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翻译的基本知识
一、翻译的定义奈达Translation consistsin reproducingin thereceptor languagetheclosest naturalequivalent of the sourcelanguage message,first intermsof meaningand secondl.i.term.o.style.—
二、翻译的标准奈达:The receptorsof atranslation shouldcomprehendthe translatedtext tosuch anextent thatthey canunderstandhow theoriginal receptormust haveunderstood theoriginaltext.一Eugen.A.Nid.Novembe.
11.
191..Augus.
25.2011was thedeveloper of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translationtheory.
四、翻译的方法・・直译Litera.translation例子・・・货到付现.C OD cas.o.delivery.蓝筹股blue chip一箭双雕hit twohawks with one arrow例1:To preventthis,first decreasethe volume,then placethemicrophone sothat it is notpointed to the speakerand thatthere issufficientdistance betweenthe microphoneand the speaker.例2:For atransistor towork properly,itisnecessary toapply propervoltagesto itselectrodes.商品说明书翻译练习
1.Twice aweek itwill makethe skineven,white andelastic.
3.
2.AppL.smal.amoun.t.th.fac.an.gentl.massag.wit.circula.movemen.unti.absorbed.Us.afte.cleanin.i.th.mornin.an.evenin.o.when eve.necessary.
4.If thecigarette lighterfails tocome back to its normal positionautomaticallyin18seconds,it meansit mayhave somethingwrong,and mustbe putbacktoitsnormalposition manually.
3.The drugshould notbe administeredto patientswith knownhypersensitivityto penicillin.
一、商务英语中数词的互译实指
1.例The firstphase ofdomestic airfreight village,which coversan areaofabout40,000square meters,has ayearly handlingcapacity of500,000tons.译文国内航空货运站第一期占地约万平方米,年吞吐量达万吨450
一、商务英语中数词的互译虚指等值翻译1例1:Two iscompany,three isnone.译文两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝例2:We needto figureout amethod tosettle thesetechnical problemsonceand forall.译文我们必须想办法一劳永逸地解决这些技术问题不等值翻译例21:Two headsare betterthan one.译文.三个臭皮匠.顶个诸葛亮例
2.W.hav.jus.move.int.th.ne.offic.译文.我们刚搬进新办公室,因此东西都是乱七八an.everythin.i.a.sixe.an.sevens.糟的例译文一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳3:Once bitten,twice shy.例4:Th.economi.recessio.ha.pu.ou.ne.busines.behin.th.eigh.ball.译文.经济不景气使我们的新业务处于很不利的处境例.译文.在签署那份合同之前.
5.W.wil.thin.twic.befor.w.sig.tha.contract我们会三思而行例.我们都是来自五湖四海译文.6W.ar.fro.al.corn er.o.th.country.
二、商务英语中量词的互译增加量词例1Would youplease providea receiptfor us.译文能否请你们给我们开一张收据?例2:To ourdismay,we findthree computerscreens gotbroken during译文使我们失望的是,我们发现三台电脑显示屏在运输途中破裂shipment.选择量^例1:W.woul.lik.t.orde.
50.pair.o.plier.wit.th.articl.no.o.H
846.译文我们想订购把货号为的钳子500H846例2Th.pric.quote.i.fo.quantitie.smalle.tha..metri.tons.Fo.ord,也旭.,・引er.o.larg1±1311-5-109113111050££.
3.5301111七译文.所报价格适用于公吨以下的订货量.若订货量超过公吨.我们给予的553%折扣
二、商务英语中倍数的互译倍数增加例1:Our totaloutput ofchemical fertilizerthis yearis approximately译文我力]今年的化肥产量大约three timesas great as thatof last year.相当于去年的三倍例2:The warehouseunder constructionis fivefolds aslarge asthe oldone.译文正在建造的仓库的大小是旧仓库的五倍例3:The registeredcapital of the pharmaceuticalcompany reachedone译文该药物公司billion yuan,4times thenumber thatwe hadexpected.的注册资本达十亿元人民币,比我们与其的高了三倍例4The totalsales volumein the firstquarter roseby
11.2%,compared withthe sameperiod of译文和去年同期相比,今年第一季度的销售总额增长了lastyear.
11.2%o例5:The totalgovernment revenuereached
5.13trillion yuanin2007,a171%increase over
2002.译文全国财政收入在年达到万亿元人民币,比年增长
20075.132002171%o例6:The rateof VitaminD in the producthas increasedby a factor of译文因为使用了ten dueto theuse ofnew technologyin manufacturing.新的生产技术,该产品中维生素的含量增长了倍例D97:We planto quadrupleourbusiness inyour countryin thenext twoyears.译文我们计划在下面的两年中,将我们在贵国的业务扩大倍3例译文生产8:The productioncosts tripledover thelast threeyears.成本在过去三年中翻了两番例9:Our profitshave trebledinthelast two译文最近两年我们的利润翻了两番years.倍数减少例1The globalrevenue of this seriesof productsdeclined by
21.5%to
19.4million USDfrom lastquarter.译文这一系列产品的全球收入比季度下降了达到万美兀
21.5%,1940例2:The principaladvantage of the innovationis athree foldreductionin productioncost.译文这一革新的主要优点是生产成本下降了四分之三例3:The personnelexpenditure hasdecreased byafactorof threeas译文今年人力资源开支比年降低了against thatof
2008.20082/3公司名称的翻译会计师事务所代理公司联合公司Accountants agency/agents Associates分公司通信公司Branch office/company CommunicationsConsultancy咨询公司/顾问公司电子有限公司集团公司/consultants ElectronicsGroup总公司Head office控股公司实业公司制药公司Holdings IndustriesLaboratories出租公司Leasing网络公司运营公司制药公司Networks OperatorPhamiaceuticals电讯公司T elecommunications公司内部部门名称的翻译客户部Account Dept.Accounting dept.财务部行政管理部广告部Administration dept.Advertising dept.Board董事会.客户服务部配送of directorsCustomer servicedept Dispatchdept.部/发货部出口.人力资源部Expor.dept..Huma.Resourc.Dept物流部Logistic.dept.市场部国际部人事部marketing dept.Overseas dept.Personnel dept.产品开发部Product developmentdept.Production dept.生产部公共关系部Public relationsdept.采购部质检部Purchasin.dept.Qualit.contro.dept.研发部Researc.an.dev elopmen.dept..R.dept.Sale.dept.售培训部.Trainin.dept.Ave..avenu.blv..boulevar.Bld..buildin.Corp..corporatio.名片上通讯地址的缩写符号的翻译Dept..d epartmen.Rd..roa.St..street会计师调研员巡视accountant advisorinspector建筑师农艺师agronomist architect总裁助理总工程师assistant topresident chiefengineer首席执行官chief executiveofficer chieffinance officer总监信息总监/资讯主管chief informationofficer chiefoperating首席运营官officer行政秘书执行董事executive directorexecutive secretary厂长副总经理deputy generalmanager factorydirector长managing director/board chairmanoffice行政秘书administrator销售部经理研究员research fellowsales executive科长秘书长secretary generalsection chief职务、头衔与学衔的翻译高级经济师常务理事senior economiststanding directorvice副总裁president
①翻译练习:
①去年,我公司在国内的该类项目的投标取得了接二连三的胜利
①每箱货物都装好了,正等待装船如果贵方的第一批货物令人满意,随后将有大批续订贵方每多销售架钢琴,我方将给你方加的佣金
100.2%
一、英汉互译中主语的翻译方法例1:A businessmanof todayhandles morebusiness in a daythan abusinessmanof1960s couldhave handledin amonth.译文今天一位商人一天内所处理的业务比上世纪年代一位商人一个月能处理的60还要多例2:That theearth goesaround thesun iswell-known toeverybody.译文众所周知,地球绕着太阳转例3:I havebeen wonderingabout somethingand wouldlike toconsultyou aboutit.译文有件事我一直很纳闷,想咨询一下你例这件事你不用操心4:topic+comments译文Yo.don’.nee.t.worr.abou.this..subjec..predicate例
5.Thi.ol.auditoriu.ha.witnesse.man.ceremonies.译文曾经有过许许多多的仪式在这个礼堂里举行例6:The year2004witnessed the100th anniversaryof thatprestigiousuniversity.译文年那所蜚声海内外的大学举行了百年校庆2004例门译文.一个奇怪的念头闪过他的脑际.thought.
二、英汉互译中的增词法和减词法.•增词法1例1:While insurancemay bearranged by the exporter,the importeristhe rightfulowner;consequently,claims areusually madeby theimporter,after discoveringa loss.译文虽然可能由出口商来投保,但进口商是合法的拥有者因此,发现损失之后,通常是由进口商提出索赔例2:After theexhibition,the banquet,the delegateswill returnto thehotel.译文参观展览、出席宴会之后,代表们将回到酒店休息例
3.Althoug.i.spen.nearl.$.billio.las.yea.advertisin.it.variou.brand.a roun.th.globe.Cok.sa.it.shar.o.th.critica.U.S.col.marke.decline.译文尽管去年斥资亿美元在全球为其各种品牌做广告,可口可乐公司还是眼看20着自己在重要的美国可乐市场上的份额下降例4:Although Basiscleans thoroughly,dissolving dirtand makeupdeepin thepores ofyour skin,it svery,very gentle.译文可以彻底清洁肌肤,清除残留在肌肤深层的污垢和化妆品,但它非常柔和,Basis毫不刺激皮肤例5:Packing isdesigned notonly as a formof protection,but alsoaform tofacilitate handling,storage,to preventpilferage and,moreimportantly,to helppromote thesales.译文包装不仅仅是为了保护商品,也是为了便利搬运和库存、防止盗窃,更重要的是,有助于促销例6:More thoroughtesting mighthave caughtthe failureinitially.译文如果测试更为彻底,也许一开始就能找出故障例译文签名前请仔细阅读内容7:Please readcarefully beforesigning.例8:A newtype ofaircraft—small,cheap,pilotless-is attractingincreasingattention.译文一种新型的飞机正越来越吸引人们的注意一一此飞机体积小、价格低、无人驾驶例9:After allpreparations hadbeen made,the meetingbegan.译文一切准备工作就绪后,会议开始了例10:The boardof directorsdiscussed mysuggestions andsupportedmost ofthem.译文董事会讨论了我的各项建议,对其中多数表示支持例11:Inflation wasand stillis amajor problemofthecountry.译文通货膨胀过去是、现在也仍然是该国的一个主要问题例译文12:Newsmen wereflying offto Atlantafor theAtlanta
500.记者纷纷飞到亚特兰大去报道英里汽车大奖赛50例译文摩根斯坦利证券公司13:Morgan Stanley..减词法2例译文希望您在这儿过得愉快1:I hopeyou willenjoy yourstay here.例译文早知如此,我2:If Ihad knownit,I wouldnot havecome here.就不来了例译文然而这次危3:The crisis,however,proved short-lived.机为时并不长
一、用词特点大量使用专有名词1例1:At theage of37,already astar on the Americanbusiness scenehewas presidentof HJHeinz company,then oneofthebiggest foodcompanieson theplanet,Tony OReilly hadtaken hisfirst stepinto themediaworld bybuying controloftheIrish Independent,a staidanddown-at-heel newspaperbased inhis nativeDublin.例
2.Lan.case.Chin.i.fa.les.influentia.a..consume.tha.a..producer.A.th.WorLEconomi.Foru.i.Davos.Switzerland.
1.January.Ban.o.Chin.Grou.Executiv.Vice-Presiden.Zh.Mi.tol.Busines.Wee.Editor-in-Chie.Stephe.J.Adie.i..pane.discus意译(sio.tha.eve.rapi.growt.i.Chines.consumptio.can’.mak.u.fo.weak Free)translation例子水渍绩优股一箭双雕WPA bluechip killtwo birdswithone stone
一、广告的定义Advertising isthe non-personal communicationofinformation usuallypaid forand usuallypersuasive innatureabout products,services orideas byidentifiedsponsors throughthe variousmedia.------American MarketingAssociation
二、广告的分类理性广告()情感广告()
1.Rational adsEmotional ads
三、广告的组成部分()
1.Headline SubheadText bodyLogo slogan(麦当劳)我就喜欢!I mlovin it!()Goo.t.th.las.drop.Maxwel.coffee滴滴香浓,意犹未尽(耐克运动鞋)只管去做Jus.d.it.(复印机)我们领先,别人模仿W.lead.other.copy.Rico.(美能达相机)Minolta.fines.t.pu.yo.finest.第一流的美能达,第一流的你(摩尔香烟)摩尔香烟,令我更爱I.Mor.satisfied.(奇巧巧克力)Hav..Break.Hav..Kit-Kat.,e.spendin.i.th.U.S..th.world.No..shopper.译文无论从哪方面来看,中国作为消费国的地位和影响力远不和其作为生产国的地位和影响力今年月在瑞士达沃斯举办的世界经济论坛上,中国银行集团副行长1朱民在一词小组讨论中告诉《商业周刊》总编斯蒂芬•阿德勒,就算中国消费快速增长,也难以弥补作为世界第一消费国的美国所留下的消费缺口大量使用数据2例年,中国政府向贷款银行注入了亿人民币,即亿美元的资1:1998270326金,来充实银行资本一年后,中国成立了四家资产管理公司,从银行剥离了超过L4万亿元人民币的不良资产译文.China.i.
1998.spen.
27.billio.yuan.o.$
32..billio.t.boos.capita.a.th.lenders..yea.later.i.forme.fou.asset-managemen.companie.t.acquir.mor.tha.l..trillio.yua.o.ba.asset.fro.banks.例
2.Earl,estimate.sa.th.millionair.population.th.U.S.fel.
30.las.year.Now.i.seem.Britain.millionair.populatio.ha.falle.a.astoundin.50%.译文根据初步估计,去年美国的百万富翁人数减少了如今,看起来英国的百30%万富翁人数减少了太令人震惊了50%,
3.Th.Unite.State.passe..majo.mileston.toda.a.th.country.populatio.reache.300,000,OOO.Th.U.Censu.Burea.say.US.gain..ne.citiz e.ever.
1.seconds.译文今天,美国人口达到亿,这是美国历史上的一个里程碑美国人口普查局3说,美国现在每秒就增加一位公民11大量使用专业术语和缩略语3例1:As aproportion ofGDP,Danish companiesattract moreventurecapital thanany otherEuropean country.译文按占国内生产总值得比重来说,丹麦的公司吸引的风险投资超过其他人和一个欧洲国家例2:The stockhas climbedfrom its$85IPO toabove$171,a译文这一支股票在区区数月之内就已101%increase ina materof months.经从其美元/股的首次公开发行价涨至美元/股,涨幅高达85171101%经常使用古旧词语4英语的等hereinafter,hereto,whereat,hereafter,thereby,hitherto汉语的欣悉、候复、特此、贵方、敬请、谨上等例1:This agreementand anyrights orobligations stipulatedherein arenottransferrable orassignable byone partyto thisagreement withouttheconsent ofthe otherparty hereto.译文本协议以和本协议所规定的权利或义务未经另一方的同意不得擅自转让例2Whereas,Tenant desiresto leasethe Premisesfrom Landlord译文租户意欲,根据本ontheterms andconditions ascontained herein.协议所列明之规定和条件,从业主处租得本协议中所指之房产例欣寄产品目录一份,提供我方各类产品的详细情况3:译文We havepleasure inforwarding ourcatalogue,which givesfullinformation aboutour variousproducts.()经常使用外来词语5例如(不可抗力)、(特别地、专门地)、(事force majeuread hocde facto实上,实际上的)、(自身)等等per se例.译文侵权本身可引起诉讼
二、句法特点大量使用长句句子结构复杂,经常包含主句、从句、修饰词或插入语等例1:The actualglobal savingrate in2006,overall,was onlymodestlyhigher than1999,suggesting thatthe uptrendin developing-economysaving intentionsoverlapped with,and largelytempered,declininginvestment intentionsinthedeveloped world.译文年全球实际储蓄率总体而言只比年稍高一点这表明,发展中20061999国家储蓄意愿的上升趋势与发达国家投资意愿的不断下降出现交叠,并对后者起到很大的调和作用
1.例2Here’.th.bi.idea.Lth.lac.o.deman.tha.th.Obam.Administratio.i.fightin.wer.th.onl.problem.you.expec.price.t.fal.acros.th.board.Instead.i.appear.tha.suppl.-.tha.is.oversuppl..i.a.1eas.a.importan..factor.Th.sector.i.whic.price.ar.fallin.ar.thos.plague.b.a.exces.o.factories.ofte.becaus.o.hug.investmen.i.plant.i.developin.nations.Mos.service.i.contrast.ar.no.i.sever.oversuppl.an.hav.domesti.labo.a.th ei.mai.ingredient.Conside.this.Price.o.good.fel.
4.
1.las.year.price.o.service.ros.3%.
2.译文以下是一种见解如果奥巴马政府所奋力抗争的需求减少是唯一的问题,那么价格应该全面下跌但以目前的现象来看,供给一一或者说过度供给一一只是其中一个重要因素价格下降的那些领域多是因为设厂过多而出现问题,通常是由于在发展中国家投入巨资建立工厂与此相反,大多数服务性行业并未出现严重的过度供给,而且往往以本国劳动力为主比较一下这对数据吧:去年商品价格下降了而服务价格却上涨了
4.1%,3%
3.We willhelp this region outof itsbackwardness.
1.The presentposition andpotentialities ofthisregionjustifyoptimism.
1.出口大于进口必然会增加就业
1.推销和宣传活动使这一新产品在几周内就成为了畅销品轻松一刻,奇巧时刻吮指回味,其乐无穷(肯德基)It.finger-lickin.good..让我们做得更好(飞利浦)Le.u.mak.thing.better...我们为女人减负(水晶洗衣机).非可乐-----------------------------------七喜.You arenot fullyclean untilyou reZestfully clean.干净?用激爽(激爽,沐浴产品)使用壳牌汽油.保您一路不愁G.wellgShell...天生奔驰Bor.t.mn.(高露洁)Th.worl.leade.i.ora.care..口腔护理,引领世界(,)Originality-Integrity-Innovation.Levi s独特——完美——创新Small.Smart.Smile.Pentax:See thedifference.小巧灵便微笑宾得相机不一样,就是不一样()N.problem.to.large.N.busines.to.small..IBM没有解决不了的大问题,没有不做的小生意(杂志)W.tak.n.prid.an.prejudice.Tim.傲慢与偏见,均与我们无缘汉英句子的结构差异与翻译、汉英句子的结构差异英语是形合型语言hypotaxis汉语是意合型语言parataxis“西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的英语句子结构是语法的,汉语句子结构是语义的英语句子的基本结构是SVOo•.英语多采用静态.汉语多采用动态例会开得很成功
1.Th.meetin.wa..success.例我们正缺人手
2.W.ar.shor.o.hands.英语被动句多于汉语例1:A fewyears ago,it wasthought unusualthat programscould be几年前,人called upby viewersto bedisplayed ontheir screensat home.们还以为,观众打电话要求……例面试时问了她十来个问
2.Sh.wa.aske.abou.
1.question.durin.th.interview.题英语多复合长句,汉语多简单短句
5...例,
6..too.i.fo.grante.tha.ther.woul.b.plent.o.graduate.
1.th.are.wh.woul.b.willin.t.wor.fo..joint-ventur.lik.我想当然地以为.这地区会有大量的大学毕业生.愿意为我们这样一家合ours..资企业工作英语多头轻脚重孔雀尾,汉语多头重脚轻狮子头例揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看,号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条,这就是五四运动的一个极大功绩A tremendousachievement ofthe May4th Movementwas itspublicexposure ofthe uglinessof oldstereotype andthe olddogma andits callto the peopleto riseagainst them...英语重时态,汉语轻时态例What areyou doingWhat wereyou doingat thistime yesterday你在干什么?昨天这个时候,你在干什么?英语常用间接肯定与否定,汉语常用直接肯定与否定例我非常赞同你的意见1:.can.agre.wit.yo.more.例2:We foundthe qualityofthegoods belowthe standard.我们发现这些产品的质量没有达标.・英语多用代词,汉语少用代词例He hatedfailure;he hadconquered itall hislife,risen aboveit,anddespised itin others.他讨厌失败他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败
三、企业名称的翻译音译法
1.阿塞姆洁具贸易中国有限公司ASE.Chin.Co..Ltd.福特汽车公司Ford MotorCompany・^@丫
6.3顼!1・
30.・1^比・拜耳中国有限公司(道康宁(上海)有限公司.Do.Cornin.Shanghai.Co..Ltd.威廉•格兰特父子有限公司.Willia.Gran..Son.Ltd.英国米兰银行Midland Bank.•直译法2例海湾石油有限公司Gulf OilCorporation日本电气公司Nippon ElectricCompany国际商用机器公司International BusinessMachines Corporation历史沿用法
一、英语成语翻译技巧借用法例得寸进尺例1:Kill thegoose thatlays thegolden eggs2:Give himan杀鸡取卵例瓮中之鳖inch andhell takean ell3:a ratinahole直译法例摊牌1:to showonescards put/lay onescards onthe table例J蜗牛般的速度2:atasnail space例如鱼离水3:like afish outof water例左耳进,右耳出4in oneear andout theother例趁热打铁
3.4:strike whilethe ironis hot意译法
4.例不择手段例1:by hookor bycrook2:as poorasa一贫如洗church mouse披着羊皮的狼例3:wolf insheep*s clothing4:put allones eggsin one孤注一掷basket汉语联合式四字成语的英译方法同义词交叉搭配的成语通常只需译出其中一组的意思1例如兵荒马乱愁眉苦脸turmoil ofwar gloomyface反义词交叉搭配的成语2通常前后两部分都要译出例如貌合神离appear unitedoutwardly butdivided atheart深入浅出explain theprofound insimple terms同义词和反义词搭配的成语3有时只需译出一个部分,有时需要将前后两个部分都译出例如冷嘲热讽温故知新be ironicalgain newinsights throughreviewing oldmaterial四字分两组重叠式的成语只需意译4例如马马虎虎勤勤恳恳carelessly diligently四字分两组正反式成语5只需意译例如悲欢离合古今中夕卜
1.sorrow andjoy,be nearand apartanytimeand anywhere音译法
2.例飞利浦芬达伊丽莎白・雅顿Philips FantaElizabeth Arden省音译法例,麦当劳百威McDonald sBudweiser.谐音译法例奥妙平治4OMO Benz直译法
5.例鳄鱼骆驼箭牌Crocodile CamelArrow自创法例金霸王露得清Duracell Neutrogena飘柔Rejoice不译例LG NEC3Mea.pape.towe.o.dr.cloth.Caution:In caseof eyecontact,clean youreyes withwater..1,swallowed.drin.plent.o.wate.an.consul.physicia.immediat ely.例例1:If youwant tointerrupt recording,you shouldpress Pause.2:Should youencounter anyproblems duringthe installationofthisfaxmachine,please refertothetrouble-shooting guidebefore callingtheservice center.频繁使用被动语态例1:Additional informationcan befound inthe electronicuser smanualwhich islocated onthe CD-ROM.例2:The fanbelt tensionshould bechecked regularly.例3:This productcan beused inhot wateror steamline withthetemperature limitedto225°C.例1:Tupperware cupshave manyseries,each havingits owndesigner.大量使用独立分词结构例2:Test theeffect ofthe twospeakers withboth turnedtothelargestvolume.例3:This phenomenonof howlingis causedbythemicrophone pickingupthe soundoutput fromthespeaker.大量使用动词不定式。
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