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五、连词(-)知识概要连词是一种在句子与句子之间,短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词,它不能单独作句子的成份按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类并列连词连接的双方是对等的常有的并列连词有and,等但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致,意义both---and,either-•,or,neither…nor,not only-but also,as well as有转折的并列连词有(而),(只不过)还有表示选择关系的并列连词,如but,however,while onlyor,or再有的是连接双方,互为因果,或表示前因后果的连词有(因此),等else,otherwise-•for,so,therefore then从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句,如其次用来连接状语从句其中有原因状that,if,whether,语从句,常用的连接词有连接条件状语的连词有when while,as,since,before,after,once,as soonas,until,till等,而原因状语的连接词有(既然)目的、结果、方式、比较、if,unless,as longas because,since,as,now that地点等状语从句的连接词有:它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不so that,so,,,that,such*••that,as…as,than,where*••见具体用法见下表连词用法一览表种类功用例句并列连词连接具有并列关系的词He knowsneither Englishnor French.短语Are yougoing bybus oron foot分句Mary wasa goodgirl,but shehad oneshortcoming.从属连词引导状语从句Hl doit asyou toldme.You will be lateunless youhurry.连接代词和连接副词主语从句What hesaid provedtrue.When wellstart hasnot beendecided yet.表语从句This iswhy hedidnt comeyesterday.That iswhere helives.宾语从句The manasked mewhich I liked best.I cantunderstand whyshe isso late.关系代词和关系副词定语从句Nicotine isa drugthat getsone into the habitof smoking.He camelast nightwhen Iwas out.
(二)正误辨析[误]Both my parents are not here.They wentto theconcert justnow.江山如此多娇,引无数英雄竞折腰惜秦皇汉武,略输文采;唐宗宋祖,稍逊风骚一代天骄,成吉思汗,只识弯弓射大雕俱往矣,数风流人物,还看今朝沁园春雪〈毛泽东〉・北国风光,千里冰封,万里雪飘望长城内外,惟余莽莽;大河上下,顿失滔滔山舞银蛇,原驰蜡象,欲与天公试比高须晴日,看红装素裹,分外妖姨江山如此多娇,引无数英雄竞折腰惜秦皇汉武,略输文采;唐宗宋祖,稍逊风骚一代天骄,成吉思汗,只识弯弓射大雕俱往矣,数风流人物,还看今朝薄雾浓云愁永昼,瑞脑消金兽佳节又重阳,玉枕纱厨,半夜凉初透东篱把酒黄昏后,有暗香盈袖莫道不消魂,帘卷西风,人比黄花瘦[正]Neither ofmyparentsis here.They wenttotheconcert justnow.[析]在英语中一般用于肯定句中,如用于否定句中,其意义也不同于汉语,如both Bothof usarenot在英语中应被理解为“我们俩不都对”而汕才能被理解为“我们俩无一正确”right.Ne erof usis right[误]He orhis parentshas sometickets forthe film.[正]He orhis parentshave sometickets forthe film.[析]由连接两主语时,谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致r[误]You shouldstudy hard,and youwont pass the exam.[正]You shouldstudy hard,or youwon*t pass the exam.[析]作为连词,这里的意思为“否则又如or Hurryup,or youllbe latefor school.[误]Though he is poor,but he is ready to help others.[正]Though heis poor,heis readyto helpothers.[正]He ispoor,but heisreadytohelpothers.[析]”虽然……但是”是中文中的常用结构,但在英文中用了“虽然“则不要用“但是“,用了“但是“则不能再用“虽然”,二者只可用其一[误]Either you or Iare on duty.[正]「Either youorI amonduty.[析]连接两个主语时,其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应,这也叫作就近原则类似的用法either-or还有等or,neither--•nor,not only-but also[误]Tom isour Englishteacher andteaching English in our school now.[正]Tom isour Englishteacher andis teachingEnglishinourschoolnow.[析]并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略,以免重复,但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的当你连接的是两个系动词时,后面的那个系动词不可省略,也就是讲连接的部分不可省略[误]My fatherlikes swimmingand tocollect stamps.[正]My fatherlikes swimmingand collectingstamps.[析]由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构如是动名词则都用动名词,如用不定式则都应用不定式,这是初学者要注意的一点[误]My fatheris readinga newspaper,I am doing my homework.[正]My fatheris readinga newspaperwhile I amdoingmy homework.[析]两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接,要用并列连词来连接[误]My fatherasked methat if I wanted to learnhow to drive.[正]My fatherasked meifI wantedtoleann howtodrive.[析]宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用[误]We willgo bothto Beijingand Shanghai.[正]We willgo toboth Beijingand Shanghai.[析]用作连接词时,其相连接的部分结构也要相同both…and…[误]Not onlyMary but also herbrothers isgoing todance.[正]Not onlyMary butalso herbrothers aregoing todance.[析]由…连接两个主语时,其重点在其后面的那一个主语,所以谓语形式应采用就近原not only…butalso则[误]The teacheras wellas hisstudents arecoming.[正]The teacheras wellas hisstudents iscoming.[析]由连接两个主语时,谓语动词与后面的名词无关,而与前面的名词相一致as wellas aswellas[误]Tom does not swimnor play football.[正]Tom does not swimor.play football.[析]主要用于连接句子的对等连词,如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用•,但要注意句子的含意,nor or如:这个动物既不像牛也不像马This animaldoesnot like acow ora horse.This animaldoesnotlike acow buta horse.这个动物不像牛而像马[误]For thereis nolight inthe classroom.The studentsmust havegone home.[正]The studentsmust havegone home,for thereis nolight inthe classroom.[析]由引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句首,而应置于主句之后,并在主句与for从句之间加一逗号更要注意的是与个表示原因的连词中是因果关系,是最强because,as,since for4because的一个,而是最弱的一个有些语法书中干脆把叫做并列连词for for[误]My brother will passthe English exam is no question.[正]That mybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.[析]主语从句的引导词是不可省略的这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论that[误]This mapwill showyou howwill youget tothe hotel.[正]This mapwill showyou howyou willget tothe hotel.[析]名词性从句作宾语从句使用时,最重要的一点是要用陈述语句特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词,如tell,ask,show-[误]While theclock struchten,all the lights wentout.[正]When theclock struckten,all thelights wentout.[析]是强调两个动作在同时进行中,如while While Iamdoing myhomework,my fatheris readinga newspaper.而这里的是“正当某某时刻“,”就在这一时间点上”,其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生when[误]While Iwas walkingalong the street yesterday,I metan oldfriend.[正]When Iwas walkingalong thestreet yesterday,I metan oldfriend.[析]这里用表达在一个动作的进行中,另一个动作突然发生了正在进行的动作用一进行时态,而when突然发生的动作用一般时态[误]WhileIheard thebad newsI feltsad.[正]When Iheard thebad news,I feltsad.[析]不能表达一点儿的时间,即瞬时某一时间点while[误]After schoolsome studentsplay football,or othersgo tothe library.[正]After schoolsome studentsplayfootball,while othersgo tothe library.[析]在此处意为,,而,然而”while[误]She sangwhen shewalked alongthe darkstreet.[正]She sangas shewalked alongthe darkstreet.[析]用于句中时,其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行这里用虽然不能讲是语法上的错误,但则as when看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情[误]I finishedmy homeworkuntil twelveoclock lastnight.[正]I didn*t finishedmy homeworkuntil twelveoclock lastnight.[正]I didmyhomeworkuntil twelveoclock lastnight.[析]用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束,那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词,如until果要用瞬间,或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作如离开leave是瞬间动作,因一出门即为离开了,而不离开则是长时间的[误]I havestudied Englishwhen Iwas twelve.[正]I havestudied Englishsince Iwas twelve.[析]引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点,而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点,所以主句一般要since用完成时态[误]Because hedidnt studyhard,so hedidnt passthe exam.[]IE Hedidnt passthe exambecause hedidnt studyhard.[析]与在英文中两者不能并用的,只能在句中用其一because so[误]He wassuch excitedthat he could notspeak.[正]He wasso excitedthat he could notspeak.[析]与的用法可以分为四种情况,
①用于单数可数名词之前,其格式是不定冠词+形容词+单so suchsuch+数可数名词,如.也可以用其格式是形容词+不定冠词+It issuch abeautiful bookthat everychild likesit so,so+单数可数名词,如
②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时It wasso beautifula bookthat everychild likesit.只能用如又如such,It issuch goodweather thatwe wantto swim.They aresuch goodstudents that they canpassthe
③在这个字前只能用而不能用如exam easily.few,little,much,many4so such,I haveso muchmoney that I can
1990.A.before B.afterC.since D.in[答案]c.[析]因为主句为完成时,所以应用表示该动作的启始点since6-Which wouldyou likebetter,tea milk-Tea,please.A.but B.andC.or D.with[答案]c.[析]在疑问句与否定句中应用来表示一种选择r7We lovespring theresbeautiful flowersevery where.A.though B.butC.or D.because[答案]D.[析]因为这里表示的是因果关系8Please leave700,then youllbe ableto getthere earlier.A.till,in B.from,/C.before,/D.behind,to[答案]c.[析]为在之前离开before7009The teacherdidn*t beginthe lessonall thestudents stoppedtalking.A.until B.afterC.if D.because[答案]A.[析]这句应译为”直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课”因为瞬间动词,所以应用否定句begin10Betty didn^go tosee thefilm yesterdayshe was ill.A.but B.untilC.ifD.because[答案]D.[析]这里是表示因果关系,所以应用因为她病了所以未去看电影because11You muststart rightnow,youll missthe train.A.for B.andC.so D.or[答案]D.[析]译为“否则”本句句意为你必须马上走了,否则要赶不上火车了or12heisa childof six,he canread andwrite.A..Whose B.IfC.Though D.Because[答案]c.[析]这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句,应译为虽然他才是个岁的孩子,他却可以读书和写字613Ilikefish,chicken,eggs.A.and,and B.and,withC./,and D.and,/[答案]c.[析]在有若干个名词或动词出现时,每一个词之间只用逗号连接,只在最后两个词之间加如and Theoldman passedthestreet,went intoa shopand boughtsome foodo14Take thisdictionary withyou youmay use it inclass.A.when B.in ordertoC.but D.so that[答案]D.[析]应译为“为的是”本句句义为带上字典,为的是在上课时可能有用而其后应sothatinorderto接动词不定式,如Take thisdictionary withyou inordertouseitin classo15I hopewillbefine tomorrow.A.it B.whatC.whether D.when[答案]A.[析]后接的是宾语从句,而且宾语从句中少主语,应用来代替天气hope it16she wasnot well,I decidedto gowithout her.A.Though B.AsC.When D.Because of[答案]B.[析]这里应译为“由于全句意为由于她不舒服,我决定不带她去了而其后不能接从as becauseof句只能接宾语如Because ofthe heavyrain,we decidednot togo17My auntbought memany storybooks thatI spent a lot of timethem.A.such---on B.such,--in[答案]C.too---in Dso---on0D.[析]因前只能用来修饰,所以只能选择选项而为在某事上花费时间many soD spend…on something或钱如o Shespentalotofmoney onher clothes18Mother wascooking shea knockatthedoor.A.when,listen toB.while,listened toC.while,heard D.when,heard[答案]D.19Speak slowly,we canunderstand you.[析]在这里应译为就在那时,那一刻,那一瞬间whenA.and B.orC.if D.because[答案]A.[析]这里是并列连词,应译为请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思and20Youll learnEnglish wellyou putyour heartinto it.A.if B.soC.until D.or[答案]A.[析]本句译为如果你将心放在学习上,你就会将英语学好这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来21I won*t letyou inyou showme yourpass.A.until B.forC.since D.because[答案]A.22She didntgotoschool shewasill.A.why B.becauseC.where D.but[答案]B.沁园春雪〈毛泽东)・北国风光,千里冰封,万里雪飘望长城内外,惟余莽莽;大河上下,顿失滔滔山舞银蛇,原驰蜡象,欲与天公试比高须晴日,看红装素裹,分外妖姨。
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