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一.名词I.名词的种类普通名词专有名词国名地名人名，团体可数名词不可数名词机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:
1.规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-S或-es现将构成方法与例词读音规则列表如下规则1一般情况在词尾加-S map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-daysclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esdish-dishesleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,变-f和-fe为v再加-es以-f或-f e结loaf-loaves,wife-wives3尾的词belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,加-sproof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为iparty-parties,family-families,4加-esstory-stories,city-cities以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,5词以y结尾的，加-sHenry-Henrys以辅音字母hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,6一般加一es加-0结尾的potato-potatoes,tomato—tomatoesNone of the studentsare is afraid ofdifficulties.
4.other和another:1other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如the otherday,every otherweek,some otherreason,no otherway,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others如0He helda bookin onehand andhis notesin theother.Two studentsin ourclass failed,but allthe otherspassed theexam.2another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是thers,泛指“别的人或事”如・don.lik.thi.shirt,pleas,sho.m.anothe.one.The trousersare toolong,please giveme anotherpair/some others.Some likefootball,while otherslike basketball.
5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none..Al.o.th.book.ar.no.writte.i.English..No.al.o.th.book.ar.writte・i.English.・Bot.o.u.ar.no.teachers..No.bot.o.u.ar.teachers..Eithe.o.u.i.•teacher.
1.形1■无络修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等nobody absent,everythingis构成的复合不定代词时possible位无容齿作定诘位ii常a7歹亩!I肩班后I1以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或the bestbook available,the only2only修饰的名词之后solution possible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置the onlyperson awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge50meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a hugeroom simpleand beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a mandifficult to get onwith2多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺数词性状形容词序代词冠词大小指示代词冠词前序数新旧国籍材料长短不定代词基数词状态颜色的形容词ton反产地质地形状代词所有词格名词all secolarge blacksilkone newboththe athis ndbeauti fulshort yelloChines estonfour coolanotheryour goodpoor Londonsuchnext squarew e3形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted名词+形容词world-famous6复公口*•12形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-1ooking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+ed three-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built1数词+名词twenty-year0II.副词副齿时间副频度副soon,now,early,finally,once,always,often,frequently,seldom,5词词的recently never分地点副疑问副类here,nearby,outside,upwards,26how,where,when,why词词above3方式副hard,well,fast,slowly,7连接副how,when,where,why,whether,1词excitedly,really词however,meanwhi1e程度副关系副almost,nearly,very,fairly,48when,where,why词词quite,ratherHI.形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most
1.同级比较时常常・as…as…以与no.so as…as…如:.a.no.s.goo..playe.a.yo.are.
2.可以修饰比较级的词有much.many..lot.even.far..bit..little,still,yet.b.far.any..grea.deal
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“th.more…th.more…”句型如Th.harde.yo.work.th.mor.progres.yo.wil.make.
4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思如.hav.neve.spen..mor.worry in.day.
5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型Ou.schoo.i.thre.time,large,tha.yours./Ou.schoo.i.fou.time.a.larg.a.yours./Ou.schoo.i.f ou.time.th.siz.o.yours.
6.表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级如favourite,excellent,extreme,perfecto五.介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,onI简单介词■价今美2合成介词inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词according to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to4双重介词from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between5分词转化成的介considering（就而论），including词形容词转化成的6like,unlike,near,next,opposite介词II•常用表示时间的in,on,at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关介词区别•・1since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间2表示时间的since,from的某一点开始in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过3表示时间的in,after去时的一段时间中in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外表示地理位置的in,on,4toon只表示在某物的表面上，i n表示占去某物一部分5表示“在…上”的on,inthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，表示穿过”的through,6与on有关acrossabout指涉与到，on指专门论述7表示“关于”的about,onbetween与among的区between表小,在两者之间，among用于二者或二者以上的中间8别besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了，减去什么”，besides与except的区9不放在句首别with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，1表示“用”的in,with语言，声音0as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象•••一样”，指情1as与like的区别形相似11in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表不目的地或位置in与into区别2六.动词［一共有16种，4ask如将其，种时《的构通形式列为如下\一般ask/asks askedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are was/were shall/will beshould/would be askingasking asking asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will haveshould/would haveaskedasked完成进have/has beenhad beenasking shall/will haveshould/would have been行asking beenaskingasking
2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词简言之，利用过去，说明现在如.hav.alread.rea.th.nove.writte.b.th.world-famou.writer.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在如.rea.th.nove.las.month.（只说明上个月看了,不涉与现在是否记住）I livedin Beijingfor tenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时I haveread thatbook,我读过那本书了・hav.bee.readin.tha.boo.al.th.morning.我早上——直在读可口本书4■时将来时用法例句股达方win/shall+动词・・1表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sisterwill beten nextyear.原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或It sgoing toclear up.be going to+动词2表示很有可能要发生某事We regoing to have aparty原形tonight.be+doing进行He ismoving to the south.go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词3时表示将来Are theyleaving forEurope可用进行时表不按计划即将发生的动作表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的I was about toleave when the bellbeabout to+动4动作，后面一般不跟时间状语rang.词原形The meetingis aboutto close.We reto meetat theschool gate5be to+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见at noon.The meetingstarts atfive o一般现在时表示时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事clock.6将来情，可用般现在时表示将来The planeleaves atten thisevening.I I■动词的常用被动语常用被动语被构成构成态态动语态••1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were beingasked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has beenasked3一来时shall/will beasked8过去完成时had beenasked名词piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,不少外来词加-ssolo-soloszero-zeros/zeroes,vo1cano-vo1canoe s/两者皆可volcanos7以兀音字母加-0结尾的名词加-S radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoostruth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,8以-th结尾的名词加-Spath-paths,
1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中H.mus.b..ma.fro.America..H.mus.b.talkin.wit.hi.friend..H.mus.hav.alread.arrive,there.
2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握可用于肯定句和否定句H.ma.no.b.a.home..The.migh.hav.finishe.thei.task.
3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性,不与can t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中The weatherin thatcity couldbe coldnow.We couldhave walkedthere;it wasso near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can hebe intheoffice nowNo,he can tbethere,for Isaw himin thelibrary justnow.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中）n I.情态动词注意点
1.can和b.abl.to.都可以表示能力但b.abl.to可以表达“某事终于成功，而can无法表达此意B.abl.to有更多的时态另外，两者不能重叠使用
2.use.to和would.use.to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉与现在
3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句其形式为needn,t/daren tdo；Need/dare…do…做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句其形式为need needs/needed/daredares/dared todo,dor八.非谓语动词构成I.谓语动词的分类、意短八2士特征和作用时态和语态否定式义与构成构谓语形式to doto be donefo.sb.t具有名词，副词和形容词的to betohavebeen,d.sth.作用doing不定式done在句中做主、宾、定、表和状tohave语donebeing done在非谓现在doing havinghavingbeen语前加分分词具有副词和形容词的作用donedone not词在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去done分词being donesbs具有名词的作用doing havinghavingbeen动名词doing在句中做主、宾、定和表语donedoneII.做宾语的非t doesn,t/didr tneed/dare todo谓语动词比较:常用动词情况只接不定式做宾hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,语的动词afford,determine,promise,happenmind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider只接动名词做宾can t help,feel like,succeed in,be fondof,object to,get downto,be engaged语的动词或短语in,insist on,think of,be proudof,take pridein,set about,be afraidof,be tiredof,look forwardto,devote oneselfto,be worth,be busy,pay attentionto,stick tobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）意义基本相同need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动思义，右接不定式则应用被动形式）两stop todo停止手中事，去做另一件事意义相反者stop doing停止正在做的事都remember/forget/regret todo（指动go ontodo（接着做另外件可作尚未发生）事）以remember/forget/regret doing（指动go ondoing（接着做同一件事）作已经发生）意义不同try todo（设法，努力去做，尽力）try meantodo（打算做，企图做）doing（试试去做，看有何结果）try doingmean doing（思识是，忌味着）mean（试试去做，看有何结果）doing（忌识是，忌味着）cant help todo（不能帮忙做）can,thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足与宾语的逻辑关系与时间常见动词例句语的区概念别主谓关系强调动作将发生I heardhim callme severalask,beg,expect,get,order,或已经完成times.tell,want,wish,encourage不定式have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make主谓关系强调动作正在进I foundher listeningto thenotice,see,watch,hear,现在分行，尚未完成radio.find,keep,have,feel词动宾关系动作已经完成，We foundthe villagegreatly过去分多强调状态changed.词IV.非谓语动词做定语的区区别举例别与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，I have a lot of papersto type.进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在I havea lotof papersto betyped.不定式谓语动词之前发生通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall wego to the swimmingpool动名词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表7F动作与谓语现在分动作同时发生the boilingwater/the boiledwater词the developingcountry/the developed与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在country过去分谓语动佗前，现已经完成the fallingleaves/the fallenleaves词V.非谓语动词做区别举例主语和表语的区别:多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于My dreamis to become ateacher.it把不定式移到句子后面做表语有时可和主语交换位置，T.obe.th.la.i.important,而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做It isno usesaying thatagain and形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置again.Teaching ismy job.无名词的性质，不能做主语但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,The situationis encouraging.rather等副词修饰The bookiswellwritten.现在分词多含有“令人•••”之意，说明主语的性质特征,常见分词有astonishing,多表示主动，主语多为物过去分词一般表示被动或主语所moving,tiring,处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人disappointing,puzzling,现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征,多shocking,boring,amusing与其表示主动，主语多为物过去分词一般表示被动或主-ed形式语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系先行词从句成分例句备注词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定中间起了麋作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词僦数的一致.关系词关Do youknow the man whois talkingwith yourwhom,which和who人主语系mother that在从Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,加-SSwedes,Europeans表示单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese“某7以-man或-woman结尾的改为国人”Englishmen,Frenchwomen-men,-womensons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,将主体名词变为复数story-tellers,boy friends合成无主体名词时将最后加分8名词grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches变为复数将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsin.名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格所有格分两种一是名词词尾加S构成，二是由介词ofthe boys father,Jack sbook,her son-in-law^s photo,加名词构成前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西
1.S所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加S一般在末尾加the teachersroom,the twinsmother,复数名词不规则复数名词后加S the children stoys,women srights,以S结尾的人名所有格加S或者Dickens novels,Charles sjob,the Smithshouse表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾Japan sand Americas problems,Jane sand均须加S Mary,s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词Japan andAmerica,s problems,Jane and Mary s代句中做宾语词时，常可以省Mr.Smit.i.th.perso.wit.who..a.worki ngwhom人宾语略，但介词提The boywhom sheloved diedin thewar..前时后面关系代词不能省I likethose bookswhose topicsare about略，也不可以history.用thatTh.bo.whos.fathe.work,abroa.i.m.deswhose人，物定语kmate.The boywhose fatherworks abroadis mydeskmate.主语，宾A plane is a machine that can fly.that人，物语She isthe popstar that I want to seeverymuch.主语，宾The bookwhich Igave youwas worth$
10.which物语The picturewhich wasabout theaccident wasterrible.He issuch aperson asis respected by allof主语，宾as做宾语一us.as人,物语般不省略Thi.i.th.sam.pe.a..los.yesterday.This isthe samepen asI lostyesterday.可用onwhen时间时间状语I willnever forgetthe daywhen wemet there.which关系可用in副词where地点地点状语This isthe housewhere Iwas born.which可用forI cant imaginethe reasonwhy he turned downwhy原因原因状语whichmy offer.II.that与which,who.w用法说明例句hom的用法区另IJ情况
1.先行词为all,everything,anything,
1.He toldme everythingthat henothing,little,much,等不定代词时knows.
2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,
2.All the books that you offeredhaslittle,no,some,few等修饰时been givenout.
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词彳修饰时
3.This isthe bestfilm that I have
4.先行词既指人又指物时只用that的情ever read.
5.先行词被the only,the very彳修饰时况
4.We talkedabout the persons and
6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复things that we remembered.时
5.He istheonly manthatIwantto
7.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重see.复时
6.Who isthemanthat ismaking aspeech
1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指He hasa son,who hasgone abroadfor只用which,代物，用who/whom指人further study.who,whom的
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句I likethepersonto whomthe teacher中，只能用wh ich指物，whom指人is talking.情况
3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,Those whorespect othersare usually先行词为those,one,he时多respectedbyothers.用whoo
4.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用whooIII.as与which的区区别例句别定语从句He isnot such a foolas helooks.限制性Don’.rea.sue.book.a.yo.can.und名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系定语从erstand.代词用as,不能用which句中Don tread suchbooks as you cantunderstand.as和which都可以指代前面整个主句如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，They won the game,as wehad expected.非限制也可以放在后面，则用as；而which引导的They wonthe game,which wehadn texpected.性定语从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思As iswell known,he isa famousfilm star从句中in the1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非语法意义与特征例句限制性定语从句的区另1」类别对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思限制性定语就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，The accidenthappened at the time从句写时不用逗号分开when Ileft.对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当非限制性定His mother,whom heloved deeply,于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语从句died tenyears ago.语时也不能省略十.名词性从作用常用关联词例句句种类在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it that,whether,Whether hewill comeor not doesn t主语从作形式主语，主语从句放主句之if,as if,as mattermuch.句后though,who,Whoever comeshere willbe welcome.whose,which,在复合句中做表语，相当于名how,when,表语从词，位于系动词之后where,why,It looksas ifit isgoingtosnow.句what,whatever,在复合句中做宾语，相当于名whoever,宾语从He askedme whichteam couldwin the词wherever句game.放在名词之后news,problem,iYou haveno ideahow worriedwe are.同位语dea,suggest ion,adv ice,The factthat helied againgreatly从句thought,hope,fact等表明其具surprised us.体内容卜一状语从句种类连接词注悬点主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现when,whenever,while,as,before,after,在时；while引导的从句中动词般是延续until,till,by thetime,as soonas,时间状性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延hardly••when,no语续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性sooner-••than,the moment,the minute,的immediately,directly,instantly地点状where,wherever语because语气取强，since较弱，表小大原因状because,as,since,now that家都明J的原因，as又次之语从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用条件状if,unless,once,in case,as longas,on一般时代替语condition that目的状so that和in orderthat后常接may,so that,in orderthat,for fearthat语should,could,would等情态动词结果状so…that,such*••that语比较状than,as…as,not so/as…as,the语more*••the more方式状as if和as though引导的从句般用虚拟as if,as though,as语语气as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；though,although,even if,even though,as,no让步状although和though用正常语序，可和matter what,whatever,no matterwho,whoever,语no matterwhich,whichever,no matterhow,yet连用，但不可和but连用however,no matterwhen,whenever十二倒装句种倒装条件例句类here,there,up,down,in,out,off,awayOut rushedthechildren.等副词开头的句子表示强调完全Under the tree stoodtwo tablesand four表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首倒装chairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meetingwere1,000students.never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notHardly did I know what hadhappened.until,not否定思义的副词放于句首部分Only thendid herealized theimportance ofonly和修饰的状语放于句首倒装English.not onlye-but also连接并列的句子，前倒Not onlydoes heknow French,but alsohe is后不倒expert atit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，刖后都倒装Neither doI knowit,nor doI careabout it.so*••that,such*••that中的so或such与修So busyis hethat hecan not go ona holiday.饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒as引导的让步状语Child ashe is,he haslearned alot.H.ca.pla.th.piano.S.ca.i.so,neither或nor表小刖句内谷也适用于另外的人或事用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May yoube ingood health!省略if的虚拟条件Were Iyou,I wouldnotdo it inthis way.十三虚拟语气类别用法例句从句动词过去式（be用were）主句动词shou1d/wou1d/cou1d/might+与现在事实相If hewere here,he would动词原形反help us.主句动词shou1d/wouId/could/mi ght+动词原形从句动词had+过去分词If引导的主句动词条件从句should/would/could/might+have+过去与过去事实相If I had beenfree,I分词反would havevisited you.主句动词should/wou1d/cou1d/might+have+过去分词从句动词过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式If itshould rain主句动词shou1d/wou1d/cou1d/might+与将来事实相tomorrow,we wouldnotgo动词原形反camping.主句动词shou1d/would/could/might+动词原形They aretalking asifas if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式they hadbeen friendsfor其它状语years.从句in orderthat/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/Turn onthe lightso thatcould/may/might/would等+动词原形we cansee itclearly.demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为He suggestedthat wenotshould+动词原形change ourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和shou1d/wou1宾语从句d+动词原形表小与现在，过去和将来情况相反I wishI couldbeapopsinger.在It isnecessary/important/strange that…，It issuggestedIt isstrange thatsuch a/demanded/ordered/requested that---等从句中，谓语动主语从句person shouldbe our词用should+动词原形friends.It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动伺|原It shigh timethatwe其它句型形left.中I wouldrather youstayedwould rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式at homenow.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强If onlyour dreamhad烈的愿望come true!十四重要句型
1.It wasnot untilmidnight thathe finishedhis task.
2.Not untilhe cameback fromabroad wasI ableto seehim again.
3.The harderyou work,the greaterprogress youwill make.
4.He walkedaround thehouse,gun inhand.
5.May yoube ingood health!
6.Wish youa pleasantjourney backhome!
7.The professorwasahumorous manwith bignose anddeep-set eyes.
8.What surprisedme mostwas hisimagination andpatience.
9.He layonthegrass,with his eyes lookingat thesky andhis handsunder hishead.
10.Sittin.unde.th.tre.ar.Mr.Gree.an.hi.firs,teacher.
11.On thewall hangtwo picturesof famousscientists.
12.Looking backupon thosepast years,he couldn,thelpfeeling very proud.
13.No soonerHardly hadhe arrivedat thetheatre thanwhen the play started.
14.Young ashe is,he haslearned advancedmathematics.
15.How Iregret thehours wastedin thewoods andfields!
16.There standsa beautifulvase in the cornerof theroom.
17.Ten milesnorth of the townlies apaper factory.
18.There goesthe bell.
19.Nowhere has the worldever seensuch a bird ashere.
20.It isno usecrying forhelp.
21.If onlyI hadbeen yourstudent in the middleschool!
22.It isbelieved thatsuchathing willnot happenagain.
23.Only whenhe explaineddidIrealize thereason forthis.
24.“He worksparticularly hard.v Sohe does,and sodo you.”
25.Not onlyAlice butalso JaneandMaryare tiredof havingone examinationafter another.
26.Such wasAlbert Einstein,a simpleperson ofgreat achievements.Lad.to增加,增.few minutesand havesome coffeeadd…to把・••力口进•••5When doesschool breakadd up相力口6After harvestwe breakaddup to总计，所有这一切说明the soilwith atool pulledby twooxen.1I dontthink thesefacts willaway from,down,in,off,up,up拆散
3.brin.up抚养,呕吐,提.break through突破bring about造成1The criminalmanaged tobreak bringout拿出，出版the policeand raninto thewoods.bring in引入，引进，挣钱2When heheard thenews,he brokeand bringback使回想起cried.bring down使下降，使倒下3Dont breakwhile othersare speaking.1The shopkeeperbrought hisprice4Why don123451you breakfor ato onlyfive dollars.anything..
2.Fift.ne.book.hav.bee..th.li brary.3The musicour enjoymentof thefilm.4You musthave made a mistakewhen youthe breakoff暂停，中断bill.break in强行进入，插话addupto,added to,add to,added…upbreak into闯入
2.brea.awa.from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉break breakinto pieces成为碎片down出毛病，身体精神衰弱，分break out爆发解，拆开break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解,学期结束,末加’S father表示“某人家“店铺“，所有格后名词省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles
2.，S所有格表示时间today snewspaper,five weeksholiday的用法•*12表示自然现象the earths atmosphere,thetrees branches表示国家城市等地方的3the countrys plan,the worlds population,China sindustry名词4表示工作群体the ship,s crew,majoritys view,the teams victory5表示度量衡与价值a mile,s journey,five dollarsworth ofapples与人类活动有特殊关系6the lifestime,theplays plot的名词abird,seyeview,a stone s throw,at ones wits7某些固定词组end（不知所措）
3.of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西the legsof thechair,the coverof thebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时the classroomsof thefirst-year students2The schoolhas brought3The trainscalls severalbig citiesnewforeign teachersto teachoral English.between Beijingand Guangzhou.3The songbrought happy4He calledher name,but shedidn，t answer.memories ofour schooldays.5The sportsmeet wascalled on4Do youknowwhatbrought thisaccount of the rain.misunderstanding in,for,at,out,off5The kindold managreed to bring theyoung
5.com.about发生，出现orphan.come down下跌，落，降，传下来6We decided tobringthe mattercome in进来atthenext meeting.come into7The windbrought alotoftrees lastnight.sight/being/existence/use/notice/eff ect8Next monththey willbring a new editioncome on来临/快点of thebook.come out出版，结果是down,in,back,about,up,up,down,outcome along一道来，赶快
4.cal.on号召，拜访某人.come to达至an end/an agreement/a Stop苏call at拜访、参观某地醒，合计，总共是call for去叫某人，要求，需要come over走过来call up使回忆起，征召入伍come up发芽，走近call in召集，请某人来come across偶然碰到call out大喊，高叫come back回想起call off取消，不举行come from来自，源自1Doctors areoften calledin themiddle of1I comethebookI lentyouthe war.last month.・
2.Pleas,wai.fo.m.a.home.I
1.cal.2How didit comethatyou_.yo.a.you.hous.a.seve.tonight.both gotlost Ithought youhad amap.3It suddenlycame to me whereIhadseen3We decidedto cut the moortheboy before.旷野tothevillage.4Come now,or elsewe shallbe late.4Cutting thetree meanscutting thetree5He cameme likea tiger.into pieces.6The priceof petrolhas comesince the5The electricitywas cutbeginningof thisyear.when thelady refusedto pay the bill.7The wordcame usemany yearsago.6We werehaving apleasant conversation8When theexamination resultcame,he hadwhen Tomcut.already gota job.down,down,across,up,off,in9The billcame over a thousanddollars.
7.di.o.disease/hunger/grief/ol.age死于10I sowedthe seedsoveramonth ago,but疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因they haventcome yet.die from死于意外事故、情形for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,die away渐渐消逝up dieout绝种
6.cu.across抄近.die down炉火渐熄cut down砍倒，削减die off逐一死去cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系
8.fal.behind落.cut up连根拔除，切碎fall overonesfeet跌跤through剪断，凿穿fall down掉下，跌倒cut out删省掉，戒掉fall back撤退，后退cut in插嘴1Babies oftenfall whenthey arelearning,
1.Don.cu..thi.tree.I.wil.b.ver.shto walk.ad.i.summer.2Our teamseems tohave fallenthe others.2You mustcutthenumber of3As soonastheenemies fell,the peoplecigarettesyou smoke,or itwill causeillness.returned totheir village.4She fellthe benchand hadher legbroken.4Lets continueour journeyuntil thesundown,behind,back,overgoes
9.从事,喜爱，参.5His actionswent thewill of the people,go through通过，经受6I cantdoit,for itgoes myduty.go over复习，检查7Over100students wentthis entrancegoup价格上涨，建造起来examination.go after追捕，追赶8The bombwent andgoagainst违反go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧go away离开go by时间过去go down下沉，降低，日、月西沉go onwith继续进行go with相配，陪同go without没有，缺少go out外出，熄灭go allout全力以赴go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应go backon背约，食言go beyond超出1Many newfactories have gone in the pastfewyears.2Rents havegone greatlyrecently.3Many yearshavegonesince wefirst met.killed tenpeople.get back取回，收回,
9.Th.buye.wen..th.ca.caref ull.befor.get outreachin..decision..1She spokeso fastthatIcouldnt getwhat10This tiedoesnJ tgo myhe said.blue shirt.2We willfind waystogetdifficulties.11If youthink youcan solvethe problem,3The storyhas got,and everyoneknowsgo.about it.12Many studentswent playingbasketball.4When Iget withthe report,V11go toup,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,the cinema.off,over,with,ahead,in for5After adelicious mealthe twomen gotto
10.ge.down下来，记下，使沮丧business.get downto致力于，专心于6Dont alwaysget awordget on进展，进步，穿上，上车when othersare speaking.get off脱下,下车7It tookme along time to getgetin收集，插话such anunpleasant experience.get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假down,over,round,through,down,in,overget over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中IL giv.away赠送，泄露，出.恢复give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布get alongwith进展，相处give off发出光、热、气体get up起床1His accentat lastgave him.get through打通,完成，通过2The liquidgave astrongget round消息传开smell.get toknow3The headmastergave.ge.clos.t.sth.接近，几乎give into sb.屈服get intotrouble giveup放弃，让座位the namesof theprize-winners.
3.Tel.hi.t.hoi.,.moment.I
1.co m.soon.4The soldiersgave thetown tothe4Our foodsupply wont holdfor morethanenemies.a fewdays.5Who willhelp meto givethe books5The trainwas heldas aresultofthefloods.6Don，t believein thosewho givehis6These measureshelped tohold thecitysfriends.population.7After along walk,my strengthgave■7Hold yourleft arm,please.away,off,out,up,out,away,out back,back,on,out,up,down,up
12.han.in交上，提交
15.kee.u.courage.English,spirits保持，hand out分发keep upwith总艮上hand down流传，遗传keep offgrass不接近，离开
13.han.about闲逛keep awayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的hang up挂keep outof
14.hoi.back阻止，隐.keep torules,promise坚持，遵守hold up举起，使停顿hold on别挂，等，坚持keep on继续，坚持下来hold out持续，坚持，伸出keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下hold down控制，镇压keep from克制，阻止1I5m surehe isholding something1The angrylady toldthe strangersto keepfromher.2I canhardly keepmy tears
2.Sh.manage,t.hoi..he.emotio.untafter hearinghis words.
1.he.guest,ha.left.The.sh.cried.3Only pridekept herbursting intotears.■4I canscarcely keepasking himwhat hehasdone.knocked the car parkedthere.5〃Dont touchme,〃screamed thewoman,down,off,on,intoKeep!〃
17.leav.for离开前往6Keep untilyou succeed.leave out删去，遗漏7Keep yourcourage,and you11succeed inleave behind遗留,忘记拿走the end.leave to留给，遗嘱赠于8The thickcoat cankeep thecold leaveover遗留，剩下，延期■1“Whose namehas beenleft〃demanded the9Always tryto keepthe teacher.rules whenyou playa game.2When hedied,he leftall hisproperty10I cant keepwith everythingyou rehis niece.doing.3He suddenlyrealized thathe hadleft hisumbrella.away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,4Dont leavethis matteruntil tomorrow.up5Leave somemeat fortomorrow.
16.knoc.at/on敲6Those arequestions leftby history.knock into撞到某人身上out,to,behind,over,over,overknock down撞倒
18.loo.up查找，向上.knock outof把…敲出look through翻阅，浏览knock over撞倒look on旁观knock off停止工作，休息look on…as看作1The boxersoon knockedhis opponent.look into调查2The officestuff knocksat sixevery day.look after/at/for照顾/看/寻找3Try knockingthe windowlookout for当心and seeif thereis anyoneindoors.look about/around/round四下查看4He wasso absorbedin hisbook thathelook downupon瞧不起make for走向，驶往，促使look backupon回忆，回顾1Can youmake thislength ofcloth a.loo.ab.u.an.down仔细打量某人suitlook abin theface/eyes直视某人2I askedthe driverif hewas making1I spenttwo hourslooking thestudents Londonpapers.3My fathermadeacheck for metobuy the2Look!There isa bighole infront.camera.3He tookpart in the game,and the4We mustmake theloss nextweek./Herest ofus justlooked andcheered triedhard tomake forforhim.the damagehe haddone.4The oldman lookedupon the5He madea story,whichdays of his youth.I foundhard tobelieve.5She wasso snobbish势利that she6Someone iscoming,but I cant makelookedupon allhis neighbours.who itis.6The policepromised tolook thecase asinto,for,out,up/up,up,outsoon aspossible.
20.pas.away去世7He lookedbut sawnobody,and helistened passby经过but hearnothing.pass downon•••to传给through,out,on,back,down,into,pass through经历about/around/round passover漠视，忽视
19.mak.up编造，配制，打扮，组成1The oldclock hasbeen passedmakeup for弥补down,away,through,overmake into/of/from制成
21.pa.back还钱报复make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到清单报应pay off还清1How muchdid youpay thedictionary2You shouldpay themoneyyou borrowedfrom me.3r11pay himfor allhiscrimes罪彳亍against me.4Some day,you11pay whatyou havedonetoday.5Has shepaythedebtyetfor,back,back,for,off
22.pic.up拾起，获得information,接人，站起，收听，自然习得language/knowledge，恢复重获pickup healthpickout的遗，辨认，看出1I pickedthe informationwhile waitinginthe queue.2My friendhas arrangedto pickmeat6:
00.3The patienthas pickedhealth duringthe2The governmentsoon putthe revolt暴last twoweeks.乱.4She pickedthe mostexpensive pairof・
3.Pu.you.watc..It・slow.shoes.4He puthis handforme5I cantpick Johnin thecrowd.to shake.6Can Ipick VOAwith this,5・Pleas,pu.m..t.Extension分机
2.short-wave radio6We putfor nightatthe7He felldown suddenly,but pickedhimself villageinn.quickly.7He isveryproud,and heoften putup,up,up,out,out,up,up airs.摆架子pick cotton/f1ower/1eaves/words选词8We hada telephoneput
23.pu.up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿,安over驶到一边排住下pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险put upwith忍受境pull up使停住put out伸出，扑灭1The trainslowly pulledand disappearedinput off推迟the distance.put into放进，翻译2All theold houseshere havenow beenputaway放好，存钱pulled,and newones aretobebuilt.put down记下，平息3The carpulled whenI blewthe horn.put on穿戴，上映，增加put onweight/speed4The doctorthinks theman willpull newputforward提出，提前rules atany cost..put through接通5Take carenot topush thebaby■put aside放到一边6They pushedthe crowdputback放回and atlast reachedus.pull down往下拉,拆毁pull1He puthalf hiswage everyweek.on,over,through,over,through
26.ru.across偶然碰・..ru.after追逐，追捕run away逃跑run for竞选run into偶然碰到困难遇见人，相撞run outof用完1If youdrive sofast,you11run someonesomeday.2I rana friendof minein the exhibition.*3Ou.wate.ha.ru..Ca.yo.fil.4som.mor.bottles4Why doyou alwaysrun adventure5He didn，t wantto runpresident thatyear.6In thatway youwill onlyrundifficulties.用于名词化的词the struggleoftheoppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词指类人或事，相当于a kindof Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.I.不定冠词的用法•■12第一次提与某人某物，非特指A boyis waitingfor you.3表示“每相当于every,one Westudy eighthours aday.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe arenearly ofan age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或.Mr.Smit.cam.t.visi.yo.whe.yo.wer.out5与某名人有类似性质的人或事That boyis rathera LeiFeng.A coupleof,a bit,once upona time,in ahurry,havea6用于固定词组中walk,many atime用于quite,rather,many,half,what,7This roomis rathera bigone.such之后8用于so as,too,how+形容词之She isas clevera girlasyoucan wishto meet.into,across/into,out,after,for,into7The unpopularlaw seta
27.se.off送行series ofprotests.抗议see through看透，识破back,about,off/out,out,out,up,offsee to照料，照管
28.sen.for派人去请take away拿走take insendoff送行吸收，领会send out发出光亮等take up从事，占用时间空间send up发射take down记录，取下take back
29.se.up建.收回set off出发，触发，引起take for误认为takeset out动身，着手todo,陈述along随身带set about开始着手doingtake over接管take outsetto workn.开始做1I takeall Isaid abouthis dishonesty.set back拨回，使推迟2He wenttotheshelf andtook abook of1I shallset mywatch byfive minutes.poems.2We setreading thetext3At firstI tookhim adoctor.aloud immediatelythe bellrang.4Icansee thatmost ofyou havetaken3We setat daybreakyesterday andweveeverything thatthe teachertaught.been travellingever sincethen.5Bill hasnow takenhis4I setto advisehim notfathersbusiness.to drink.6My jobtakes mostof my5What werethe reasonshe settime.in hisreport*7The bosstook twenty
32.tur.of..on打开account of因为his poorhealth.8She turnedthe wholehouseturn over翻身，反复考虑，翻书页,翻转turn out证明为，结果，制造成品turn to转向,求助turn down调低，拒绝turn against变得敌视，反对turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turn back返回，转回去turn round转过身来turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turn in上缴turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1The childturned itsmother forcomfort.in hersearch forher missingpurse.9Where didyour purseturn Ifound itinthesnow.10The villagerssuddenly turnedthe foreignerswho livednearby.11The factoryturns2000new carslast year.to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out后II•定冠词表示某一类人或物The horseisauseful animal.的用法•.・12用于世上独一无一的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the PacificOcean表不说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的3Would youmind openingthe door人或事4用于乐器前面play theviolin,play theguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级7He isthe tallerofthetwo children.刖用于国家党派等以与江河湖海，山川群the UnitedStates,the CommunistParty of8岛的名词前China,the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compasswas inventedin China.在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个10inthe1990s年代11用于表示单位的名词前I hiredthecarby thehour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，与表示12He pattedme onthe shoulder.时间的词组前I II■零冠专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地词Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air名等名词前的用法・■
1.wan.thi.book.no.tha.one..名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,2Whos.purs.i.thiseach,every等限制季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日二餐前3March,Sunday,National Day,spring表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前4Lincoln wasmade Presidentof America.学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前5He likesplaying football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train,by air,by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband andwife,knife andfork,day andnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses areuseful animals.三.代词:I主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they■is何夕人称为宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them代词1七卡■■1形容词物主my,your,his,her,its,our,their2性代词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,7不定代词other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:
1.one.some与any:1one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为oneso some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句One shouldlearn tothink ofothers.Have youany bookmarksNo,I donthaveany bookmarks..hav.som.question,t.ask.2some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等Would youlike somebananas Couldyou giveme somemoney3some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个,hav.rea.thi.articl.i.som.magazine..Pleas,correc.th.mistakes,i.any.4some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度Ther.ar.som.3,
00.student,i.thi.school..D.yo.fee.an.bette.today
2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Eac.studen.ha..pocke.dictionary..Eac.o.us.ha..dictionary..W.eac.hav..dictionary.Ever,studen.ha.stron.an.wea.points..Ever.on.o.u.ha.stron.an.wea.points.
3.none和no:no等于not any,作定语none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以There isno waterinthe bottle.How muchwater isthere inthebottleNone.tomefrom mygrandfather*2345s grandfather.2The manpassed lastweek inpeace.3We arepassing difficulttimes.4The secretarypassedthe detailsinthefirst partofhisreport.in ouroffice.9I cantput withyour laziness.away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up
24.pul.down拆掉，推・..pul.on匆匆穿..of.脱pull in进站pull out取出，火车离站5The driverpulled atthetraffic lights.out,down,over,through,up
25.pus.over推倒，刮倒push aheadon,forward继续前进，坚持下去push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1We vedecidedtopush withour planto buildanewroad2Many treeswere pushedinthehurricane.3They weredetermined topush the。
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