西方文化导论ancient-Greece-教案

Ancient GreeceLA general introduction of Ancient GreeceTodaywe aregoing tovisit theworld ofAncient Greece.Ancient Greece was reallythestart,or origin of Europeancivilization.It was the foundationof westernpolitics,law,art andculture.Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome togetherare sometimescalled theclassical worldorclassical civilization/*The studyofAncient Greece and AncientRomeis calledclassics”.Thecivilization ofAncient Greecewas atits heightabout400-500years BC.At thattime,it was oneof the most advancedplaces onEarth,in termsof economics and culture.However,it isnot reallycorrect tosay thatAncient Greecewas onecountry,as wethink ofacountry today.Ancient Greecewas actuallya largenumber ofsmall independentcities.Thiswas thanksto thegeography of Greece:the largenumber ofmountains,hills andvalleys dividedthecountry upinto smallareas.Each of these areashad theirown government,and theyhavebeen calledcity states,the mostfamous of these isof courseAthens.The nameAthens comesfrom the Greekgoddess Athena,who was the goddess of knowledgeand wisdom.However,inspite of this,the peopleof ancient Greece stillsaw themselvesas Greek.They hadthe samelanguage,the sameculture,and the same religion.In manyrespects,society in ancient Greecewasvery differentto societytoday.In oneexample,men andwomen werenot equaland weretreateddifferently.Men couldgo to the theatre and talkabout politics and thingslike that,butwomen had to stayat home,women werenot allowedto takepart inpoliticsandpublic life.Theyjust hadto stayat homeand dothe domesticwork.Most familiesalso hadslaves.These slaveswerenot giventhesamerights as a Greekcitizen.They couldntown theirown housesorland-they justhadtobe servantsin somebodyelsefs house.Slavery wasvery common,and evenapoor Greekfamily mighthave afew slaves.It wasnot justthe Greeksthat didthis.However—slavery wasnormal inancient world-it happened in AncientEgypt,Ancient Greece,andAncientRome.In spiteofthis,there are also manypositive thingsabout Ancient Greece---things whichhave anenormous impact on history.One thingAncient Greeceis famous forwas itsintellectual life.Ancient Greecephilosophers JikeAristotle,Plato andSocrates usedreasonan dlogic totry andunderstand theworld.The Greeksarealsofamousfor their science---particularly inmathematics and astronomy.Their understandingin theseareas wasveryadvanced andsophiscated for their time.Their discoverieshad alarge impacton modernphilosophy and modernscience.Ancient Greek culture was also veryfamous.Perhaps the mostimportant literaturethat cameout of ancient Greeceare theworks ofHomer.He wrotetwo epics,known asIliad and Odyssey.They aregenerally seenas the first greatworks in the history ofwestern literature.The Ancient Greeks alsoinvented thetheatreand drama aswc knowit today.Religion wasanother importantpart oflife here.The Greekswere polytheists,that is,theybelieved inmany different gods.A lotof thestories andmythology ofAncientGreeceare todowith thesedifferentgods.Greek architectureis alsofamous becauseGreek religionwas veryimportant,the largestand mostbeautiful buildingsare religiousbuildings,such astemples todifferentgods.The Greek style orclassical stylebecame thestandard forgreat buildingsperfectedmeasuring instrumentsHipparchusastronomy andcalculatedthe movementsof starsMain IdeasText StudyMainIdeasEuclid mathematicsestablished thescience ofplane geometrydiscoveredthe ratioof radiusof acircle inmathematicsArchimedes mathematics,found outthe relationshipphysicsbetween the volume and surface of asphereVIL.Interpretation ofCultural TermsMountOlympus奥林匹斯山The highestmountain inGreece,well-known asthe uhomeof the gods”in Greekmythology.The deitieswho dwelledon thismountain wereruled byZeus,included hiswife,his brothers,hissisters and his children.泰斯庇斯Thespis He was thoughtasasinger ofdithyrambs byAristotle.He wona greatreputation forimportantinnovations andreformation inGreek play.Today itis ageneral termfor anactor.In someliterature,he wasdepicted asthe firstwell-known actorin writtenplays onstage,and heintroduced the first principalactorin additionto chorus.His great contribution todrama ishis originalGreek tragedyas weknow today.托勒密Ptolemy AnEgyptian dynastyruled byMacedonian kingsfrom323BC to30BC.The Ptolemieslastedthe longperiod fromPtolemy I367-283,who wasever ageneralinAlexander theGreaty sarmy and thenbecame theking ofEgypt asAlexanderJ ssuccessor323-285,to PtolemyXV47-30,and whoshared thethrone44-30with hismother,Cleopatra.奈达斯战役The Battleof Cnidus394BC:The navalbattle whichhappenedin394BC between the jointAthenian-Persian fleetand theSpartan fleet.Finally theSpartan fleetwas defeatedowing tolack of theexperience,thus breakingSparta sdream ofnaval supremacy.After thisbattle theanti-Spartan unionwasstrengthened andattacked theSpartan hegemonyduring theCorinthian War.米隆Myron c.480BC-440BC:A Greeksculptor,born inEleutherae andlived inAthens.He wasconsideredthe firstto achievelifelike representationin Art.He iswell-known forhis bronze sculpture of athletes inaction.However,nowadays onlytwo ofhis worksare left,including thegroup ofAthena andMarsyas,and theDiscobolosDiscus Thrower.波利克里托斯Polyclitus Anoted Greekbronze sculptorin the5th and the early4th centuriesBC.Hebelonged to the schoolof Argos.His worksincluded thecolossal goldand ivorystatue ofHera,a famousbronzemale nudeknown asthe“Doryphoros”Spear-carrier^^and otherstatues“Discobolus Discus-bearer,Diadumenos Diadem-wearer.Under theinfluence ofPolyclitus andPhidias,the ClassicalGreekstylewascreated andshaped,modelled onPolykleitos,school whichlasted forabout threegenerations asthe earliestonein Greeksculpture history.VUI.Comprehension ExercisesTrueor falsequestion.1The playOedipus atColonus waswritten byAristophanes.2Greek philosophystarted withAristotle.3The famousbronzesculptureof athletes,Discus Thrower,was createdby Myron.4Euclid discoveredthe ratioof radiusofacircle and the relationshipbetweenthevolume andsurface ofasphere.5The chiefGreek philosophersare Socrates,Plato andAristotle.Give a brief accountof themajor achievementsof Greek culture,such as1those inreligion,philosophy,literature andscience.Greek religionreally tookshape duringthe HomericAge andfeatured polytheismwith godstakinghuman form and feeling.Greek religionmade agreatcontributionto Greekliterature,philosophyandart.It is an importantorigin of Greek mythologywhich wasfully developedbythe religioustales of the Homeric epic and thus affectedthe later development ofall kindsofGreek culture.Greek philosophystarted withThales640BC-547BC whobelieved that the materialworldoriginated inwater.His philosophywas materialism.Hewasfollowed byPythagoras whoassumedthatthekey to the understandingof theworld isnumbers,on theopposition of thespokesman foridealism.The coreGreek philosophersare Socrates,Plato andAristotle.Socrates hadscant regardformaterial wealth,but waskeen onprobing intothe definitionof someethical andbehavioral issues,such as“friendship andcourage”.Plato establishedthe Academy—thefirstGreek institutionof higherlearning.His contributionsincludedhis theoryof ideasandhisarguments onrepublic whichwas supposedto embracehisideals abouta futurestate wherehumans couldenjoy ahappy life.Aristotle isalso alearned manandhis workcovers wide-ranging areas.His reputationasaphilosopher largelydepends onhisargument onmetaphysics whichhe triedto achievea compromisebetween matterand divinity.Literary representationcentred roundthe twoepic poemsof theIliad andthe Odyssey.lyrical poetryby Sapphoand Pindarand dramaby Aeschylus,Euripides andAristophanes.Their workscombined Greekmyths andsocial lifeand wonmuch appreciationand enthusiasmfromthe public.In sciencethe mathematicianEuclid establishedplane geometryand Archimedesdiscoveredthe ratioof radiusofacircle andthe relationshipbetweenthevolumeandsurfaceofasphere.2What doyou thinkof theinfluence Greekculture hasexerted onWestern civilizationasa wholeGive examplesGreekculture isoften termedthe cradleof theWestern civilizationand hashad anenormousimpact onWestern culture.The specificcontributions arefound in the areasof philosophy,politics,literature,art,science andarchitecture.Greek politicswas one of thegreatest influenceson theWestern civilization.The Greekswerethefirstto successfullycreate agovernment based on theconsensus of the peopleand thusprovideda foundationfor Westerndemocracy.The Socraticidea aboutethics andknowledge helpedthe Westernerscare morefortheeffect ofknowledgeand valueof morality,both ofwhich givesound guidanceto peoplein the later yearstoimprove andchange theworld outsidethemselves,i.e.,human societyandthenatural world.Later generationsof Westernershave benefiteda lotfrom Greekculture,such asthose inpainting,sculpture,architecture,drama,poetry andhistorical works.Classicism hadGreekculture asone of the crucialsources,and thishas helpedWesterners somuch thatthey ascribedtheoriginof the Renaissanceto it.This changedthe intellectualconditions of thelatermedievalperiod andopened theway tomodern erain theWest.in Europe and itstill istoday.Many famousbuildings inEuropeandAmerica arebuilt inthisstyle---including theWhite House.Another legacyfrom AncientGreecewasthe sport.TheGreeks inventedthe sportscompetitions tohonor theirgods.The mostfamous of these washeldevery fouryears ina placecalled Olympia.It isfrom thiswe getthe Olympics.From politicstoculture,from architectureto sport,Ancient Greecesinfluence onlater Europeancivilization hasbeenextremely important.Outline:AncientGreecewas reallythe startor originof westerncivilization.Geography:mountainousPolitics:city-states/poleisslave-based democracypoliticsPhilosophy:philosophers likeSocrates,Plato,and AristotleScience:mathematics,astronomyA polisor citystate isstate madeup ofa cityand itssurrounding countrysideand towns（）Literature:epics IliadandOdyssey,poetry,and dramaReligion:polytheists,mythologyArchitecture:standard styleSport:OlympicsIL Learningobjectives•To getabriefview of the historyand development ofGreekCivilization•To befamiliar withGreekculturein mythology,religion,philosophy,history,literature andarts•To knowsome representativephilosophers andtheir contributionsIII.Word study「[古]新石器时代的；早先的Neolithic niSllOlk]adj.克里特岛人克利特岛的Cretan[kriton]n.adj.迈锡尼文明Mycenean civilisationThessaly[40esoli]n.塞萨利（希腊地名）Trojan[6trod3an]adj.特洛伊的；特洛伊人的英「伊里亚特（相传为荷马所做的古希腊史诗）Iliad iliod]n.英美奥德赛（古希腊史诗）Odyssey[Idosi]n.【希腊神话】（亦作（大）埃阿斯（特洛伊围Ajax[eidsaeks]n.Ajax Telamon]/tehmsn/,Great Ajax攻战中的希腊英雄，骁勇和膂力仅次于阿喀琉斯在夺回阿喀琉斯尸体之战中立了功，但当阿喀琉斯的盔甲给予奥德修斯时，怒而自刺身亡）【希腊神话】阿喀琉斯（或译阿基里斯；出生后被其母握脚踵倒提着在冥河水中Achilles[9*kili:z]n.浸过，因此除未浸到水的脚踵外，浑身刀枪不入；希腊勇士，曾参加围攻特洛伊城）IV.Interpretation ofCultural Terms新石器时代:The NeolithicIt isa periodin thedevelopmentofhuman technology,beginning in about A.theHeroic AgeB.the GoldenAgeC.the CretanCivilization9500BC in the MiddleEast thatis traditionallyconsidered thelast partofthe StoneAge.The Neolithicisameasured progressionof behavioraland culturalcharacteristics andchanges,includingthe useof wildand domesticcrops andthe useof domesticatedanimals.米诺到Minos f:In Greekmythology,Minos wasa king of Crete,son ofZeus andEuropa.After hisdeath,Minos becamea judgeofthedead inHades.The MinoanCivilization ofpre-Hellene Cretehas beennamedafter himby thearchaeologist ArthurEvans.V.Comprehension Exercisesmultiple choice.1is themajor foundationin theWestern cultureand makesa powerfulimpacton thedevelopment ofhuman civilization.A.Ancient EuropeancultureB.AncientGreekcultureC.Ancient ChinesecultureD.Ancient Egyptianculture2Greekculturecan dateback to.A.the NeolithicAgeB.the BronzeAgeC.theStoneand BronzeAgeD.the OldStone Age3Mycenaean culturewas influencedthemostby Cretanculture on.A.farmingB.handicraft andtradeC.religionD.philosophy4The Trojan War brokeout atthe endof.D.the Mycenaean Civilization5The firstOlympiad beganin theperiod ofthe GoldenAge.A.archaicB.centralC.dependentD.darkVI.Think andDiscussGive abrief introductiontotheTrojanWarand checkreferences toknow moreabout the war.The TrojanWar brokeout atthe endoftheMycenaeanCivilization.All thecity-states inMycenaesent troopsto helpformacoalition armyforthebattles.Not longafter thewar,theDorians fromthe northwestofGreeceinvaded anddestroyed Mycenaeinaboutthel2th-llthcenturies BC.Think andDiscuss1Greek Mythologyand ReligionGreekmythology isbasedona religionwhich tookshape duringthe HomericAge andwasdeveloped fromanimism andfetishism intopolytheism.The religioustales becamefullydeveloped mythsin theHomericepicandthuscontributed greatlytothelaterdevelopmentof allGreekarts.In Greekmyth,all thegods liveon MountOlympus.There9salist ofa groupof12gods TheOlympians whoruled afterthe overthrowoftheTitans.Main IdeasMainIdeasVI.Text StudyMainIdeasGodGoddess CharacterZeusthe heavenlykingofthegodsand rulerof mankindPoseidonthe moodygod ofthe seasHadesthe gloomygod ofthe underworldHestiathe calmgoddess ofthe hearthHerathe maturegoddess ofthe familyAresthe fiercegod ofthe warAthenathe sophisticatedgoddess ofwisdom andartsApollo theyouthful godofthe sun andthe musicAphroditethe sensualgoddessoflove andbeautyHermes thecunning godofthetradeArtemis thewild goddessofthehuntHephaestus theill-favored godof metallurgy2Greek PhilosophyGreekphilosophy emergedfromthebondage ofreligion andwent throughaprocess offruitful theoreticalresearch combinedwith practicalexperience beforeit achieveditshigh pointinthehistoryofhuman intellectualdevelopment.It hasinfluenced muchof Westernthoughtwith awide varietyof subjects,including politicalphilosophy,ethics,metaphysics,ontology,logic,biology,rhetoric andaesthetics.Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasEarlyGreek Philosophersand TheirNoble IdeasSchoolName MainIdeaThe worldoriginated inwater andpredicted aThalestotaleclipse ofthesun.The originof everythingintheworld isAnaximanderunlimitedand all things splitinto twoopposites.MaterialismFire is the fundamentalsubstance intheHeraclitus universe,andtheuniverse isinastate ofongoingchange,struggle orflux.Material worldis composedof tiny,Materialism Democritusinseparableparticles called atoms.Everything isnumbers.And itis possibletoPythagorasacquire mysticalknowledge.IdealismProtagoras Manisthemeasure ofallthings.The MostInfluential Philosophersin GreeceLifeNotableName MainInterests WorksAchievementsIdeasSocrates470a classicalGreek epistemology,Socratic SocraticBC-399BC Athenianethics method,dialoguesphilosopher,one ofSocratic writtenby histhe founders ofirony studentsPlatoWestern andphilosophyXenophonPlato aclassical Greekrhetoric,art,Platonic writerof427BC-philosopher,literature,realism philosophi-cal347BC mathematician,epistemology,dialogues,student ofjustice,virtue,Apology,Socrates,founderpolitics,Protagoras,oftheAcademy ineducation,Gorgias.Athens,and one offamily,Phaedo,thefoundersofmilitarism Symposium,Western philosophyPadres.Theand scienceRepublic.TheLawAristotle a Greek goldenphysics,The Categories^The384BC-philosopher,a mean,metaphysics,Peri Hermeneias.The322BC studentof reason,poetry,theatre,Prior Analytics,ThePlato,oneoflogic,music,rhetoric,Posterior Analytics,themostsyllogism,politics,Topics andtheimportant passiongovernment,Sophisticalfoundingethics,biology,Refutations.Physics.figures inzoologyThe Politics,On theWesternPartsof Animals,philosophyZoology andHistory ofAnimalsMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas3LiteratureGreek literatureis consideredto consistof epic,lyrical poetryanddrama.Category TypeWriters NameCharacter WorksnarrativepoemsEpic HomerIliad,Odysseusabout theperiod ofTrojanWarPoetryLyric Callimachuselegiac poemsHymnsThe SyracusanhymnsTheocritus Woman.The Graces,epigramsThe SorceressesAratushexameters PhenomenapoetryLyricNicander scientificpoems TheriacaSappholove poemsPindarodes the14Olympian OdesPrometheusBound.The70-90Persians.Agamemnon,Thetragedies,Drama TragedyAeschylus Phrygians.The Sevenagainstonly7Thebes,The SuppliantsurvivedMaidensand TheOresteiaOedipus theKing.ElectraSophoclesand Antigoneabout Andromache.Medea andEuripideswomenTrojan WomensenseofDrama ComedyAristophanes Knightscomic4History andDissident IdeasGreekhistory hascontributed considerablytotheconstitution ofGreek andWesterncivilization withits abundantdocuments ofa varietyof historicalevents andfigures scatteredinsocial,political,military andcultural fields.The mostfamous historiansare Herodotus485BC-425BC andThucydidesabout460BCT04BC.Herodotus isgenerally acknowledgedasthefirst reputedhistorian ofGreece.His writingHistoriesobjectively describesthewarbetween Persiansand Greece.Thucydides isgenerally acknowledgedasoneofthegreatest ofancient Greecefor histruthfulness,conciseness andimagination.His HistoryofthePeloponnesian Warrecounts thestrugglebetween Athensand Spartainthe5th centuryBC,asthefirst recordedpolitical andmoralanalysis ofa nationswar policies.Besides,Polybius producedHistories aboutAlexandria with40volumes inall,coving thegrowthof Romein120years fromthe beginningoftheFirst PunicWar tillthe surrenderofGreece.But unfortunatelyit hasntsurvived intactand onlysome fragmentswere preserved.As well,there weresome dissidentscholars inancient Greece,whose viewpointswere quiteabnormalor evendifferent fromthe mainstreamopinions ofthe day.Their chiefrepresentativeswere Isocratesand Xenophon.Isocrates wasa rhetorician,regarded asoneofthe tenAtticorators.In histime,he wasprobably themost influentialrhetorician inGreeceandmade manycontributionsto rhetoricand educationthrough histeaching andwritten works.His worksarePanegyricus,Areopagiticus,On thePeace,etc.Xenophon wasaGreekhistorian,soldier,mercenary,andacontemporary admirerof Socrates.He isknown forhis writingsonthehistoryof hisown times,the4th centuryBC,preserving thesayings ofSocrates,and descriptionsof lifeinancientGreeceandthePersian Empire.His worksare Hellenica,Memorabilia,Apology,etc.MainIdeasTextStudy5Art andScienceArtAspect RepresentativesCharacterthe grandestbuilding inAthens-Architecture PhidiasParthenonfamousfor itsnoble simplicityandSculpture Myron,Polyclituscalm grandeurStage1:typical inmythologicalPainting vasedecorationscenesStage2:portrayal ofelements ofbeautyin objectswith mythologicalsubjectsPaintingvase decorationStage3:various formsof technicalskillsdeveloped ina numberofschools inAthens,and othercity-statesScienceScientist FieldsAchievementsexplored thenorthern partsof Europe,measured shadowswith theaid ofa sortofPytheas geographysundialcalledagnomon,and calculatedthecircumference ofthe earth。