnan porcelainas somethingprecious anddelicate andwould takepridein possessingone.As timepassed,people inEurope forgotthe meaningof Changnanand switchedtheoriginal meaningof porcelainof theword“china“to theplace ofits origin.Chapter2Chinese Philosophyand ReligionPart1Chinese Thoughtsand PhilosophyWordsand Expressions:儒家Confucianism道家Taoism《论语》仁慈，善行礼制,仪式，惯例孝，孝心The Analectsbenevolence ritualfilial pietyTheDevelopment ofAncient ChinesePhilosophyFour famousChinese classicalnovels《三国演义》《水浒传》Romance of the ThreeKingdoms Water Margin《西游记》《红楼梦》Journey to the WestDream of the RedMansionsWinner of the NoblePrize inLiterature,Mo YanOn11October2012,the SwedishAcademy announcedthat Mo Yan hadreceived theNobel PrizeinLiterature forhis work.Aged57at thetime of the announcement,he was the109th recipientof theawardand the first everresident ofmainland Chinato receiveit.MoYanhas written11novels,and severalnovellas andshort storycollections.《红高粱家族》《天堂蒜藁之歌》《十三步》《食Red Sorghum,The GarlicBallads ThirteenStep,1草家族》《丰乳肥臀》《酒国》The HerbivorousFamily,Big Breastsand WideHips,《红树林》」《檀香刑》《生死疲劳》The Republic of Wine:A Novel,Red ForestSandalwood Death,《四炮》《蛙》Life andDeath AreWearing MeOut,H1Pow!FrogxChapter5EducationWords and Expressions私塾Private Schools官学Official Schools四书五经the FourBooks and the FiveClassics科举Imperial Examination九年制义务教育Nine-year CompulsoryEducation职业教育Vocational Education高考College EntranceExamination学士学位Bachelors degree硕士学位Masters degree博士学位Doctors degree孔子学院Confucius InstitutePrivateSchoolsA private school refers to a school setup bya family,clan,or teacherthat generallyhad justone teacherwhogave individualtuition,and thathad noset textbooksand nospecified timespan ofstudy.In theSpring andAutumn Period,private schoolsprevailed andmany scholarsof differentschools ofthoughtspread theirteaching inthis way.Among them,the privateschool runby Confuciuswas thelargestand mostinfluential.Confucius,privateschool:（弟子）；3000ciples72virtuous andtalented studentsConfiicius,educational ideas:Education should be forall,irrespective of their socialstatus/9（有教无类）Six arts,9:ritual,music,archery,chariot-riding,writing,and arithmetic.（六艺礼、乐、射、御、书、数）Official SchoolsOfficialschools beganduring the Western ZhouDynasty,and weresponsored by the officialconstitutioncalled Xiangxue.Only childrenof nobleswere admitted.（四书五经）.The teachingmaterials werecentered on the FourBooks and the FiveClassics（科举）Imperial ExaminationSystemImperial ExaminationSystem in China beganin the Sui Dynastyand lastedmore than1,300years untilthelast examinationwas heldduring the Qing Dynasty.（乡试）（会试）It wasconducted attwo levels:xiangshi andhuishi（进士）.During the Ming and Qing Dynasty,the examinationwas designedto selectjinshi Itfeatured（股文）.writing,which involvedthe writingof anEight-part EssayAfter the OpiumWar in1840with thespread of the Westernideology andtechnology in China,it wasunderattack bypeople.It was abolished in

1905.Nine-year CompulsoryEducationThe lawof compulsoryeducation cameinto effecton July1,1986,requiring eachchild tohave nineyearsof formaleducation.Chinas Nine-year CompulsoryEducation iscomposed of two parts:six-years inprimary schoolandthree-years injunior highschool.（希望工程）In1989,China launchedtwo ambitiousprojects:Project Hopeand theSpring BudProject（春蕾计戈）U Thesetwo projectshave helpedchildren,especially girls,in poorareas to attend schools.The NationalCollege EntranceExamination is an academicexamination heldannually inChinaaimed toselect high-school graduatesfor collegeadmissions.Higher EducationMorethan twothousand universities,colleges,and institutesin Chinaoffer fouror five-year programs.Students whohave earnedBachelor of Arts orScience degreesmay applyfor MasterofArtsor Scienceprogramsand thenthree-year Doctorof PhilosophyPh.D.programs.Confucius Institute传播Confucius Instituteis not a generalsense of the university,but thepromotion anddisseminationof Chinese culture andChinese languageeducation.Chapter6Dress andAdornment CultureWordsand Expressions月艮装、月艮饰attire/costume/trappings丝绸之路The Silk RoadThe Maritime SilkRoad海上丝绸之路embroidery/im6bridri/刺绣;刺绣品黎锦Li Brocade非物质文化遗产The Intangible Cultural HeritageChina has manyethnic groupswith along history.For thousandsof years,generations ofclothingdesigners havedevoted themselvesto buildingthe Kingdomof Clothes,making thegarments thatcoverthe humanbody intoan importantcomponent of Chinese culture.Cheong-samQi PaoCheong-sam camefrom Qizhuangof manchuwomens costume.The cheongsamis easyand comfortabletowear,snugly fittingthe femaleChinese figure.Its necklineis high,collar closed,and itssleeves maybeshort,medium orfull length,depending on the seasonor thewearers taste.The dressis buttonedonthe rightside,with aloose bodice,a fittedwaist,and side-slits to the hem,all ofwhich combineto setoffthe beautyof thefemale^figure.Chinese tunic suit Zhongshansuit/Mao suitThemodern Chinesetunicsuit is astyle ofmale attireknown in China as the Zhongshansuit,and knownin the Westas theMao suitafter MaoZedong.Sun Zhongshanintroduced thestyle shortlyafter thefoundingof theRepublicof China as a form of nationaldress althoughwith adistinctly politicaland latergovernmentalimplication.Tang CostumesAtang costumes（literally:HChinese suit）is a Chinese jacketthat originatedatthe end of the Qing（马褂），Dynasty.The tangzhuangevolved from the maguaChinese:which the Han Chinesewere forcedtowear itduring theQing Dynasty.In moderntimes it has beenadopted bycommon people.They areoftenworn bymen,although womenwear themas well.In Chinesecommunities,the Zhongshansuit,the westernsuit,and theTang suitare the main forms offormal dressfor menon manyoccasions.The SilkRoadThe SilkRoad refers to theancient traderoute connectingAsia Continentand EuropeanContinent,usually itcan beclassified intoNorthern SilkRoad on the land,and theMaritimeSilkRoad.（刺绣）EmbroiderEmbroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraftfeaturing flowers,birds andscenery onsilk or other clothin colored silkthreads.Chinese embroiderydates backover3,000years.It hasdistinct regionalandethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:（蜀绣）Shu Embroideryfrom Sichuan,（苏绣）Su Embroideryfrom SuzhouSuembroidery enjoysa goodreputation of thefirstof theTop-four embroideryin China.（湘绣）Xiang Embroideryfrom Hunan（粤绣）Yue Embroideryfrom Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimedas aliving fossil*of Chinesetextiles,the Li-style brocadewas chosenin thefirst batchofitems forthe IntangibleCultural Heritagelist releasedby UNESCOin

2009.The Librocade has beenpart of Chinas nationalcultural heritage,but asfew peoplenowadays havethe skillsnecessary toweavethe specialbrocades,the practiceis indanger ofbecoming extinct.Chapter7Part1Food CultureWordsand Expressions吃货foodie厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的culinary烹饪，烹调法;菜肴cuisine主食，主粮（）main foodstaple food芳香，香味aroma调味品、调料seasoningsA generalintroduction of Chinese food（菜肴）（烹Chinese cuisineis widelyseen asrepresenting one of therichest andmost diverseculinary饪的）cuisines andheritages in theworld.A mealin Chineseculture istypically seenas consistingoftwoor moregeneral components:Zhushi（）（）main food---typically rice,noodles,or mantousteamed bun,and accompanyingdishes of（）vegetables,meat,fish,orotheritems,known ascai dishin the Chinese language.This culturalconceptualizationis insome waysin contrastto cuisinesof NorthernEurope and the USA,where meator（蛋白质）（主食）.animal proteinis oftenconsidered themain food（芳香，香味）（色香味俱全）Chinese cuisineis acomplete presenceof color,aroma andtaste.In China,we haveeight branchesof cuisine.山东菜系（鲁菜）Shandong Cuisine广东菜系（粤菜）Guangdong Cuisine四川菜系（川菜）Sichuan Cuisine湖南菜系（湘菜）Hunan Cuisine淮扬菜系（苏菜）Jiangsu Cuisine浙江菜系（浙菜）Zhejiang Cuisine福建菜系（闽菜）Fujian Cuisine安徽菜系（徽菜）Anhui CuisineHainanCuisineHainan isnoted forits nFourBest KnownDishes,—Wenchang Chicken,Jiaji Duck,Dongshan Mutton东山羊和乐蟹.and HeleCrabChapter7Part2Tea andWine CultureABrief Introductionto TeaCulture（茶）（浸泡）（芽）,Tea commonlydenotes thedrink made from steepingthe processedleaves,buds（茶树）or twigsof thetea bushin water.On bothcasual andformal Chineseoccasions,tea isconsumed regularly.In additionto beinga drink,Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicineand in Chinese cuisine.It isuniversally acknowledgedthat Chinais theoriginal tea-growing area,as wellas thefirstcountry togrow,produce and drink tea.（荷兰人）At theend of the sixteenth century,the Dutchbrought wordto Europethat therewas a kind ofmagicleaf in the east,from whichtasty drinkscould bemade,and thiswas thefirst timethat Europeansheardof tea.（东印度公司）In1610,the EastIndia Companywas thefirst tosell teatoEurope,after whichthe habitofdrinking teatook rootthere.Britain isfamous forits teadrinking.绿茶红茶乌龙茶Green teaBlack teaOolong teaTheClassifications of Chinese TeaYellowtea黄茶White tea白茶Scented tea花茶砖茶Compressed teaUniquecustoms oftaking teain differentregions:Guangdong MorningteaFujian KongfuteaSichuan“Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Butteredtea（酥油茶）Inner MongoliaMilk teaHainanLaoba TeaHainanLaoba Tea“Laobatea9,（Laoba meansfather）is aspecial scenein Haikou,a potof teawith somesnacks,people sitaroundan oldtable,for killingtime andstrengthening the relationship with theirs friends,it hasnt thelimitationof timeor place.Most ofplaces of traditional Laobatea arebarely furnished,the pricesof foodandtea thereare cheap.The teahouse of Laobatea is a littleworld ofsociety,a mirrorof the traditionallife inHainan.The Functionsof OfferingTeaTo showrespectTo apologizeToexpress thanksto the elders onone swedding dayTeaEtiquetteServing acup ofteaismore thanmere politeness.When offeredtea,it isconsidered politetoatleast takea sip.When youpour tea,the ruleof fullcup forwineand halfcup fortea^shouldbeobserved.Chinese WineCultureThe Originof ChineseWineChinese wine,as aspecial formof culture,has a history of more thanfive thousandyears.Chinese winemaking can be tracedback asfar as4000BC,to the early periodof theNeolithic Yangshao新石器时代的仰韶文化Culture.During itslong development,Chinese winehas developeddistinctivecharacteristics.Types of Chinese WineHuangjiuyellow ricewineHuangjiu is one ofthree dominatedbrewed winesbeer andgrape winein theworld.Huang Jiupredatesall theother liquors,with a history ofseveral thousandyears.Among theseliquors theShaoxing RiceWineis the most famous.Baijiuwhite wineBeingmade fromsorghum,corn,barley orwheatFruit WineFermentedalcoholic beveragesmadefroma varietyof baseingredients otherthan grapes;May alsohaveadditional flavorstaken fromfruits,flowers,and herbs.Red WineAtype of wine madefrom dark-coloured blackgrape varieties.The actualcolour of the winecan rangefromintense violet,typical ofyoung wines,through tobrick redfor maturewines andbrown forolderred wines.BeerToast etiquette礼仪Chinese DrinkingEtiquetteThe Chinese people caremore aboutthe peoplewe drinkwith.That isChinese drinkingetiquette reflectsthe respectof thedrinkers敬酒顺序The hostand guestshave theirown seatand orderof toastWhentoast,the hostcome first,and firstly,they should toast the most honoredguest.The winevessel mustbe full.先干为敬The youngershouldtoasttheelderanddrinkall of the wine.Western DrinkingEtiquetteThe drinkingetiquette ofwest showthe respectofwine.（观其色、同其香、To distinguishwine weneed towatch itscolor,smell itsfragrance,taste itstaste I品其味）.They drinkfor enjoying,so sometimesthey drinkthemselves.They donot encourageothersto drink,neither dothey considerletting otherdrunk is a wayto showtheir etiquette.Chapter4Traditional Festivalsand CustomsWordsand Expressions法定节假日Legal holiday/official holiday阳历Solar calendar阴历农历Lunar calendar/Agricultural calendar（春节）Spring Festival（元宵节）Lantern Festival（清明节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/Qing MingFestival（端午节）Dragon Boat Festival（中秋节）Mid-autumn Festival（重阳节）Double Ninth Festival非物质文化遗产IntangibleCultural Heritage（春节）Spring FestivalChinas most important festivalfalls on the1st day of the1st lunar month eachyear.Family membersgatherjust asthey dofor Christinasin theWest.CustomsSpring Cleaning（对联）Write andpaste coupletson doorsSetoff fireworksReceiveGift MoneyGreeteach other（元宵节）Lantern FestivalTheLantern Festival,celebrated on the15th day of thefirst lunar month,is closelyrelated to the SpringFestival.It markstheendof theNew Yearcelebrations,following whichlife returnsto normal.The mostprominentactivity of the LanternFestival is the granddisplay ofbeautiful lanterns.CustomsGuessing RiddlesEatingYuanxiao（清明节）Tomb-sweeping FestivalTomb-sweeping Dayis atime toremember thedead and the dearlydeparted.More important,it is a（亡故的）period tohonor and to payrespect toones deceasedancestors andfamily members.It fallsinearly spring.Qing Ming,9literally means“Pure Brightness”.（春耕）Afterthefestival,the temperaturerises andrainfall increasesin readinessfor springplowingand sowing.CustomsVisit thegraves of the ancestorsSweepthe asheson thetomb（）Go to the suburbTa Qing（端午节）Dragon BoatFestivalThe DragonBoatFestivalfalls onthe5th day of the5th lunarmonth.CustomsEating ZongziHoldingdragon boatraces（中秋节）Mid-autumn FestivalTheMid-Autumn Festivalfalls onthe15th day of the8th lunarmonth,usually inOctober.The roundshape toaChinesemeans family reunion,therefore theMid-Autumn Festival is mostromanticizedinChinaas adayoffamilyreunion and afestival withfriends.CustomsEating mooncakesEnjoyingthe fullmoon（重阳节）Double NinthFestivalThe Double-NinthFestivalfalls onthe ninth dayof the ninth lunarmonthand hasahistoryof more than1,700years.The ninthdayof the ninthlunarmonthis aday whenthe twoYang numbersmeet.So it iscalled ChongYang.Customs（登高）Climb themountains（赏菊）Appreciate chrysanthemumsVisitthe OldMen HouseOthertraditional festivals（）Qixi FestivalDouble Seventh FestivalThe DoubleSeventhFestival,onthe7thdayof the7thlunarmonth,isatraditional festivalfull ofromance.It hasbeen regarded as ChinasValentine*s Day.（中元节）Ghost FestivalInChinese tradition,the fifteenthdayof the seventh month in the lunarcalendar is called GhostDay andtheseventhmonthin generalis regarded astheGhost Month,in whichghosts andspirits,including thoseofthe deceasedancestors,come outfrom theunderworld.CustomsPeople oftenprepare alarge feastto the ghosts.People releaseriver lightsto warmand comfortthe homelessghosts.The lotuslights directthe waysoftheunderworld to the spirits.Burning papermoney andother offeringsto lettheghostslive abetter lifeunderworld冬至Winter Solstice（腊八）LabaSpecial Festivalsin HainanJunpoFestivalIt is the biggestfestival of local Hanpeople afterChinese NewYear toworship thenational heroine（）called Madam Xian513-

603.MadamXianwas apolitician andmilitarist whohasbeenhonored bythefolks ofHainan for1300years.She conqueredthe localrebellions andactively promotedthecommunication ofHainan Islandwith mainlandChina.She hasdonated allher lifeto thedevelopment oflocalagriculture andeconomy.Sanyuesan Festival/March ThirdFestivalThe SanyuesanFestival,also namedMarch ThirdFestivalis thetraditionalfestival ofthe Liand MiaominoritiesintheHainan Islandwhich takesplace onthe3rd dayofthe3rd lunarmonth ofthe year.Thisis thechance forthe younggirls and boys toget togetherfor singingand dancing.（先秦子学）The philosophy in Pre-Qin times（两汉经学）The orthodoxphilosophy during the Han Dynasty（魏晋玄学）Metaphysics duringthe Weiand Jindynasties（隋唐佛学）The buddhistphilosophy duringtheSuiand Tangdynasties（宋明理学）Neo-confucianism inSong andMing dynasties（明清实学）Application philosophyinthe Ming andQing dynasties（先秦子学）The philosophyin Pre-Qin timesThephilosophyinPre-Qin timeswas markedby theemergence ofvarious ancientphilosophical views.（儒家），（道家），（墨家）The mostinfluential schoolswere ConfucianismTaoism Mohismand（法家）Legalism

1.ConfucianismConfucianism isaschoolof thoughtrepresented byConfucius andMencius.Confucianism hasinfluencedthe Chinesefor thousandsof yearsand isdeeply rootedinChineseculture.It isan integrationofintellectual,political,and religioustradition withthe focusontheindividual moralityand ethicsindaily lifeand theproper exerciseof politicalpower.Who isConfuciusFamily name:Kong;Given name:Qiu;courtesy name:ZhongniHe isa greatthinker,an educator,a statesman,a philosopher,the founderoftheConfucian schoolandConfucianism.The landmarkof Confucianism is theAnalects,which waswritten byhis disciplesafter hisdeath.The coreof Confuciusesphilosophy are the conceptsof（）Ren benevolence〃（仁）（爱人）,Re Confuciusdefines itas thatis,to loveothers.仁”（）（人）“

（二）The Chinesecharacter benevolenceconsists of“a personontheleft and“two”ontheright indicatingtherelationshipbetween people.（）Li ritual（礼）Li ritual-refersto the rulesof humanconduct andmoral normssuch aspoliteness,courtesy,propriety,proper etiquetteand goodmanners rangingfrom speechand behaviortotheperformance ofritualswhich are usually codifiedand treated as anall-embracing systemof socialYoung peoplewilllook fortheir belovedby singingand dancingcompetition.Bamboo Danceisamust duringthis festivalby girlsandboysin traditionalclothes.Chapter9Traditional Architecturein ChinaWordsand Expressions皇宫，皇家宫殿imperial palaces园林gardens寺庙temples民居civilian residentialhousing紫禁城,故宫the ForbiddenCity颐和园the SummerPalace秦始皇兵马俑The TerraCotta Warriorsand HorsesTheCharacteristics of Chinese AncientArchitectureTraditionally,Chinese architecture,from thevillage housesto imperialpalaces,features thefollowingcharacteristics:Timber frameworkAncient Chinese architecturefeatured timberframework asthe supportingstructure.Walls were not loadbearing;they wereonly usedto separatespaces.The timberframe supportedmost ofthe weightof thehouse,so windows,doors,and wallswerenotrestricted tocertain locations.Balance and symmetrical Layout（对称）.Chinese structuresare based ontheprinciple ofbalance andsymmetry Themain structureis the（轴线）.axis Thesecondary structuresare positionedas twowings oneither sideto formthemainroomand yard.（轮廓）（结构）The elegantoutlines andvaried structuresColorfuldecorations andornamentsTypes ofAncientChineseArchitecturePalacesArchitectural Featuresof PalaceArchitecture:—The ancientpalaces werestrictly laidout oncentral axis.—Yellow rooftiles wereused.—The woodencolumns ofthe buildings,as wellasthesurface ofthe walls,tend to be redincolor.—The dragontotem wasfrequently decoratedon Imperialarchitecture.GardensChinese gardenare allfine combinationsof naturalbeauty andman-made scenery.The buildingprinciple:The gardenis createdby thehuman hand,but shouldappear asif createdby“虽由人作，宛自天开”heaven.”Types ofGardensImperial Gardens:The SummerPalace,The ImperialSummer Resortin Chengde（拙政园）,（留Private Gardens:The HumbleAdministrators GardenThe Gardenfor Lingeringin园）？，（网师园），（狮子林）？，The Master-of-Nets GardenLion GrovePavilionof theSurging（沧浪亭）WavesTemplesTemples inchina can be categorizedinto thefollowing types:Taoist TempleConfucianTempleBuddhist TempleIslamicTemple（陵墓）MausoleumsCivilian ResidentialHousingCivilian residentialhousing referstothehouseofthe common people indifferent parts of China.Since Chinaisacountry ofdiverse naturalenvironments andcultural traditions,its civilianresidentialhousing featuresdiverse styles.（匕京四合院）Beijing quadrangles/Siheyuan J（窑洞）Cave dwellings（土楼）Earthen Building/TuloiiHuizhou ResidentialHouses海口骑楼老街Haikou Old Arcade StreetHaikouOldArcadeStreet containsthe oldestbuildings inthe cityand waslargely builtby wealthyChinesefrom themainland andsome overseasChinese whohad returnedto theirhomeland.The housesarea mixtureof stylesincluding Portuguese,French,and SoutheastAsian,they canprincipally befoundon Bo*ai Street,Zhongshan Street,Xinhua NorthStreet,Deshengsha Streetand JiefangStreet.It wasselectedas one of Chinascultural andhistorical street.Chapter10Chinese MartialArts andTraditional Chinese Medicine TCMWordandExpressions武术Martial art太极Shadow boxing中医Traditional ChineseMedicine TCM中草药/中药Chinese herbal medicine针灸acupuncture食疗dietary/food therapyAnIntroduction ofMartial ArtsChinese martial arts,also knownas Wushuor KungFu inChina,is traditionalChinese sportand one ofthe mostfamiliar examplesof Chinese traditional culture.According tothe formationof Chinese武止characters,wu ismade upof andJc.The formermeans“stop”while the later means“dagger-axe“or uanykind ofweapon v.The combinationofthetwo meansstopping martialactions.With术shu,which meansstrategies,together,the termmeans uusing methodsand skillsto stopmartialactions andactivities”.The originsof Chinesemartial artsare tracedto self-defense needs,hunting activitiesand militarytrainingin ancient China.A numberof fightingstyles thathave developedover centuries.Taichiquan theWisdom ofYin andYang9Shadow boxingTaiChiQuan,isoneformof Chinesemartialarts whichconsists of a sequenceofdynamic movementsthat adheretoChineseYin Yangphilosophy.The artis practicedfor healthbenefitsand alsocanbeused fordefending purpose.Taichi routinesareusuallytypified bygentle andslowmovements.Traditional ChineseMedicine TCMTraditional ChineseMedicinereferstoa broadrange of medicine practicessharing commontheoreticalconcepts whichhave beendeveloped inChina andare basedonatradition ofmorethan5,000years,草药,针灸，including variousformsofherbalmedicineacupuncture massageand dietary/food食疗.therapy Thesepractices area commonpart ofmedical carethroughout EastAsia,but areconsideredalternative inthe Westernworld.Historical figuresin TCMHuangDi（针灸鼻祖）.He isthe earliest ancestor ofacupuncture andmoxibustionIt wassimilar toShen Nong,Huang DisClassic ofInternal Medicinewas alsonot writtenby himself.Wssaid that it mightbe finishedin Qinand HanDynasties.Hua TuoHe istheearliestancestorof surgery,lived inlate EasternHan Dynasty.He wasfamous forsurgical（麻醉剂）operation andma feisan akind ofnarcotic madeof herbs.He createda bodybuilding exercise（猿）（鹤）.called fiveanimals exercise,itis basedonthe movementsof tiger,deer,bear,ape andcraneBian QueThefour diagnosticmethods（四诊合参-----望闻问切）was createdby him.Sun Simiao（药王）He isthe kingofmedicineJived inTang Dynasty.He finishedthe bookGolden Prescriptionsfor《备急千金方》，〃〃£力（临床医学百科Emergencies it wastheearliest clinicalmedicine£57/全书）inChina.Zhang Zhongjing（医圣）,Heisthe herbalistdoctor saintlived inthe EasternHan.He finishedthe famousmedical《伤寒杂病论》.monograph Treatiseon Febrileand MiscellaneousDiseaseLi Shizhen（李时珍）Li ShizhenoftheMing Dynasty,whose monumentalmasterpiece,Compendium ofMaterial（本草纲目），Medica includes1,892medicinal substances,11,096prescriptions,and1,162illustrations.Methods ofTreatment inTCM（中草药/中药）Chinese herbalmedicine（针灸/针疗）灸术，艾灼AcupunctureMoxibustion（推拿）Massage（食疗/食疗）Chinese foodtherapy（拔罐）Cupping（刮痴）Gua ShaChapter11Chinese Operasand FolkArtsWord andExpressions剪纸paper cutting中国结Chinese knotBeijing OperaOriginally BeijingOpera wasa formoflocaltheatre.It thenspread acrossthe countryand becamethe（唱、念、做、）national operaofChina.Singing,dialogue,acting andacrobatic JTare thefour artisticmeansandthefour basicskills ofBeijingOpera.（四大徽班）The“Four GreatAnhui Troupes”coming toBeijing in1790ushered theforming ofBeijing（徽调）,（昆曲）（秦月空）Opera.The combinationof HuidiaoKunqu andQinqiang graduallyformedPeking operasmain melodies.生（）（）净（）The roletype ofPeking Operamale roles_0female rolesroles withpainted facesH（）clown acomic characterOtherMajor TraditionalChinese OperaKunqu Opera（昆山腔），Kunqu Operaalso calledKunshan Qiangoriginated inthe Kunshanregion ofJiangsuProvince.It isoneofChinas classicaloperas withahistoryofmorethan600years.It isknown foritsgentle andclear vocals,beautiful andrefined tunes,and dance-like stageperformance.KunquOperaisknown asthe mother”ofahundred operas,because ofits influence on otherChinese theatreforms,including Beijingopera.In2001,itwaslisted inthe Oraland IntangibleCulturalHeritageby theUnited NationsEducational,（联合国科教文组织）.Scientific andCultural OrganizationUNESCOShaanxi OperaChuanOperaYue OperaHuangmeiOperaYue OperaFolkPerforming Arts杂技AcrobaticsQuyi木偶戏Puppet Show皮影戏Shadow PlayFolkHandicraftPaper CuttingPapercut isoneofthemostpopular Chinesedecorative folkarts.Traditional papercut isalso called“Windowblossoms,,窗花because theywere firstput onwindows fordecoration.Other formsof papercutare derivedfrom the“window blossoms”.Jing TaiLanJing TaiLan isa combinationofChinesetraditional bronzeand chinaarts,paintings,carving arts andforeign enameltechniques.In themid15thcentury—the Jing Tai“period intheMingDynasty,this artcrafthad itsown featuresand werepretty mature.It usedtobenamed“Jing TaiLan^^because sucharticleswere solelymade inblue atthe beginning.On May20th,2006,the productiontechnique ofJingTaiLan wasapproved tobe putinthelist ofthe firstnationalintangible culturalheritage by the ChineseGovernment.Chinese KnotChinese Knot orChinesetraditionaldecorating Knotisakind ofcharacteristic folkdecorations ofhandicraftart.Appeared inancient time,developed inTang andSong Dynasty960-1229A.D.andpopularized inMing andQing Dynasty1368-1911A.D.ChineseKnothas nowbecome akind ofelegantand colorfulartsandcrafts fromits originalpractical use.norms.（）Xiao filial piety（孝）Xiao referstothefilial piety,which wasregardedas oneofthe greatestof virtuesin Chinesetradition,denoting therespect andobedience thatthe childrenshould showto theirparents.（）Zhong loyalty（忠）Zhong loyalty-isagreat virtue,which emphasizesthe obligationsand dutiestothesuperior,tofriends,family,and spouse.

2.TaoismFounded byLao Ziand ZhuangZi,the schooladvocates thedoctrine thatthe Daoisthecourse,theprinciple,the substance,andthestandard of all things,to whichall ofthem mustconform.Based onthe workof Dao De Jing,Taoism promotesthe beliefthat aperson shouldlive asimple life,notto strivefor wealth,fame orpower,which willonly giveone worriesand trouble.The schoolfavours the（无为而治）political principleof achievinggood governmentthrough non-action”

3.MohismBase onthe teachingof Mozi,the schoolcherishes universallove whichstates thatif allthe peoplein theworldloved oneanother,there willbe nohatred,calamities,and hostilities.（宿命论）In politicsand ethics,Mohism proposeshonoring virtuouspeople,opposing fatalismand（节俭）.aggressive wars,and upholdingthriftiness

4.Legalism（主张）Legalism,begun byHanfeizi,espouses layingdown lawsto unifythe thoughtof people,（富裕），（进彳亍）promoting agricultureto achieveaffluence wagingwars togain strengthand power,（官僚制」度）.and establishinga systemof bureaucracy（两汉经学）The orthodoxphilosophy duringthe HanDynastyIn theHanDynasty,Emperor Wudiinstituted thecampaign ofbanning allschools ofthought except（罢黜百家，独尊儒术）Confucianism Hechose officialsfrom thosewho weresteeped inConfucianismonly.Consequently,Confucianism becamean orthodoxschool thatserved asthe ideologicalfoundationof thefeudal rulethroughout thedynasties inChina.TraditionalChineseethicsTraditional Chineseethics includesboth goodand badelements.Some reflectthe highstandard ofmoralpursuit oftheChinesepeople,while othersseem lessrelevant inmodern society.For example,the three（三从四德）（三obediences and four virtuesandthethree basic rules andfive constant virtues ZW五常）have long been abandonedbytheChinesepeople.The traditionalideal ofa womanis thatshe isa dependantbeing whosebehavior isgoverned bythree（obediences^^to fatherbefore marriage,to husbandafter marriage,andtoson afterbecoming awidow:未嫁从父，既嫁从夫,夫死从子）（andfourvirtues”morality,proper speech,modest manner,and品德、言语、仪态、女工）.diligence:These werethe socialnorms prescribedby feudalmorality.（君为The threebasicrules:a kingshould ruleover hissubjects;a father,his son;a husband,his wife臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲）.（仁、义、礼、智、The fiveconstantvirtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,and fidelity信）.Part2Religions andBeliefsWords andExpressions:祭天Heaven worship祭祖Ancestor worship儒教Confucianism孔庙The ConfucianTemple道教Taoism五行The FiveElements佛教佛像，佛祖，佛陀Buddhism Buddha涅盘nirvanaHeaven worship（官僚的）The heavenworship wasthe bureaucraticbelief systemadopted bymost dynastiesofChina（推翻）until theoverthrow oftheQing Dynasty.Heaven wasbelieved tomanifest itselfthrough thepowers ofthe weatherand naturaldisasters.Heavenwas seenasajudge ofhumans.（天子），The emperorsare Sonsof Heavenand theirpower areauthorized byheaven.Such beliefs（巩固）actually consolidatedthe authorityoftheEmperor.Ancestor worshipChineseworship ofancestors datesback tothe prehistory.Chineseculture,Confucianism,and ChineseBuddhismall valuefilialpietyasatop virtue,andtheact isa continueddisplay ofpiety andrespecttowards departedancestors.儒教Confucianism（伦理道德的）Confucianismisnotareal religion,itisjust anethical andphilosophical system,whichdeveloped fromConfucius,thoughts andlater wastreatedasakindof beliefto educatecommonpeople（教化大众）.The TaoistReligionA GeneralIntroduction ofTaoism（土生土长的）Taoism isthe indigenousreligion inChina.（巫术），（方术）The Taoistreligion evolvedout ofwitchcraft necromancyand self-cultivationtechniques.Its highestbelief iscalled Dao”,its bibleiscalled“DaoDeJin^\It hadgreat impacton thethinkingoftheChinesepeople,as wellasonthe political,economic andcultural lifeofthecountry.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang areopposing,Yin-yang aremutually rooted,Yin-yang mutuallytransform,Yin-yang mutuallywaxand wane五行The FiveElements/WuxingThe relationshipbetween thefive elements:The GeneratingCycleWood feedsFire;Fire createsEarth;Earth bearsMetal;Metal carriesWater;Water nourishesWood.The OvercomingCycleWood partsEarth;Earth absorbsWater;Water quenchesFire;Fire meltsMetal;Metal chopsWood.BuddhismBuddhism isthemostimportant religioninChina.It isgenerally believedthatitwas spreadto Chinain（）（和田）67AD duringtheHanDynasty206BC-220from Hotanin Xinjiangto CentralChina.During（策远的）its developmentinChina,ithasa profound7influenceontraditionalChineseculture andthoughts,and hasbecome oneofthemostimportantreligions inChina atthat time.（释迦牟尼）;Its Deityis Sakyamuni（轮回）.Its doctrineisbasedon transmigrationWhatisthefundamental causeofallsufferingDesire!What didthe Buddhateach（四谛）The doctrineof FourNoble Truths■life issuffering,■the causeof sufferingis desire,（抑制）■the answeris toquench desire,（八正道）.■the wayto thisend isto followthe Eight-Fold PathWhatdo BuddhistsbelieveNirvana isa peaceful,detached stateof mind.Achieving Nirvanameans escapefromthecycle ofrebirth.Buddhism inChinahasdeveloped intothree sections,namely theHan,Tibetan andSouthern Buddhism.Chapter3Chinese Characters,Calligraphy andPaintingWords andExpressions:汉字Chinese Characters书法书法家calligraphy calligrapher甲骨文Oracle bone script楷书The regularScript文房四宝Four TreasuresoftheStudy毛笔墨砚台brush inkstick inkstoneThe originoftheChinese characters（结绳说）l.Keep recordsby tyingknots（八卦说）2,The EightDiagrams（仓颉造字说）

3.Cang Jiecreated the characters（汉字的字体演变）The evolutionofChinese characters fontOraclebonescript（雕亥的）It refersto incisedU ancientChinesecharactersfound onoracle bones,which areanimal（预言）bones orturtle shellsusedindivination inancientChina.金文Bronze warescriptIt refersto charactersfound engravedon bronzevessels,utensils,weapons etc.（篆书）The SealCharactersSoft linesof strokesand uprightrectangular shapekeep theseal formcharacters moreclose to（象形文字）.（对称的）pictography Eachofthecharacters hasa balancedandsymmetricalpattern.（隶书）The OfficialScriptIt wasthe turningpoint inthe evolutionofChinesescripts andisthefoundation ofthe laterscript forms.（直线的）（扁It turnedthe remainingcurved andround strokesoftheseal forminto linearand flatsquare方’形）shapes.（楷书）The regularScriptIt isstill todaysstandard writing.It issquare inform,and non-cursive instrokes.（行书）The runningScriptThe runningform issomewhere betweenthe regularandthe cursive formsallowing simplerand fasterwriting.（草书）The Cursive/Grass CharacterThisstyle ofcalligraphy issmooth andlively withstrokes flowingand characterslinking together.Thecharacters areoften joined,withthelast stroke of onemerging intothe initialstrokeofthe next.It is（夸张的）.executed freelyand rapidlyso thatpartsofthecharactersappear exaggeratedCalligraphyPlayingmusical instruments,playing chess,calligraphy andpainting wereconsidered asthe fouressentialskills fora learnedscholar.（字如其人），The Chinesesaying“The handwritingreveals theperson”is directlyrelated tocalligraphy.文房四宝Four TreasuresoftheStudy毛笔墨纸砚brush inkstick paperink stoneFamousChinese Calligraphersin HistoryWangXizhi-the sage ofChinesecalligraphy（张旭）草圣Zhang Xuthe“sageofthecursivehand YanZhenqingthe fourgreatest mastersof Regularscript.（彳亍草）Liu Gongquanamaster ofRegular Scriptand RunningdBiuePaintingPainting（水墨画）Chinese TraditionalPainting refersto ink-wash painting.TraditionalChinese paintings arenotpurely“paintings.They combinefine art,poetry,calligraphy,and sealengraving toachieve an（一致）.artistic unisonHuman figures,landscapes,flowers,birds,and pavilionsarethemost importantthemesoftraditionalChinesepainting.The classificationofChinesepaintingAccording tosubject matterFigurepaintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccordingtothetechniqueThe xieyi schoolThegong bischoolChapter4LiteratureWords andExpressions（诗仙）Celestial Poet（诗圣）Saint Poet《三国演义》Romance ofthe ThreeKingdoms《水浒传》WaterMargin《西游记》Journey totheWest《红楼梦》Dream ofthe RedMansionsThe TangPoemThe Tang Dynasty sawthe continueddevelopment ofChinese poetry.The CompleteAnthology ofTang（《全唐诗》）Poems,edited intheearlyQingDynasty,isthebiggest-ever collectionofChinesepoetry.It contains48,977poems by2,208poets whowrote indifferent styles.The developmentof poetryintheTang Dynastycanbeclassified intofour stages,namely EarlyTang,（初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐）High Tang,Mid Tang,and LateTangEarly Tang（初唐四杰）The FourLiterary EminencesWangBo,Yang Jiong,Luo Binwang,and LuZhaolinHigh TangAwhole generationof literarygiants appearedduringtheHigh Tangperiod whensociety enjoyedprosperityand stability.Li Baiand Du Fu areregardedasthe twinmaster poetsoftheTang Dynasty.（诗仙）“，Li Bai,the CelestialPoet haslongbeenregarded thegreatest romanticpoet inChineseliterature.In his poems,imagination,exaggeration,diction andsonorous rhythmsare blendedeffortlessly.（诗圣）”，Du Fu,the SaintPoet hasbeen considered asthegreatest realisticpoet inChinese literature.A mirrorofthetimes,hispoemsfaithfully andprofoundly reflectthe socialrealities ofTang Dynastyindecline,like apoetic historicalaccount.Because hereached perfectionin developinga depressingliterarystyle,his workshave beenconsideredasthe classicsof realism.The otherpoets inthis periodcan（边塞诗人）be groupedinto twocategories:frontier poetsrepresented byGao Shiand CenShen,and（田园诗人）pastoral poetsrepresented byMeng Haoranand WangWei.Mid-TangThe outstandingpoet BaiJuyi succeededDuFuwith poemsreflecting thereality ofsociety.Late TangWiththe deteriorationofthegovernment inthelateTangDynasty,the poemsreflected,more andmore,（怀旧）the hopelessand helplessfeelings ofthe people.Poets turnedtothetheme ofnostalgia forthe（辉煌）former splendorof oldtimes.The mosttalented ofthese wereLi Shangyinand DuMu,whowere oftencalled uYoungLi Baiand DuFu”.Fiction intheMing andQingDynasty（话本），In theSong Dynasty,huaben theearliest novelswritten incolloquial languagestarted toappear.By theMingandQing dynasties,novels grewrapidly asa livelyand freeliterary form.The languageofthe novelswas simple,easy tounderstand,and welcomedbythepublic.。