国际商法双语复习资料

1Functions oflaw:©Keep thepeace©Enforcing standardsof conductand maintainorder©Facilitating planning©Promoting socialjustice、2Definition of contract inChina:A contractshall bean agreementwhereby the parties establish,change orterminate theircivilrelationship.、3Offer:Definition:offer isa proposalby aperson toanother indicatingan intentionto enterinto acontract underspecificterms.Requirements foran offer:

①Intestion订立合同的意愿the offerswords mustgive theoffereeassurance thata bindingagreement is intended.

②Ddlniteness:明确具体indicates ordescribes the goods orservices,expressly orimplicitly specifiesthequantity andthe pricefor the goods.

③Communication:传到到受要约人an offerbecomes effectivewhen itreaches theofferee.、不可抗力4Superior force:Is aclause incontracts whichessentially freesboth partiesfrom liabilityor obligationwhen anextraordinaryevent orcircumstance beyondthe control of the parties preventsone orboth partiesfromfulfilling theirobligations under the contract.Elements:externality,unpredictability,irresistibility.、5Damages:Compensatory damagesprovide aplaintiff with the monetaryamount necessaryto replacewhat waslostand nothingmore.To placethe claimantin theposition inwhich hewould havebeen hadthe contractnot beenbreached.约定损害赔偿.Direct losses,consequential losses,pain andsuffering,liquidated damages、根本违约6Fundamental breach:A breach ofcontractcommitted byone of the partiesis fundamentalif itresults insuch detrimentto the一方当事other partyas substantiallyto deprivehim ofwhat heis entitledto expectunderthe contract.人违反合同的结果，如使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以至于实际上剥夺了他根据合同规定有权期待得到的东西，即为根本违反合同、7Remedies for the buyers要求实际履行Buyers richtto compelperformance:the buyermay requireperformance by the sellerofhis obligations.If the goods donot conform with the contract,the buyermay requiredelivery ofsubstitutegoods only if the lack of conformity constitutesa fundamental breachofcontract;If thegoodsdo not conformwiththe contract,the buyermay require the sellerto remedythelackofconformitybyrepair.撤销合同Buyers right to avoidthe contract:the buyermay declarethe contractavoided the sellercommits afundamental breachor The buyer givesthe sellera Nachfristnotice andthesellerrejects itordoes notperform within the periodit specifies.减价赔偿Remedy ofreduction ofprice:If thegoods donotconformwiththe contract andwhether ornotthe pricehas alreadybeen paid,the buyermay reducethe pricein thesame proportionas the valuethat thegoods actuallydelivered had at thetime of the deliverybears tothevaluethat conforminggoodswould havehadatthat time.Price reductionapplies tothe specialsituation:The buyeraccepts goodsTheseller mustnot beresponsible forthe nonconformity实际所交货物交货时的价格/符合合同规定的货物交货时的价格Non・cmformity ofpart of thegoods:部分不符lIf theseller deliversonly a part ofthegoods or ifonlyapart ofthegoods deliveredisinconformity withthecontract,articles46-50apply inrespect ofthepart whichis missingor whichdoes notconform.2Thebuyermay declarethecontractavoided initsentirety onlyif thefailure tomake deliverycompletely orinconformity withthecontractamounts toafundamentalbreachofthecontract.提前交货，超额交货Early delivery;excess quantity:lif theseller deliversthegoodsbefore thedatefixed,the buyermay take delivery orrefuse totake delivery.2if theseller deliversa quantityof goodsgreaterthan thatprovided forinthecontract,the buyermay takedelivery orrefuse totakedelivery of theexcessquantity.If thebuyer takesdeliveryof all orpartofthe excessquantity,he mustpay forit atthecontract rate.、8Trademarks:©Definition:A signor symbolthat distinguishesone partysgoodsorservices fromanother.Truetrademark,trade name,service mark,collective mark,certification mark©Acquiring trademarks:Priority ofuse USA,EN,CAN Priorityof registration©Registration criteria:distinctive,not begenericor descriptive.、9Patent©Definition:a rightgranted toan inventorby anational governmentto exclusivelymake,use,and sellaninvention fora certainperiod oftime.

②Why grantpatent onprivate side:to protectprivate property;on publicside:to encourageinventionand industrialdevelopment©Subject matter:Inventions20years,Utility models20years,Designs10years.10Right ofpriorityParis Convention:National treatment:a membercountry cannot discriminateagainst foreignersin grantingpatent ortrademarkprotection.Compulsory license:it grantspatent or trademark rightsto third parties ifthe patentortrademarkownerdoes notuse it.Right ofpriority:an applicantwho hasfiled forprotection inone membercountry shallenjoin aright ofpriorityof12months forpatent forinventions andutility model,6months forpatent forpatent fordesignand fortrademarks tofile inanother memberstate.、11Agency:Is definedas afiduciary relationshipbetween twopersons inwhich onethe agentacts onbehalf of,andis subjectto hecontrolof,the otherthe principal.Agent:person authorizedby anotherto actfor orin placeof himor her.Principal:person who,by agreementor otherwise,authorizes anagent toact onhis orher behalfin suchaway thatthe actsofthe agent becomebinding on the principal.Third party:any persondoing businesswith agent.12Internal relationships:Duties of agent toprincipal:

1.Fiduciary dutyof loyalty

2.Duty ofobedience

3.Duty ofcare

4.Duty ofaccounting

5.Duty ofcommunicationDuties ofprincipal toagent:

1.Duty topay commission

2.Duty toreimburse andindemnify

3.Duty tokeepaccounts.External Relationship:

1.Civil lawcountries rules:Direct representationIndirectrepresentation

2.Common lawcountries rules:Disclosed principalnamed principalPartiallydisclosed principalunnamed principalUndisclosedprincipal、表见代理13Apparent authority:Definition:Although theagent isnot authorized,the principalcauses thethird partiesto reasonablybelievetheagenthas authority.Legal effectsof apparentauthority:Principal tothird party:principal is liable.same as authorizedagency.Principal hasrighttosue theunauthorized agentfor compensation.14Product liabilitylaw:The lawgoverning theliability ofproducers ofany productfor damagecaused bythat producttoconsumers.14Theories ofliability fixation:

①Privity ofcontract doctrine-tradition:合同相对性说Injured personcan suethe persononlyifshewas aparty thetransaction withthe injuredperson.No contract,no liability.

②Theory ofn喇iqence:疏忽原贝！J Negligence:the absenceof,or failureto exerciseproper orordinarycare inthe design,manufacture orinspection process.It doesntrequirethecontractualrelationship betweenplaintiff anddefendant.

③Breach ofwarranty:违反担保原则The failureofaproducer tofulfill theterms ofpromise,claim orrepresentationmade concerningthe productsquality orfitness fbruse.

④Theory ofstrict liability:严格责任原则The producerisliablefortheinjury causedby defectiveproduct.Strict liabilitychanges theprinciple ofliability fromfault-based liabilityto defect-basedliability.It easesthe plaintiffsburden ofproof.It ismost efficientto protectconsumers.、15DefenseThe manufacturermay berelieved ofliability forinjury causedby adefective product,by presentingfollowingarguments:Contributory faultand comparativefault,Misuse ofproduct,The productwasaltered ormodified,State ofthe art.、16Arbitration:Definition:arbitration isa methodof disputeresolution involvingone ormore neutralthirdpartieswhoare usuallyagreed tobythedisputing partiesand whosedecision isbinding.Characteristics ofArbitration:

1.（意思自治原贝）

2.Autonomy ofwill principleU:theparties themselves candecide theissues suchasarbitration location,arbitration institution,arbitration procedure,language usedin arbitration

3.

4.Private process:details arenot disclosedto public

5.Offers thepartiestheopportunity tochoose theirown judge,which notpossible incourt proceedings

6.

7.Continuity inarbitration:the arbitratorsfollow thecase frombeginning tothe endAdvantagesof arbitration:

1.More flexible,adaptable andefficient thanlitigation.For example:thepartiesmay agreeto limittheextent ofdisclosure ofdocuments;to submitevidence inwriting;to imposetime limitsonthelengthof speeches

2.

3.Minimize theneed forthe servicesofalawyer:you can do ityourself

4.Cut cost:lawyer cancost upwardof$185an hourplus expenses

5.

6.Save time:on average24hours to3months forarbitration andup to3years forlitigationDisadvantages:Its limitedpower:the coerciveaction mustbe takenindirectly,through thelocal court,rather thandirectly,asajudge himselfcando.。