大二英语-中国文化概况-中国文化概况期末资料

Chapter1A GeneralIntroduction toChinese CultureWordsand Expressions:炎黄子孙瓷器the descendantsof Yanand HuangporcelainThe appellationof ChinaChines.histor.bega.wit.tw.legendar.figures—Empero.Huan.an.Empero.Yan.who.togethe.wit.thei.tribes.inhabite.th.drainag.are.alon.th.middl.rea ches（中游.o.th.Yello.River.B.th.tim.o.Xi.Dynasty.afte.centurie.o.livin.sid.b.side.thes.tw.tribe.ha.gradualL（合并,融合merge,into.one.Consequently.th.Chines.peopl.usuall.cal.themselve.u th.descendant.o.Ya.an.Huang”.People atthat timebelieved thatthe land they livedon was the centerof the world,and calledtheir state（中国）,the“Middle Kingdom”thus givingChina itscountry name.Chin.i.th.appellatio.o.ou.countr.give.b.foreigners.Th.porcelai.chin.i.th.transliteratio.o.th.plac.nam.（昌南）（景德Changnan.whic.wa.th.ol.nam.fo.Jingdezhen镇）.Th.porcelai.mad.i.Changna.wa.smoot.an.bright.an.earne.anothe.nam.o.artificia.jade.I.becam.famou.bot.hom.an.abroa.an.wa.exporte.t.Europ.i.larg.quantities.LEurope.peopLregarde.Changna.porcelai.a.somethin.preciou.an.delicat.an.woul.tak.prid.i.possessin.one.A.tim.passed.peopl.i.Europ.forgo.th.meanin.o.Changna.an.switche.th.origina.meanin.o.poreelai.o.th.wor.china.t.th.plac.o.it.origin.Chapter2Chinese Philosophyand ReligionPart1Chinese Thoughtsand PhilosophyWordsand Expressions:儒家Confucianism道家Taoism《论语》仁慈，善行礼制，仪式，惯例孝，孝心The Analectsbenevolence ritualfilial pietyTheDevelopment ofAncient ChinesePhilosophy《西游记》《红楼梦》Journey to the WestDream of the RedMansionsWinner of the NoblePrize inLiterature,Mo YanO.l.Octobe.

2012.th.Swedis.Academ.announce.tha.M.Ya.ha.receive.th.Nobe.Priz.i.Literatur.fo.hi.wor..Age.

5.a.th.tim.o.th.announcement.h.wa.th.l09t.recipien.o.th.awar.an.th.firs.eve.residen.o.mainlan.Chin.t.receiv.i..M.Ya.ha.writte.l.novels.an.severa.novella.an.shor.stor.collections.《红高粱家族》RedSorghum^《天堂蒜纂之歌》TheGarlicBallads^《十三步》ThirteenStep,《食草家族》The HerbivorousFamily,《丰乳肥臀》《酒国》Big Breastsand WideHips,TheRepublicofWine:ANovel,《红树林》RedForest工《檀香刑》SandalwoodDeath,《生死疲劳》《四十一炮》Pow!^《蛙》FrogLife andDeath AreWearing MeOut,Chapter5EducationWords and Expressions私塾Private Schools官学Official SchoolsFour Books Five Classics四书五经the and theImperial Examination科举九年制义务教育Nine-year CompulsoryEducation职业教育Vocational Education高考College EntranceExamination学士学位Bachelors degree硕士学位Masters degree博士学位Doctors degreeConfucius Institute孔子学院Private SchoolsAprivate schoolrefers toa schoolset upby afamily,clan,or teacherthat generallyhad justone teacherwhogave individualtuition,and thathad noset textbooksand nospecified timespan ofstudy.I.th.Sprin.an.Autum.Period.privat.school.prevaile.an.man.scholar.o.differen.school.o.though.sprea.thei.teachin.i.thi.way.Amon.them.th.privat.schoo.ru.b.Confuciu.wa.th.larges.an.mos.influential.Confucius5private school:（弟子）；3000ciples72virtuous andtalented studentsConfucius5educational ideas:（有教无类）Education shouldbe forall,irrespective of their socialstatus.（六艺:礼、乐、射、御、“Six arts”:ritual,music,archery,chariot-riding,writing,and arithmetic.书、数）Official SchoolsOfficia.school.bega.durin.th.Wester.Zho.Dynasty.an.wer.sponsore.b.th.officia.constitutio.calle.Xiangxu..Onl.chi!dre.o.noble.wer.admitted.FourBooksFiveClassics（四书五经）.The teachingmaterials werecentered on the andthe（科举）Imperial ExaminationSystemImperial ExaminationSystem in China beganin the Sui Dynastyand lastedmore than1,300years untilthelast examinationwas heldduring the Qing Dynasty.（乡试）（会试）It wasconducted attwo levels:xiangshi andhuishi（进Durin.th.Min.an.Qin.Dynasty.th.examinatio.wa.designe.t.selec.jinshi士（八股文）.”.feature,writin.,whic.involve.th.writin.o.a.Eight-par.EssayAfte.th.Opiu.Wa.i.l

84.wit.th.sprea.o.th.Wester.ideolog.an.technolog.i.Chin..i.wa.unde.attac.b.people.Lwa.abolishe.i.

1905.Nine-year CompulsoryEducationTh.la.o.compulsor.educatio.cam.int.effec.o.Jul.

1.

1986.requirin.eac.chil.t.hav.nin.year.o.forma.education.Chinas Nine-year CompulsoryEducation iscomposed oftwo parts:six-years inprimary schoolandthree-years injunior highschool.（希望工程）In1989,China launchedtwo ambitiousprojects:Project HopeandtheSpring BudProject（春蕾计戈）U Thesetwo projectshave helpedchildren,especially girls,in poorareas toattend schools.Th.Nationa.Colleg.Entranc.Examinatio.i.a.academi.examinatio.hel.annualLi.Chin.aime.Lselec.high-schoo.graduate.fo.colleg.admissions.Higher Educationh.hav.eame.Bachelo.o.Art.o.Scienc.degree.ma.appl.fo.Maste.o.Art.o.Scienc.program.an.the.three-yea.Docto.o.Philosoph.Ph.Deprograms.Confucius Institute传播ConfuciusInstituteis nota generalsense of the university,but thepromotion anddisseminationof Chineseculture andChinese languageeducation.Chapter6Dress andAdornment CultureWordsand Expressions服装、服饰attire/costume/trappings丝绸之路The Silk RoadThe Maritime SilkRoad海上丝绸之路embroidery/im4bridri/刺绣;刺绣品黎锦Li Brocade非物质文化遗产The Intangible Cultural HeritageChin.ha.man.ethni.group.wit..vote.themselve.t.buildin.th.Kingdo.o.Clothes.makin.th.garment.tha.cove.th.huma.bod.int.a.importan.componen.o.Chines.culture.Cheong-samQi Pao.figure.Chinese tunicsuit Zhongshansuit/Mao suitTh.moder.Chines.tuni.sui.i..styl.o.mal.attir.know.i.Chin.a.th.Zhongsha.suit.an.know.i.th.Wes.a.th.Ma.sui.afte.Ma.Zedong.Su.Zhongsha.introduce.th.styl.short!.afte.th.foundin.o.th.Republi.o.Chin.a..for.o.nationa.dres.althoug.wit..distinctl.politica.an.late.governmenta.implication.Tang Costumes.tan.costume.literally.nChines.suit..i..Chines.jacke.tha.originate.a.th.en.o.th.Qin.Dynasty.Th.tangz马huan.evolve.fro.th.magu.Chinese.荏卜.mo.people.The.ar.ofte.wor.b.men.althoug.wome.wea.the.a.well.I.Chines.communities.th.Zhongsha.suitth.wester.suit.an.th.Tan.sui.ar.th.mai.form.o.forma.dres.fo.me.o.man.occasions.The SilkRoadThe SilkRoad refers to theancient traderoute connectingAsia Continentand EuropeanContinent,usually itcan beclassified intoNorthern SilkRoad on the land,andtheMaritimeSilkRoad.（刺绣）EmbroideryEmbroider.i..traditiona.Chines.handicraf.featurin.flowers.bird.an.scener.o.sil.o.othe.clot.i.colore.sil.threads.Chines.embroider.date.bac.ove.3,

00.years.Lha.distinc.regiona.an.ethni.characteristics.Embroidery inChina includes:（蜀绣）Shu Embroideryfrom Sichuan,（苏绣）Su Embroideryfrom SuzhouS.embroider.enjoy..goo.reputatio.o.th.firs.o.th.Top-fou.embroider.i.China.（湘绣）（粤绣Xiang Embroideryfrom HunanYu.Embroider..fro.Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaime.a..nlivin.fossil.o.Chines.textiles.th.Li-styl.brocad.wa.chose.i.th.firs.batc.o.item.fo.th.Intangibl.Cultura.Heritag.lis.release.b.UNESC.i.ZOOQ.Th.L.brocad.ha.bee.par.o.China.nationa.cuItura.heritage.bu.a.fe.peopLnowaday.hav.th.skill.necessar.t.weav.th.specia.brocades.th.practic.i.i.dange.o.becomin.extinct.Chapter7Part1Food CultureWordsand Expressions吃货foodie厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的culinary烹饪，烹调法;菜肴cuisine主食，主粮（）main foodstaple food芳香，香味aroma调味品、调料seasoningsA generalintroduction of Chinese food（菜肴）（烹Chinese cuisineis widelyseen asrepresenting one of therichest andmost diverseculinary饪的）cuisines andheritages in theworld.（）（芳.mea.i.Chines.cultur.i.typicall.see.a.consistin.o.tw.o.mor.genera.components.Zhush.mai.food—ty香，香味.（色香味俱全）an.taste.LChina.w.hav.eigh.branche.o.cuisine.山东菜系（鲁菜）Shandong Cuisine广东菜系（粤菜）Guangdong Cuisine四川菜系（川菜）Sichuan Cuisine湖南菜系（湘菜）Hunan Cuisine淮扬菜系（苏菜）Jiangsu Cuisine浙江菜系（浙菜）Zhejiang Cuisine福建菜系（闽菜）Fujian Cuisine安徽菜系（徽菜）Anhui CuisineHainanCuisine东和乐蟹.

111.an.Hei.CrabChapter7Part2Tea andWine CultureABrief Introductionto TeaCulture（茶）（浸泡）（芽）,Tea commonlydenotes thedrink made from steepingthe processedleaves,buds（茶树）or twigsof thetea bushin water.O.bot.casua.an.forma.Chines.occasions.te.i.consume.regularly.Ladditio.t.bein..drink.Chines.te.i.use.i.Traditiona.Chines.medicin.an.i.Chines.cuisine.I.i.universall.acknowledge.tha.Chin.i.th.origina.tea-growin.area.a.wel.a.th.firs.countr.t.grow.produc.an.drin.tea.（荷兰人）At theend of the sixteenthcentury,the Dutchbrought wordto Europethat therewas akind ofmagicleaf in the east,from whichtasty drinkscould bemade,and thiswasthefirst timethat Europeansheardof tea.（东印度公I.

1610.th.Eas.Indi.Company司.wa.th.firs.t.sel.te.t.Europe.afte.whic.th.habi.o.drinkin.te.too.roo.there.Britai.i.famou.fo.it.te.drin king.The Classificationsof ChineseTea绿茶红茶乌龙茶Green teaBlack teaOolong tea黄茶白茶花茶Yellow teaWhite teaScented tea砖茶Compressed teaUniquecustoms oftaking teain differentregions:Guangdong MorningteaFujian KongfuteaSichuan Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Butteredtea（酥油茶）Inner MongoliaMilk teaHainanLaoba TeaHainanLaoba TeaLaob.tea（Laob.mean.father.i..specia.scen.i.Haikou..po.o.te.wit.som.snacks.peopl.si.aroun.a.ol.table.fo.killin.tim.an.strengthenin.th.relationshi.wit.their.friends.i.hasn.th.limitatio.o.tim.o.place.Mos.o.place.o.traditiona.Laob.te.ar.barel.furnished.th.price.o.foo.an.te.ther.ar.cheap.Th.teahous.o.Laob.te.i..littl.worl.o.society..mirro.o.th.traditiona.lif.i.Hainan.The Functionsof OfferingTeaTo showrespectTo apologizeToexpress thanksto the elders onone swedding dayTeaEtiquetteServin..cu.o.te.i.mor.tha.mer.politeness.Whe.offere.tea.i.i.considere.polit.t.a.leas.tak..sip.Whe.yo.pou.tea.th.rul.o.ful.cu.fo.win.an.hal.cu.fo.tea”shoul.b.observed.Chinese WineCultureThe Originof ChineseWineChines.wine.a..specia.for.o.culture.ha..histor.o.mor.tha.fiv.thousan.year..（荆石器Chines.win.makin.ca.b.trace.bac.a.fa.a.

400.BC.t.th.earl.perio.o.th.Neolithi.Yangsha.Cultur.f时代的仰韶文.）.Durin.it.lon.development.Chines.win.ha.develope.distinctiv.characteristics..Types of Chinese WineHuangjiuyellow ricewineHuangji.i.on.o.thre.dominate.brewe.wine.bee.an.grap.wine.i.th.world.Huan.Ji.predate.al.th.othe.liquors.wit..histor.o.severa.thousan.years.Amon.thes.liquor.th.Shaoxin.Ric.Win.i.th.mos.famous.Baijiuwhite wineBeingmadefromsorghum,corn,barley orwheatFruit WineFermente.alcoholi.beverage.mad.fro..variet.o.bas.ingredient.othe.tha.grapes.Ma.als.hav.additiona.flavor.take.fro.fruits.flowers.an.herbs.Red Wine.typ.o.win.mad.fro.dark-coloure.black.grap.varieties.Th.actua.colou.o.th.win.ca.rang.fro.intens.violet.typica.o.youn.wines.throug.t.bric.re.fo.matur.wine.an.brow.fo.olde.re.wines.BeerToast etiquette礼仪Chinese DrinkingEtiquetteThe Chinesepeople caremore aboutthe peoplewe drinkwith.That isChinese drinkingetiquette reflectsthe respectof thedrinkers敬酒顺序The hostand guestshave theirown seatand orderof toastWhentoast,the hostcome first,and firstly,they should toast themost honoredguest.The winevessel mustbe full.先干为敬The youngershouldtoasttheelderand drinkall of the wine.Western DrinkingEtiquetteThe drinkingetiquette ofwest showthe respectof wine.观其色、闻其香、品其味.The.drin.fo.enjoying.s.sometime.the.drin.themselves.The.d.no.encourag.other.t.drink.neithe.d.the.conside.lettin.othe.drun.i..wa.t.sho.thei.etiquette.Chapter4Traditional Festivalsand CustomsWordsand Expressions法定节假日Legal holiday/official holiday阳历Solar calendar阴历农历Lunar calendar/Agricultural calendar（春节）Spring Festival（元宵节）Lantern Festival（清明节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/Qing MingFestival（端午节）Dragon BoatFestival（中秋节）Mid-autumn Festival（重阳节）Double NinthFestival非物质文化遗产IntangibleCultural Heritage（春节）Spring FestivalChina.mos.importan.festiva.fall.o.th.1s.da.o.th.1s.luna.mont.eac.year.Famil.member.gathe.jus.a.the.d.fo.Christma.i.th.West.CustomsSpring Cleaning（对联）Write andpaste coupletson doorsSetoff fireworksReceiveGift MoneyGreeteach other（元宵节）Lantern FestivalTh.Lanter.Festival.celebrate.o.th.l5t.da.o.th.firs.luna.month.i.closel.relate.t.th.Sprin.Festival.I.mark.th.en.o.th.Ne.Yea.celebrations.foliowin.whic.lif.return.t.normal.Th.mos.prominen.activit.o.th.Lanter.Festiva.i.th.gran.displa.o.beautifu.lanterns.CustomsGuessing RiddlesEatingYuanxiao（清明节）Tomb-sweeping FestivalTomb-sweepin.Da.i..tim.t.remembe.th.dea.an.th.dearl.departed.Mor.important.i.i..perio.t.hono.an.t.pa.respec.t.one.deceased（亡故的.ancestor.an.famil.members.Lfall.i.earl.spring.uQin.Ming.literal!.mean.u Pur.Brightness v.Afte.th.festival.th.temperatur.rise.an.rainfal.increase.i.readines.fo.sprin.plowin.sowing.CustomsVisit thegraves ofthe ancestorsSweepthe asheson thetomb（）Go to the suburbTa Qing（端午节）Dragon BoatFestivalTh.Drago.Boa.Festiva.fall.o.th.5t.da.o.th.5t.luna.month.CustomsEating ZongziHoldingdragon boatraces（中秋节）Mid-autumn FestivalTheMid-Autumn Festivalfalls onthe15th day ofthe8th lunarmonth,usually inOctober.The roundshape toa Chinesemeans family reunion,therefore theMid-Autumn Festivalis mostromanticizedinChinaas adayof familyreunionand afestival withfriends.CustomsEating mooncakesEnjoyingthe fullmoon（重阳节）Double NinthFestivalTh.Double-Nint.Festiva.fall.o.th.nint.da.o.th.nint.luna.mont.an.ha..histor.o.mor.tha.l,

70.years.Th.nint.da.o.th.nint.luna.mont.i..da.whe.th.tw.Yan.number.meet.S.i.i.calle.Chon.Yang.Customs（登高）Climb themountains（赏菊）Appreciate chiysanthemumsVisitthe OldMen HouseOthertraditional festivals（）Qixi FestivalDouble SeventhFestivalTh.Doubl.Sevent.Festival.o.th.7t.da.o.th.7t.luna.month.i..traditiona.festiva.ful.o.romance.I.ha.bee.regarde・a・China.Valentine*.Day.（中元节）Ghost Festivalnt.i.genera.i.regarde.a.th.Ghos.Mont..i.whic.ghost.an.spirits.includin.thos.o.th.decease.ancestors.com.ou.fro.th.underworld.CustomsPeople oftenprepare alarge feastto the ghosts.PeopLreleas.rive.light.t.war.an.comfor.th.homeles.ghosts.The lotuslights directthe waysofthe underworld to the spirits.Burning papermoney andother offeringsto lettheghostslive abetter lifeunderworld冬至Winter Solstice腊八LabaSpecial Festivalsin HainanJunpoFestivalI.i.th.bigges.festiva.o.loca.Ha.peopLafte.Chines.Ne.Yea.t.worshi.th.nationa.heroin.calle.Mada.Xia.513-

603.Mada.Xia.wa..politicia.an.militaris.wh.ha.bee.honore.b.th.folk.o.Haina.fo.l

30.years.Sh.conquere.th.loca.rebellion.an.activel.promote.th.communicatio.o.Haina.Islan.wit.mainlan.China.Sh.ha.donate.aLhe.lif.t.th.developmen.o.loca.agricultur.an.economy.Sanyuesan Festival/March ThirdFestivalTh.Sanyuesa.Festival.als.name.Marc.Thir.Festiva.i.th.traditiona.festiva.o.th.L.an.Mia.minoritie.i.th.Haina.Islan.whic.take.plac.o.th.3r.da.o.th.3r.luna.mont.o.th.year.Thi.i.th.chanc.fo.th.youn.girl.an.boy.t.ge.togethe.fo.singin.an.dancing.Youn.peopl.wil.loo.fo.thei.belove.b.singin.an.dancin.competiti on.Bambo.Dane.i..mus.durin.thi.festiva.b.girl.an.boy.i.traditiona.clothes.Chapter9Traditional Architecturein ChinaWordsand Expressions皇宫，皇家宫殿imperial palaces园林gardens寺庙temples民居civilian residentialhousing紫禁城，故宫the ForbiddenCity颐和园the SummerPalace秦始皇兵马俑The TerraCotta Warriorsand HorsesTheCharacteristics of Chinese AncientArchitectureTraditionally,Chinese architecture,from thevillage housesto imperialpalaces,features the（先秦子学）The philosophyin Pre-Qin times（两汉经学）The orthodoxphilosophy duringthe Han Dynasty（魏晋玄学）Metaphysics duringthe Weiand Jindynasties（隋唐佛学）The buddhistphilosophy duringtheSuiand Tangdynasties（宋明理学）Neo-confucianism inSong andMing dynasties（明清实学）Application philosophyinthe Ming and Qing dynasties（先秦子学）The philosophyin Pre-Qin timesTh.philosoph.i.Pre-Qi.time.wa.marke.b.th.emergenc.o.variou.ancien.philosophica.views.（儒家），（道家）,（墨家）The mostinfluential schoolswere ConfucianismTaoism Mohismand Legalism（法家）

1.ConfucianismConfucianis.i..schoo.o.though.represente.b.Confuciu.an.Mencius.Confucianis.ha.influence.th.Chines.fo.thousand.o.year.an.i.deepl.roote.i.Chines.culture.I.i.a.integratio.o.intellectual.politicaLan.religiou.traditio.wit.th.fbcu.o.th.individua.moralit.an.ethic.i.dail.lif.an.th.prope.exercis.o.politica.powe r.Who isConfuciusFamily name:Kong;Given name:Qiu;courtesy name:ZhongniH.i..grea.thinker.a.educator..statesman..philosopher.th.fdunde.o.th.Confucia.schoo.an.Confucianis m.the Analects,The landmarkof Confucianismis which was writtenby hisdisciples afterhis death.The coreof Confuciussphilosophy arethe conceptsofRen（）benevolenceRen（勾Confucius definesit as“Airen（,that is,to loveothers.The Chinesecharacter“仁”（benevolence）consists of“aperson（人）“ontheleft andtwo

（二）”ontheright indicatingthe relationshipbetween people.Li（）ritualLi（礼）ritual-refers tothe rulesof humanconduct andmoral normssuch aspoliteness,courtesy,propriety,proper etiquetteand goodmanners rangingfrom speechand behaviortotheperformance ofritualswhich areusually codifiedand treatedas anall-embracing systemof socialnorms.following characteristics:Timber frameworkAncien.Chines.architectur.feature.timbe.framewor.a.th.supportin.structure.Wall.wer.no.loa.bearing.the.wer.onLuse.t.separat.spaces.Th.timbe.fram.supporte.mos.o.th.weigh.o.th.house.s.windows.door s.an.wall.wer.no.restricte.t.certai.locations.Balance andsymmetrical Layout（对称）（轴Chines.structure.ar.base.o.th.principl.o.balanc.an.symmetry.Th.mai.structur.i.th.axis线）.Th.secondar.structure,ar.positione.a.tw.wing.o.eithe.sidtfor.th.mai.roo.an.yard.（轮廓）（结构）The elegantoutlines andvaried structuresColorfuldecorations andornamentsTypes ofAncient ChineseArchitecturePalacesArchitectural Featuresof PalaceArchitecture:—Th.ancien.palace.wer.strictl.lai.ou.o.centra.axis.-.Yello.roo.tile.wer.used.—Th.woode.column.o.th.buildings.a.wel.a.th.surfac.o.th.walls.ten.t.b.re.i.color.—Th.drago.tote.wa.frequentLdecorate.o.Imperia.architecture.GardensChines.garde.ar.al.fin.combination.o.natura.beaut.an.man-mad.scenery.The buildingprinciple:The gardenis createdby thehuman hand,but shouldappear asif createdby“虽由人作，宛自天开”heaven.”Types ofGardensImperial Gardens:The SummerPalace,The ImperialSummer Resortin Chengde（拙政园）,（留Private Gardens:The HumbleAdministrators GardenThe Gardenfor Lingeringin园），（网师园），（狮子林），The Master-of-Nets GardenLion GrovePavilionof theSurging（沧浪亭）WavesTemplesTemples inchina can be categorizedinto thefollowing types:Taoist TempleConfucianTempleBuddhist TempleIslamicTemple（陵墓）MausoleumsCivilian ResidentialHousingCivilia.residentia.housin.refer.t.th.hous.o.th.commo.peopl.i.differen.part.o.China.Since Chinais acountry ofdiverse naturalenvironments andcultural traditions,its civilianresidentialhousing featuresdiverse styles.（北京四合院）Beijing quadrangles/Siheyuan（窑洞）Cave dwellings（土楼）Earthen Building/TulouHuizhou ResidentialHouses海口骑楼老街Haikou OldArcade Street,.cultura.an.historica.street.（）Chapter10Chinese MartialArts andTraditional ChineseMedicine TCMWordandExpressions武术Martial art太极Shadow boxing（）中医Traditional ChineseMedicine TCM（中草药/中药）Chinese herbalmedicine（针灸）acupuncture（食疗）dietary/food therapyAnIntroduction ofMartial ArtsChines.martia.arts.als.know.a.Wush.o.Kun.F.i.China.i.traditiona.Chines.spor.an.on.o.th.mos.famili（a.example.o.Chines.traditiona.culture.Accordin.t.th.formatio.o.Chines.characters..wu.i.mad.u.o..a n.戈.Th.forme,mean.stop.whil.th.late.mean.dagger-axe.o.（）“an.kin.o.weapon”.Th.combinatio.o.th.tw.mean.stoppin.martia.actions.Wit..shu.whic.mean.strategies.together.th.ter.mean.usin.method.an.skill.t.sto.martia.action.an.activities v.Th.origin.o.Chines.martia.art.ar.trace.t.self-defens.needs.huntin.activitie.an.militar.trainin.i.ancien.China..numbe.o.fightin.style.tha.hav.develope.ove.centuries.Taichiquan,the Wisdomof Yinand Yang（）Shado.boxin.TaiChiQuan.i.on.for.o.Chines.martia.art.whic.consist.o..sequenc.o.dynami.movement.tha.adher.t.Chines.Yi.Yan.philosophy.Th.ar.i.practice.fo.healt.benefit.an.als.ca.b.use.fo.defendin.purpose.Taich.routine.ar.usuall.typifie.b.gentLan.slo.movements.（）Traditional ChineseMedicine TCMTraditiona.Chines.Medicin.refer.t..broa.rang.o.medicin.practice.sharin.commo.theoretica.concept.whic.hav.bee.develope.i.Chin.an.ar.base.o..traditio.o.mor.tha.5,

00.years.includin.variou.form.o.her（草药）（针灸）（食ba.medicine.acupuncture.massag.an.dietary.foo.therapy疗）.Thes.practice.ar..commo.par.o.medica.car.throughou.Eas.Asia.hu.ar.considere.alternativ.i.th.Wester.world.Historical figuresin TCMHuang Di（针灸鼻祖）.He is the earliest ancestor ofacupuncture andmoxibustionJ..sai.tha.i.migh.b.finished.Qi.an.Ha.Dynasties.Hua TuoHeistheearliestancestorof surgery,lived inlate EasternHanDynasty.He wasfamous forsurgical（麻醉剂）operation andma feisan akind ofnarcotic Imade ofherbs.He createda bodybuilding exercise（猿）（鹤）.called fiveanimals exercise,it isbased onthe movementsof tiger,deer,bear,ape andcraneBian QueThefour diagnosticmethods（四诊合参------望闻问切）was createdby him.Sun Simiao（药H.i.th.kin.o.medicine王）《备急千金方》,（临,live.i.Tan.Dynasty.H.finishe.th.boo.Golde.Prescription.fo.Emergencies床医学百科全书.i.China.Zhang Zhongjing（H.i.th.herbalis.docto.sain.《伤live.i.th.Easter.Ha..H.finishe.th.famou.medica.monograp.Treatis.o.Febril.an.Miscellaneou.Disease寒杂病论》.Li ShizhenL.Shizhe.（李时珍.o.th.Min.Dynasty.whos.monumenta.masterpiece.Compendiii.o.MateYia.Medic1本草纲include.

189.medicina.substances.

1109.prescriptions.an.

116.illustrations.fffMethods ofTreatment inTCM（中草药/中药）Chinese herbalmedicine（针灸/针疗）灸术，艾灼AcupunctureMoxibustion（推拿）Massage（食疗/食疗）Chinese foodtherapy（拔罐）Cupping（刮痴）Gua ShaChapter11Chinese Operasand FolkArtsWord andExpressions剪纸paper cutting中国结Chinese knotBeijingOperaOriginall.Beijin.Oper.wa..for.o.loca.theatre.I.the.sprea.acros.th.countr.an.becam.th.nationa.oper.o.（唱、念、做、China.Singing.dialogue.actin.an.acrobati.JT.ar.th.fou.artisti.mean.an.th.fou.basi.skill.o.Beijin.Opera.（四大徽Th.Fou.Grea.Anhu.Troupes.班）（徽comin.t.Beijin.i.l

79.ushere.th.formin.o.Beijin.Opera.Th.combinatio.o.Huidiao调）,（昆曲（秦月空】.Kunqu.an.Qinqiang.gradual forme.Pekin,opera.mai.melodies.生（）旦（）净（）丑The roletype ofPeking Operamale rolesfemale rolesroles withpainted faces（）clown acomic characterOtherMajor Traditional Chinese OperaKunquOpera（昆山Kunq.Oper.als.calle.Kunsha.Qian.腔）.originated.th.Kunsha.regio.o.Jiangs.Province.I.i.on.o.China\classica.opera.wit..histor.o.mor.tha.

60.years.l.i.know.fo.it.gentl.an.clea.vocals.beautifu.an.refine.tunes.an.dance-lik.stag.performance.Kunq.Oper.i.know.a.th.nmother.o..hundre.operas.becaus.o.it.influenc.o.othe.Chines.theatr.forms.includin.Beijin.opera.In2001,it waslisted inthe Oraland IntangibleCulturalHeritageby theUnited NationsEducational,（联合国科教文组织）.Scientific andCultural OrganizationUNESCOShaanxi OperaChuanOperaYue OperaHuangmeiOperaYue OperaFolkPerforming Arts杂技AcrobaticsQuyi木偶戏Puppet Show皮影戏Shadow PlayFolkHandicraftPaper CuttingPape.cu.i.on.o.th.mos.popula.Chines.decorativ.foLarts.Traditiona.pape.cu.i.als.calle.（窗“Windo.blossoms.花）becaus.the.wer.firs.pu.o.window.fo.decoration.Othe.form.o.pape.cu.ar.derive.fro.th.“windo.blossoms”.Jing TaiLanJin.Ta.La.i..combinatio.o.Chines.traditiona.bronz.an.chin.arts.paintings.carvin.art.an.foreig.ename.techniques.I.th.mi.15t.centur.-.th.Jin.Tai.perio.i.th.Min.Dynasty.thi.ar.craf.ha.it.ow.feature.an.wer.prett.mature.Luse.t.b.name.Jin.Ta.Lan.becaus.suc.article.wer.solel.mad.i.blu.a.th.beginning.O.Ma.20th.

2006.th.productio.techniqu.o.Jin.Ta.La.wa.approve.t.b.pu.i.th.lis.o.th.firs.nationa.intangibl.cultura.heritag.b.th.Chines.Government.Chinese KnotChines.Kno.o.Chines.traditiona.decoratin.Kno.i..kin.o.characteristi.fol.decoration.o.handicraf.art.Appeared.ancien.time.develope.i.Tan.an.Son.Dynast.960-1229A.D.an.popularize.i.Min.an.Qin.Dynast.1368-1911A.D..Chines.Kno.ha.no.becom..kin.o.elegan.an.colorfu.art.an.craft.fro.it.origina.practica.use.Xiao（）filial pietyXiao（孝）referstothe filialpiety,whichwasregarded asoneofthe greatestof virtuesin Chinesetradition,denoting therespect andobedience thatthe childrenshould showto theirparents.Zhong（）loyaltyZhong（忠）loyalty-is agreat virtue,which emphasizesthe obligationsand dutiestothesuperior,tofriends,family,and spouse.

2.TaoismFounde.b.La.Z.an.Zhuan.Zi.th.schoo.advocate.th.doctrin.tha.th.Da.i.th.course.th.principle.th.substance.an.th.standar.o.al.things.t.whic.al.o.the.mus.confdrm.Base.o.th.wor.o.Da.D.Jing.Taois.promote.th.belie.tha..perso.shoul.liv..simpl.life.no.t.striv.fo.wealth.fam.o.power,whie.wil.onl.giv.on.worrie.an.trouble.（无为The schoolfavours thepolitical principleof achievinggood governmentthrough non-actiorT而治）

3.MohismBas.o.th.teachin.o.Mozi.th.schoo.cherishe.universa.lov.whic.state.tha.i.al.th.peopl.i.th.worl.love.on.another.ther.wil.b.n.hatred.calamities.an.hostilities.（宿命I.politic.an.ethics.Mohis.propose.honorin.virtuou.people.opposin.fatalis.论（节俭）..an.aggressiv.wars.an.upholdin.thriftiness

4.Legalism（主Legalism.begu.b.Hanfeizi.espouse.张.layin.dow.law.t.unif.th.though.o.people.promotin.agricultur.t.achiev.affluenc.（富裕）.wagin.（进行・・syste.o.bureaucnic.（官僚制度）.The orthodoxphilosophy duringthe HanDynasty（两汉经学）I.th.Ha.Dynasty.Empero.Wud.institute.th.campaig.o.（罢黜百家，独尊儒“bannin.al.school.o.though.excep.Confucianism术）”.H.chos.officiaLfro.thos.wh.wer.steepe.i.Confucianis.only.Consequently.Confucianis.becam.a.orthodo.schoo.tha.serve.a.th.ideologica.foundatio.o.th.feuda.rul.throughou.th.dynastie.i.China.TraditionalChineseethicsTraditiona.Chines.ethic.include.bot.goo.an.ba.elements.Som.reflec.th.hig.standar.o.mora.pursui.o.th.Chines.people.whil.other.see.les.relevan.i.moder.society.Fo.example.th.thre.obedience.an.fou.vir tue.（三从四德（三纲五.an.th.thre.basi.rule.an.fiv.constan.virtue.^.hav.lon.bee.abandone.b.th.Chines.people.The traditionalideal ofa womanis thatshe isa dependantbeing whosebehavior isgoverned bythree（obediences^^to fatherbefore marriage,to husbandafter marriage,and toson afterbecoming awidow:未嫁从父，既嫁从夫，夫死从子）and fourt6virtues^^（morality,proper speech,modest manner,and品德、言语、仪态、女工）.diligence:These werethe socialnorms prescribedby feudalmorality.纲、夫为妻纲）.（仁、义、礼、The fiveconstant virtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,and fidelity智、信）.Part2Religions andBeliefsWords andExpressions:祭天Heaven worship祭祖Ancestor worship儒教Confucianism孔庙The ConfucianTemple道教Taoism五行The FiveElements佛教佛像，佛祖，佛陀Buddhism Buddha涅盘nirvanaHeaven worship（官僚的）The heavenworship wasthe bureaucraticbelief systemadopted bymost dynastiesof China（推翻）until theoverthrow oftheQingDynasty.Heave.wa.believe.t.manifes.itsel.throug.th.power.o.th.weathe.an.natura.disasters.Heave.wa.see.a..judg.o.humans.（天Th.emperor.ar.Son.o.Heaven子）（巩.an.thei.powe.ar.authorize.b.heaven.Suc.belief.actuall.consolidated固.th.authorit.o.th.Emperor.Ancestor worshipChines.worshi.o.ancestor.date.bac.t.th.prehistory.Chines.culture.Confucianism.an.Chines.Buddhis.al.valu.filia.piet.a..to.virtue.an.th.ac.i..continue.displa.o.piet.an.respec.toward.departe.ancestors.儒教Confucianism伦理道德Confucianis.i.no..rea.religion.i.i.jus.a.ethical的.an.philosophica.system.whic.develope.fromConfucius.thought.an.late.wa.treate.a..kin.o.belie.t.educat.commo.people^^^A.The TaoistReligionA GeneralIntroduction ofTaoism土生土长的Taoism isthe indigenousreligion inChina.巫术Th.Taois.religio.evolve.ou.o.witchcraf..necromancy方..an.self-cultivatio.techniques.It.highes.belie.i.calle.“Dao”.it.bibl.i.calle.“Da.D.Jing”.Lha.grea.impac.o.th.thinkin.o.th.Chines.people.a.wel.a.o.th.political.economi.an.cuItura.lif.o.th.country.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang areopposing,Yin-yang aremutually rooted,Yin-yang mutuallytransform,Yin-yang mutuallywaxand wane五行”The FiveElements/Wuxing“The relationshipbetween thefive elements:The GeneratingCycleWoo.feed.Fire.Fir.create.Earth.Eart.bear.Metal.Meta.carrie.Water.Wate.nourishe.Wood.The OvercomingCycleWood partsEarth;Earth absorbsWater;Water quenchesFire;Fire meltsMetal;Metal chopsWood.BuddhismBuddhis.i.th.mos.importan.religio.i.China.Li.generall.believe.tha.i.wa.sprea.t.Chin.i.

6.A.durin.th.H和a.Dynast.

20.BC-

220.fro.Hotan田深远的.i.Xinjian.t.Centra.China.Durin.it.developmen.i.China.i.ha..profoun..tha.time.（释迦牟尼）;Its Deityis Sakyamuni（轮回）It.doctrin.i.base.o.transmigration.What isthe fundamentalcause ofall sufferingDesire!What didthe Buddhateach（四谛）The doctrineof FourNoble Truths■life issuffering,■the causeof sufferingis desire,（抑制）■the answeris toquench desire,（八正道）.■the wayto thisend isto followthe Eight-Fold PathWhatdo BuddhistsbelieveNirvana isa peaceful,detached stateof mind.Achieving Nirvanameans escapefrom thecycle ofrebirth.Buddhis.i.Chin.ha.develope.int.thre.sections.namel.th.Han.Tibeta.an.Souther.Buddhism.Chapter3Chinese Characters,Calligraphy andPaintingWords andExpressions:汉字Chinese Characters书法书法家calligraphy calligrapher甲骨文Oracle bone script楷书The regularScript文房四宝Four TreasuresoftheStudy毛笔墨砚台brush inkstick inkstoneThe originoftheChinese characters（结绳说）

1.Keep recordsby tyingknots（八卦说）

2.The EightDiagrams（仓颉造字说）

3.Cang Jiecreated thecharacters（汉字的字体演变）The evolutionofChinese characters fontOraclebonescript（周隹亥!的）It refersto incisedJ ancientChinesecharactersfound onoracle bones,which areanimal（预言）bones orturtle shellsused indivination inancient China.金文Bronze warescriptLrefer.t.character.foun.engrave.o.bronz.vessels.utensils.weapon.etc.（篆书）The SealCharacters（象形文字）Sof.line.o.stroke.an.uprigh.rectangula.shap.kee.th.sea.for.character.mor.clos.t.pictograph.・・balance.an.symmetrica.（对称的.pattern.Official（隶书）The Script匚（直线的.（扁方形.int.linea.an.fIa.squar.shapes.（楷书）The regularScript.standar.writing.Li.squar.i.form.an.non-cursiv.i.strokes.（行书）The runningScriptTh.runnin.for.i.somewher.betwee.th.regula.an.th.cursiv.form.allowin.simple.an.faste.writing.（草书）The Cursive/Grass CharacterThi.styLo.calligraph.i.smoot.an.livel.wit.stroke.flowin.an.character.linkin.together.Th.character.ar.ofte.joined.wit.th.las.strok.o.on.mergin.int.th.initia.strok.o.th.next.I.i.execute.freel.an.rapidl.s.tha.p art.o.（夸张的）.th.character.appea.exaggerate.CalligraphyPlaying musicalinstruments,playing chess,calligraphy andpainting wereconsidered asthe fouressentialskills fora learnedscholar.（字如其人），The Chinesesaying“The handwritingreveals theperson”is directlyrelated tocalligraphy.文房四宝Four TreasuresoftheStudy毛笔墨纸砚brush inkstick paperink stoneFamousChinese Calligraphersin HistoryWangXizhi-the sage ofChinesecalligraphyZhang Xu（张旭）-----theusageofthe cursivehand v草圣”Ya.Zhenqing------th.fou.greates.master.o.Regula.script.Liu Gongquan------a masterofRegular ScriptandRunning-a〃siue（彳亍草）PaintingPainting（水墨画Chines.Traditiona.Paintin.refer.t.in..was.paintin....,,（purely.paintings.The.combin.fin.art.poetry.calligraphy.an.sea.engravin.t.achiev.a.artisti.uniso.致）.Huma.figures.landscapes.flowers.birds.an.pavilion.ar.th.mos.importan.theme.o.traditiona.Chines.painting.The classificationofChinesepaintingAccording tosubject matterFigurepaintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccordingtothetechniqueThe xieyi schoolThegong bischoolChapter4LiteratureWords andExpressions（诗仙）Celestial Poet（诗圣）Saint Poet《三国演义》Romance ofthe Three Kingdoms《水浒传》Water Margin《西游记》Journey tothe West《红楼梦》Dream ofthe RedMansionsThe TangPoem（《全Th.Tan.Dynast.sa.th.continue.developmen.o.Chines.poetry.Th.Complet.Antholog.o.Tan.Poem.唐诗》）.edite.i.th.earl.Qin.Dynasty.i.th.biggest-eve.collectio.o.Chines.poetry.I.contain.48,

97.poem.b.2,

20.poet.wh.wrot.i.differen.styles.The developmentof poetryintheTang Dynastycan beclassified（初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚into fourstages,namely Early Tang,High Tang,Mid Tang,and LateTang唐）EarlyTang（初唐四杰）The FourLiterary EminencesWangBo,Yang Jiong,Luo Binwang,and LuZhaolinHigh Tang.whol.generatio.o.literar.giant.appeare.durin.th.Hig.Tan.perio.whe.societ.enjoye.prosperit.an.stability.L.Ba.an.D.F.ar.regarde.a.th.twi.maste.poet.o.th.Tan.Dynasty.（诗L.Bai.th.Celestia.Poe.仙）”.ha.lon.bee.regarde.th.greates.romanti.poe.i.Chines.literature.Lhi.poems.imagination.exaggeration.dictio.an.sonorou.rhythm.ar.blende.effortlessly.D.Fu.th.（诗Sain.Poe.圣）”.ha.bee.considere.a.th.greates.realisti.poe.i.Chines.literature..mirro.o.th.times.hi.poem.faithfulLan.profoundl.reflec.th.socia.realitie.o.Tan.Dynast.i.decline.lik..poeti.historica.account.Becaus.h.reache.perfectio.i.developin..depressin.literar.style.hi.work.hav.bee.considere.a.th.classic.o.realism.（边塞诗人）The otherpoets inthis periodcanbegrouped intotwo categories:frontier poets represented（田园诗人）by GaoShi andCen Shen,and pastoralpoetsrepresentedby MengHaoran andWang Wei.Mid-TangBai JuyiDu FuTheoutstanding poetsucceeded withpoems reflectingthe realityof society.Late TangWit.th.deterioratio.o.th.governmen.i.th.lat.Tan.Dynasty.th.poem.reflected.mor.an.more.th.hopeles.a（怀n.helples.feeling.o.th.people.Poet.turne.t.th.them.o.nostalgi.旧（）.fo.th.forme.splendo.^^.o.ol.times.Th.mos.talente.o.thes.wer.L.Shangyi.an.D.Mu.wh.wer.ofte.（话calle.Youn.L.Ba.an.D.Fu”.Fiction intheMingandQingDynasty I.th.Son.Dynasty.huabe.本）.th.earlies.novel.writte.i.colIoquia.languag.starte.t.appear.B.th.Min.an.Qin.dynasties.novel.gre.rapidl.a..livel.an.fre.literar.form.Th.languag.o.th.novel.wa.simple.eas.t.understand.an.welcome.b.th.《三国演义》public.Four famousChinese classicalnovels RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms《水浒传》Water Margin。