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(1)有效率(节省时间);
(2)以便(环节少,麻烦少);
(3)省钱;
(4)安全(不威胁健康、不威胁生命/不怕坏人、不含放射性、不具有摧毁力、抗灾害能力强);
(5)耐久(保留时间长);
(6)环境保护(污染少)重要对于微观合用(针对个人)的判断原则
(7)健康(空气、医疗条件生活压力、运动、温饱……);
(8)乐趣(人多的乐趣、人少的乐趣、娱乐项目的乐趣、技术进步的乐趣……);
(9)成就感;
(10)生活质量(设施、工作压力……);
(11)身边的其他人(朋友、家人……)重要对于宏观合用(针对国家和社会)的判断原则
(12)经济(农业、工业、贸易、证券市场;通货膨胀(物价)、失业);
(13)政治(法律、民主(自由));
(14)文化(艺术、老式);
(15)技术进步(交通、通信、太空探险);
(16)资源与环境(能源、环境污染)万能理由往往可以很好地合用于偏好类的题目,由于这些题目是直接探讨好坏的,但也同步使用于有些观点类的题目,不过有某些观点类的题目,由于自身范围小,因此很难用万能理由直接构造层次,而需要用下面的第二个套路或者索性直接构思某些对应的理由或层次这些万能理由之因此会成为万能理由,是由于它给分析一种题目提供了通用的视角,但想要真正实用出来,还需要1花时间在诸多题目中应用一遍并记住其中最重要的元素;2熟悉常用是教唆常用的单词和句型,掌握这些词汇句型的合用范围和对的使用方法;3能在所用的视角下找到足够的细节或例子In thismodern society,people alwaysconfront thedilemma ofchoosing whetherAAA orBBB.This problemis aprevalent topicundergoing seriousdebate inthat itaffects everybodyinhis orher dailywork.Personally,I wouldlike tovote for AAA forthree definitereasons.The mainreason formy propensityforAAAis that原因一.And Ican thinkof nobetterillustration of the ideathan theobvious fact that事例一.The aboveis onlypart ofthe importantaspects,and anotherone withequal significancewithrespect tochoosing betweenthe twolies inthe developmentoftheproposition that原因二・This demonstratesthe undeniablefact that事彳列二.What is also worthnoticing factis that原因三.It isundeniable that BBB hasits ownmerits.The mostextreme manifestationof themeritsis thefactthat某一长处.Even though,however,we haveno completeevidence tosuggestthatBBBis alwaysbetter thatAAA.From whathas beendiscussed above,me maysafely arrivedat theconclusion thatadvantagesof AAAout weighany benefitwe canget fromBBB andchoosing AAAisaratherwise decision.第二个套路详细化、分状况、分领域直接拆分独立写作的题目并无对错,因此假如硬要直接论述,很也许会找不出理由或者理由抽象而牵强,因此对于无法使用万能理由的题目,往往需要对题目内容进行如下两种拆分1详细化题目中的某个抽象概念从而形成拆分:People shouldsometimes dothings thatthey donot enjoydoing.分析在这个题目中,“人们不喜欢做的事”是一种抽象概念,可以细分为“作业”、“家务”、“考试”三个层面去谈Progress isalways good.分析在这道题目中,“进步”是一种抽象概念,可以细分为“以便食品”、“便捷交通”、“电脑通讯”三个层面去谈2分状况、分领域讨论Parents arethe bestteachers.分析在这道题目中,很难直接考虑家长是不是最佳的老师,因此可以换个思维,考虑“在什么状况下”或者“碰到什么问题时”,例如“设计独立旅行的安全问题时”,“当社会进步太快,价值观出现变化时”,“当家长在某一领域有一技之长时”Many peoplehave aclose relationshipwith theirpets.These peopletreat theirbirds,cats,or otheranimals asmembers oftheir family.In your opinion,are suchrelationshipsgood分析在这道题目中,很难直接考虑宠物和人的关系对人不好,因此可以换个思维,考虑“对于小孩子来讲”,“对于年轻夫妇来讲”,“对于老年人来讲”三个角度下一步写提纲写提纲式为了协助考生确定并理清自己的思维除了审题之外,写提纲还需要为每个审题层次提供细节、例子或解释,这样才能在写中间断的时候有话可说,保证充实详细如下是一种较为完整的提纲例子
95.Goverment spending:Outer spaceexploration V.S Basicneeds onEarthOpinion:Outer spaceexploration1:better ways to producefood andclothing:{ways topreserve andstore food}{waystogrow vegetablesand fruits}new typesof clothing2:important developmentsin communicationstechnologies:{Satelite communications}jTV,telephone,GPS]3:promote internationalcooperation{international spacestation}提议练习在题材分类训练的基础之上
1、选出20-40个题目;
2、为这些题目列提纲,规定每个题目有2-3个层次;或者虽然只有1个层次,担忧2-3层细节;
3、每个层次下面要有足够的细节、例子、解释
2、学会中间段写作中间段的写作其实非常简朴,只需要把提纲中的信息按照次序写成语句就行了,只是中国考生要学会逻辑连接、句式连接并防止抽象地空谈例如A companyhas announcedthat itwishes tobuild alarge factorynear your community.Discuss theadvantages anddisadvantages ofthis newinfluence onyourcommunity.Do yousupportor opposethe factoryExplain yourposition.假设考生写的第一层是建工厂的好处,第二层是建工厂的害处注意这是一道比较/反差类题目目前我们写第二层建工厂对小区不好,而想写的是环境方面的内容,提纲可以是Harmful:[pollution],not worthit------Air:acid rain,ozone depletion,greenhouseWater:drinking waterTrees:floods anddroughts这个段落可以这样写Building largefactories wouldbe harmfulto thecommunity because it willinduceenvironmental pollution.Factories,especially thoseemoloying toxicchemicals,willdefinitely destroythe qualityof airand waterin town.They generatesmog andotheratmospheric emissionswhich contributeto thegreenhouse effect,ozone depletionand acidrain;they dumpindustrial wasteinto riverswhich aresupposed tobe drinkingwater supply;they acceleratethe deforestationwhich isproven tobe responsiblefor abnormalfloodsand regionaldrought.And peopleshealth isat stake.Having afew factoriesis notworththat risk.再例如It isgenerally agreedthat societybenefits fromthe work of itsmembers.Compare thecontributions of artiststo societywith thecontributionsofscientists to society.Whichtype ofcontribution doyou thinkis valuedmore byyour societyGive specific reasonsto support your answer.假设考生写的第一层是有关艺术家对社会的奉献,第二层写科学家对社会的奉献,而想写的内容是环境方面的,提纲可以写成4:Scientists:more obvious------Advancement:Plane,computer,vacuum cleaner------Make ourlives easier,more secure------Help arts:CD,TV,movie,mp3这个段落可以这样写The contributionsscientists maketosocietyare moreobvious thanthose madeby artists.Almost allthe criticaladvancements thatmake ourlives easier,such asthe planewe taketotravel abroad,the computerswe usewhether forwork orfor entertainments,and thehomeappliances whichhelp uscook ourmeals andclean ourhouses,come fromthe creativeideas and hardworkofscientists.Those scientificdiscoveries andinnovations makeoutwork moreefficient,our shoppingmore convenient,and ourlives moresecure.Plus,to someextentscientists evencontributea lotto thearts------without technologicalprogress,there wouldn,t havebeenmovie centers,television,and mp3players whichinfuse artinto ordinarypeople slives.最终尚有一例Some peoplebelieve thatuniversity studentsshould berequired toattend classes.Others believethat goingto classesshould beoptional forstudents.Which pointof viewdoyou agreewith Use specificreasons and detailsto explainyour answer.假设考生要写第三层听课使我们学会服从,听课帮我们学会合作,听课让我们更深刻地理解肯本内容目前写第二层听课让我们学会合作,提纲如下5:Cooperation------Group assignment:impossible for1person/need differentperspectives------Cooperate:budget time,assign tasks,be perfect,express opinions------Ready forchallenges atwork这个段落就可以这样写Attending classteaches studentshow tocooperate withothers.Different fromstudentsin primaryor secondaryschool,university studentsare oftengiven groupassignments whicharetechnically impossiblefor oneperson tofinish intime orwhich haveno universalanswersand,therefore,need tobe contemplatedfrom variousperspectives.As aresult,boys andgirlsare forcedto learnhow towork withothers fora commongoal suchas how tobudget timeand assigntasks accordingto eachpersonsskills withoutcausing,free-ride”,howtoperfect yourtask withoutannoyingother teammates,and howto expressyouropinionabout othermember,s workwithouttriggering frictionsor stupidfights.All ofthe abovemake collegestudents matureandsensible,ready tomeet thechallenges theywill soonface inthe workplace.Therefore,attending classesis necessaryfor universitystudents.通过以上三个例子,可以发现其实最重要的是在列提纲的时候组织事实,中间段只是用对的的语句和词汇体现这些事实提议练习:
1、选出10个列过提纲的题目;
2、为这些提纲的每一层设置2-3层细节;
3、把这些层次写成中间段
3、学会开头短和结尾段写作一种饱满的开头短包括三个层次【话题引入】层次抓住阅卷者的注意力,【主题句】层次清晰地展现观点,【构造暗示】层次提醒中间段的层次构造或视角话题引入这一层次有诸多种写法,可以用“故事”开头,用“名人名言或谚语”引出话题,用“语出惊人”的方式开头,用“描述现实状况”的方式开头,用“问句”开头等主题句这一层次的关键是把观点写清晰,可以加上“in myview”之类的信号词,可以加上针对观点的总的抽象理由,可以加上让步层次构造暗示这一层次用一句话提醒中间段将出现几种层次,或者分析问题的视角请看下面一例中每个层次可以怎样完毕Do youagree ordisagree thatprogress isalways goodUse specofocreasons andexampleto supportyour answer.开头段可以这样写Progress intechnology,as aninevitable factof life,has changedpeople,s livesdramatically.But isprogress always for the best Whileone considersthe potentiallydangerousimpact ofchanges suchas industrializationand theadvent ofnuclear technology,it isclear thatprogress,while inescapable,is notalways for the best.文章开始Progress intechnology,asaninevitable factof life,has changedpeople,s livesdramatically.But isprogress alwaysforthebest用一句话描述关键词Progress在我们生活中的影响,然后用问句引出话题【话题引入】,之后用“the potentiallydangerousimpact ofchanges suchas undustrializationand theadvent ofnuclear technology〃提醒读者文章背面将从两个角度入手谈这个问题【构造暗示】,最终用〃it isclear thatprogress,while inescapable,is notalwaysforthebest”清晰地阐明观点【主题句】请看下面一题:Do youagree ordisagree withthe followingstatementPlaying gamesteaches usabout life.Usespecificreasonsandexamples tosupportyouranswer.开头段可以这样写Almost everyone,from likechildren toadults,loves games.The typesof games may changeand get morecomplex aswe growup,but ourenjoyment neverchanges.I believethat playinggames isboth fun and useful,because itteaches usthe skillswe need in life.Games teach us thereisa cause-effect relationship,teach usabout teamwork,and teachus tofollow rules.文章开始“Almost everyone,from littlechildren toadults,loves games.The typesofgamesmaychanges andgetmorecomplex aswe growup,but ourenjoyment neverchanges.〃用两句话描述关键词〃game〃对我们生活的影响【话题引入】,然后直接提出观点和理由【主题句】I believethat playinggames isbothfunanduseful,becauseitteaches usthe skillsweneedinlife.,最终用平行对称构造向读者提醒文章背面的三个层次【构造暗不】Gamesteach usthere isa cause-effect relationship,teachusabout teamwork,and teachus tofollowrules.z/.结尾段当开头短把观点论述清晰之后,结尾段从信息量上讲就成为了最不重要的段落,甚至存在没有结尾段的满分文章一一言外之意是假如时间不够了,应当尽量将中间段写完整,而不是追求结尾段的完整性时间不充足的时候,结尾只需要在中间段最终加上一句总结文章的话:时间充足的时候,可以写成一种简朴的独立的结尾段,总结一下观点,总结一下论据层次,然后还可以做一种简朴的引申只是不要发号召。
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