高中英语牛津译林版-模块4教案：《Unit 1 Advertising》Word Power 教案 1

英语必修译林牛津精品教案4Unit13Word•Word powerWelllearn in this sectionsome commonsuffixes thatcan beadded tonouns orverbs tocreate adjectives.And alsosome vocabularyrelated tosales andmarketing.Step1:Brainstorming

1.Please thinkabout the following questions:How arethe following words formedhealthnoun healthyadjectiveinterest verbinterestingadjectiveAn English word canhave severalderivatives.And pleasepay attentionto thefact thatmany Englishwordsshare the same rootword,even thoughthey havedifferent meaningsor partsof speech.Now heresmore examplefor youto betterunderstand wordformation.breath n.breathe v.breathless adj.act v.action n.actor n.actress n.activity n.possible adj.impossible adj.possibility n.possibly adv.friend n.,friendly adj.,friendless adj.,friendship n.,unfriendly adj.As you can see,many wordsare derivedby addingsuffixes or prefixes to the root words.Often youmaycome acrossunfamiliar wordswhile reading,try to use knowledgeof wordformation toguess theirmeanings.Will youAnd canyou givemore examplesabout wordformation

2.Shall we have acompetition tosee whocan givemore examplesor createmore wordsby addingsuffixesorprefixesto the rootwords

3.As we know,sometimes anEnglishwordcan bemade upof threeparts:a prefix,a stemand a suffix.Astem is the mainpart of a word.A prefixis agroup of letters added tothe beginning of a word.A suffixis agroupoflettersplaced at the end ofa word.Both prefixes and suffixesmodify the meaning ofawordorchange itinto adifferent wordgroup.The followingis atable ofcommon prefixes:Prefix MeaningExamples adjectivesBoundRootsBoth blackberryand blueberryare kindsof BERRIES,and blackand blueexist asfree formstoo.Sothese looklike finecompounds.But whatabout cranberryn,huckleberry1,strawberry1Wed liketokeep theberry partseparate,but thenwhat arecran，huckle andstraw”？We callthese casesBOUNDROOTS.Homophonous MorphemesSometimestwo morphemeshave the same pronunciationform withdifferent meanings.One exampleformEnglish is the twomorphemes Hun-H:Adjective/\un-AdjectiveMeaning:not Adjective”,for exampleunhappy”Verb/\un-VerbMeaning:do thereverse ofVerb,for exampleundo，untie，unlatch”This canlead to ambiguity insome wordswith un-，such asHun-tie-ablen.There aretwo possiblestructures fornun-tie-ablen:Adjective/\Verb-able/\un-VerbItieMeaning:able untie=“can beuntied1Adjective/\un-AdjectiveVerb-abletieMeaning:un abletie=cant betied”The relativescope ofun-and”-able”is differentin thesetwo cases,leading to a difference inmeaning.The difference in meaningalso correlateswith whetherun-is modifyinga verbor anadjective.When adifferenceinmeaning correlateswith adifferenceinstructure likethis wecall thisSTRUCTURALAMBIGUITY.Structural ambiguityis avery importantconcept.We willsee exactlythe samething whenweanalyze sentences.Other waysof FormingWords•Back formationsWhereone falsely11uses arule.peddler referstoa personanalyze peddleras peddle+-er•Blends:smoke+fog=smog;motor+hotel=motel•Words fromNames:jumbo,sandwich•Truncation Clipping:gymjnasium,telephoneAcronyms:AIDS=Acquired ImmuneDeficiency SyndromeOtherreferences:句式合成词整个句子当作一个词用,有的已经固定下来,例如pick-me-up（兴奋剂），whats-his・name（某某人）整个句子用作形容词的现象比较普遍，把复杂的概念揉成单纯的限制语使行文紧凑（一种过去的就算了吧”的态度）A let-bygones-be-bygones manneran（一种要是你肯听了我的话多好”的神气）否定前缀if-you-would-only-be-guided-by-me expression（）纯粹表示否定的能构成少数新词加在名词、形容词上，表示没有〃某种性质〃1a.,an.如:不道德,无性别的在元音前变成如匿名amoral[=unmoral]asexual a-an-anonymous[onoma=name]的•加在名词、形容词、动词上,表示否定，如（劣势），（不和）,dis disadvantagedisagreement（不相信）disbelieve

36.According tothe authorplays an important role in makingfriends.A.admitting yourshortcomings B.self criticismC.modesty D.confidence【答案】D【解析】推理判断题根据a constantfocus onour supposedshortcomings canstop ourefforts to make,既然我们强调我们的缺点有可能在交朋友方面成为绊脚石，那么我们就应friends withother people该自信，故选D

37.If youare notliked byaperson,.A.you shouldfind the reason inyourselfB.you/d bettertalk withthe personface tofaceC.youmaynot bethe oneto beblamedD.youandthatpersonmisunderstand eachother【答案】C【解析】细节理解题根据If someoneseems todislike you,thereasonfor thatdislike mighthave littleor不喜欢nothingtodowithyou.The personwho doesntlike youmightbefearful,or shallow,or busyor shy.你也许和你一点关系都没有，你也许不应该受到责备，故选C

38.We canlearn fromthe thirdparagraph that.A.your goodqualities mayturn outtobe your flawsB.your weaknessmay alsobeyourstrengths insome wayC.your negativequalities cause apersonto rejectyouD.youll havefew friendsif yourflawsarebiggerthanyourgoodqualities【答案】B【解析】细节理解题根据In fact,some of the veryqualities youconsider tobe flawsmay beirresistible.你的弱点也许是在某方面是你的强项，故选tosomeoneelse B

39.Which ofthefollowingis trueaccording tothe authorA.It isimportant tolose weight.B.It iseasier for a wealthypersonto make friends.C.Inner qualitiesare moreimportant thanphysical appearance.D.If youare notbeautiful enough,try toimprove yourphysicalbeauty.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题根据If youare worriedthatyouare notbeautifulenoughtoattractfriends,keep in.内心的美比夕卜在的美要重要的多，mind thatnot everyoneis lookingfor physicalbeauty intheir friends故选C

40.What doyou thinkthe authoris mostlikely tosuggest ifhe continuesto writeA.How tofind yourgoodqualities.B.How to make friends.C.How to make selfcriticism.D.How tolose weight.【答案】A【解析】细节理解题根据The pointis thatyou canfocus onjust aboutanything andbelieve itsthe.既然找到了交不上朋友的原因，那么就应该找出reasonyoudonothave friendsand cannotmake any自己的好的品质，下面就应该写如何找到自己好的品质，故选Aun-Not unfair,unnecessary,unimportant,unhappyin-Not incorrect,invisible,incurable,inaccuratedis-showing oppositedisable,dishonest,disagree,disappear,discoverre-do againrewrite,redo,rebuild,react,retell,recreatemis-badly orwrongly misunderstand,misdirect,mistake,misuseStep2:Learning aboutWord formationThebasic partof anyword isthe root;to it,youcanadd aprefix atthebeginningand/orasuffix atthe endtochange themeaning.For example,inthe word unflattering,“therootis simplyflatter,“while theprefixHun-n makesthe wordnegative,and thesuffix-ing changesit froma verbinto anadjectivespecifically,a participle.English itselfdoes notuse prefixesas heavilyas itonce did,but manyEnglish wordscome fromLatin,which usesprefixesand suffixes youcan use thewordaffix torefer eithertoaprefix orasuffixquiteextensively.For example,the wordsprefixJ suffix,and“affix“themselves areall formedfrom fixby theuseof prefixes:•ad to+fix attached=affix•pre before+fix=prefix•sub under+fix=HsuffixNote thatboth then-dn ofHadn andthe-b ofsub changethe lastletter.Here are some ofthe mostcommon Latinprefixes forthe meaningsoftheLatin roots,look upthewords ina gooddictionary:ab awayabrupt,absent,absolvead toadverb,advertisement,afflictin notincapable,indecisive,intolerableinter between,among intercept,interdependent,interprovincialintra withinintramural,intrapersonal,intraprovincialpre beforeprefabricate,preface preferpostafter postpone,postscript,postwar subunder submarine,subscription,suspecttrans acrosstransfer,transit,translateStep3:Ready usedmaterials forWord formationAffixesMorphemesaddedtofree formsto makeother free forms arecalled affixes.There arethree principlekindsof affixes:

1.prefixes atbeginning—Hun-in unable

2.suffixes atend—-edH inwalked

3.circumfixes atboth ends—en-en inenlightenThese alwaysseem toconsist ofotherwise attestedindependent prefixesandsuffixes.A Rulefor Formingsome EnglishWordsConsider thefollowing pairsof Englishwords:Adjective Verbdarkdarkenblack blackenredreddensteep steepenWhatgeneralization rulecan wemake•Form:en•Combination:At the end ofAdjectives suffixto makeVerbs•Meaning:to makemore AdjectiveWecan drawa diagramto showthe internalstructure ofone ofthe words:VerbAdjective-enIblackMeaning:nto makemore black*Likewise wecan drawa partialstructure treediagram whichshows thethree propertiesof ruleofcombination forthe affix:Verb/\Adjective-enMeaning:tomakemore Adjective”Another Rulefor Formingsome EnglishWordsConsider thefollowing pairsof Englishwords:Verb Nounsingsingerdance dancerwritewritercompute computerWhatgeneralization rulecanwemakeAdd n-ern totheendof VerbstomakeNouns withthemeaningsomeone orsth.that VerbsHNoun/\Verb-erMeaning:nsomeone orsomething thatVerbs”Rules thatdont changecategorySome affixescreate the same kindsof wordsthat theyattach to,such asmaking nounsoutofother nouns:Noun/\Noun-ianIBostonMeaning:nsomeone fromBoston*Zero MorphemesSomeaffixes consistof nosounds atall.Zero morphemesDO exist,and wellsee why,and illustrateanotherconcept,allomorphy atthesametime.Consider thefollowingwords:Adjective Verbyellowyellowbrown browngreengreenpurple purpleTherelation betweenyellow”adjective andyellow verbis exactlythesameas thatbetween nwhiteandwhiten1*,which we just considered.But theform of“yellow doesntchange.So wesay that weadded azero suffix:VerbAdjective-0IyellowMeaning:tomakemore yellownZeromorphemes areobviously hardto spotbecause youcant hearthem!In thesecases youhave tonoticewhat ISNTthere.Sherlock Holmessolves oneof hiscases bynoticing thata dogDIDNT bark.Thiswas importantbecause therewas asituation whereany dogwould havebarked.This isthe kind of thinkingyouhave todo tofind zeromorphemes.AllomorphyBut nowwehavetwo waystomakeAdjectives intoVerbs meaningnto makemore Adjective”:-enblack-enand yellow-0How doweknowwhich ruleto useThat is,why notyellow-en”？One possiblebut uninterestinganswer isthat wejust haveto memorizewhich affixtousefor eachstem.That is,wejustmemorize thatnblack takesH-enn and“yeHow takes-0n.But wewould likea betterexplanation.As withthe phonologyproblems,the bestplace tolook isnear wherethe affixattaches.Since-enHis asuffix,lets lookattheendofthe stems.What wefind isthatwecan dividethe Adjectivesinto twoclassesbased onwhat the last SOUNDNOT letterofthestem is:•Use-en if thelast sound is:[p]deep-en11[f]stiff-en[v]live-enn[t]white-en[q]redd-en[s]less-en[J]fresh-en[k]dark-en•Use-0ifthelastsoundis:[r]gray-0His hairgrayed gray-0-ed beforehe wastwenty.[s]brown-0[m]dim-0[I]purple-0[r]clear-0HWe canusethesame typeof diagrams,and indicatethe conditions:Verb/\Adjective-en if Adjective endsin anobstruent oralstop orfricative-0ifAdjective endsina sonorantnasals,approximants,vowelsMeaning:nto makemore Adjective1When wedid phonologyproblems,we hada notionof defaultor elsewhere”.The sameconceptcan arisein morphology,although inthis casethe choiceis madedifficult bythe cleancut betweenobstruentsand sonorants.It istrue,however,that thereare exceptionsto thisrule withcertain unusualadjectives:Verb/\Adjective-en ifAdjectiveendsin anobstruent oralstop orfricative-0ElsewhereMeaning:tomakemore Adjective”Another exampleof allomorphyin Englishisthechoice ofthe negativeprefix nil-/ir-/im-/in-n.The rulesare:•Use il-when thestem begins with I:il-legal•Use ir-when thestem begins with rH:ir-responsible•Use im-when thestem begins with m,b,p:im-mobile im-balanced,im-possible•Otherwise elsewhereuse“in-:in-active,etc.In adiagram:Adjective/\when Adjectivebeginswith1:il-Adjectivewhen Adjectivebeginswithr:ir-when Adjectivebeginswitha bilabial:im-Else where:inMeaning:not Adjective0Notice herethat thereisaclear casethat applieswhen theother morespecific rulescannot.This istheDEFAULT orELSEWHERE rule.The ELSEWHEREconcept playsanimportantroleinlinguistics and wehave alreadyencountered itin phonologyandwewill encounterit againinthiscourse.Finally,some allomorphyis simplyexceptional.There aremorphemes whichare usedwith onlyalimited numberof words,such asplural n-enn asin nox-enn,nchild-renn.Furthermore,some wordsaresoirregular thatthey haveno internalanalysis,for examplewent istheSUPPLETIVE formfor whatwould otherwisebe”go-ed”.Children oftenuse wordslike*”go-ed”“wentor*“hold-ed”“held.These arecalled OVERGENERALIZATIONerrors becausethe childrenusearegularproductive processon exceptionalwords.CompoundsThe combinationof twofreeformsis calleda COMPOUND.Noun/\Adjective NounIIblack birdMeaning:a particularkindofbirdIn Englishthe HEADofacompound isusually theright-hand memberbird.The headsupplies thecategory Nounand basicmeaning bird-ness forthe wholecompound.Compounds canbe usedwith affixationto producelarger words:Noun/\Verb-er/\Verb VerbIIsleep walkMeaning:Someone whowalks andsleeps atthesametimeNoun/\Noun NounI/\window Verb-erIpainterMeaning:Someone whopaints windows。