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一、语法和语义Grammar andMeaning
1.Grammar:Does the sentence adhereto therules ofStandard WrittenEnglish
2.Meaning:Does the sentence clearlyindicate theauthors intendedmeaningMeaning Errors
1.Choose yourwordsEg:right:The courtdeclared thatJack mustpay fulldamagesWrong:The courtdeclared thatJack shouldpay fulldamages explanation:on the，GMAT exam,the word“should“only meanmoral obligationsomething thecourtcannot impose.
2.Place yourwords（主语和谓语在一起要故意义）
3.Match yourwords
4.Avoid Redundancy考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一种句子中使用了两个a.GMAT意思反复的词语例如The valueof thestock roseby a10%increase.Right:The valueof thestock roseby10%要注意时间的体现词语尤其是当一种时间体现未被划线，或者两b.个体现相似时间的词语看起来不一样
2.Position ofNoun ModifiersIpe/First:Words PositionExampleAdjective Before noun TheLAZY cat took a napAfter noun The cat,LAZY fromovereating,took a napAfter noun The catON thecouch took a nap.PrepositionPast ParticipleBefore nounThe TIREDcat took anap.TIRED fromchasing mice,the£al took anap.After nounThe catTIRED fromchasing mice,tookanapBefore nounThe SLEEPINGcattooka napPresent Participlewithout commasAfter nounThe cat SLEEPINGon therug isnamed SuewRelativePionoun AfternounThegrey cat,WHICH lovestuna,tookanapThe catTHZVT livesnext dooris noisy.The personWHO livesnext dooris noisyThecity WHERE1live isnoisyAnothei NounBeforenounA LOVERof mice,my cathunts nightand day.AfternounThecat,a TABBYraised on a farm,tookanap当我们看到名词性修饰词组时，先问问自己它修饰的名词是谁然后保证这个修饰符合原则utouch rulen假如挨着另一种名词，a.modifiers fmisplaced modifiersEg:Jim bikedalong anold dirtroad toget tohis house,which cutthrough thewoods.假如我们想修饰的名词不在句子里，b,-dangling modifiers.Eg:Resigned to the badnews,there wasno commotionin theoffice作为过去分词修饰组，背面应当有一种详细的人Resigned修正Resigned to the badnews,the officermade nocommotion.考试中，常常会设置一种目前分词形式的在句子开头c.GMAT modifieropening制造的状况modifier,danglingA.Unlike noun modifiers,the verb modifiers do not have to touchthe subjectB.Avoid longsequences ofmodifiers thatmodify thesame noun.Putting twolong modifiersin arowbefore orafter a noun canlead to awkward orincorrect phrasings.经典例子Eg:wrong:George Carlin,both shockingand entertainingaudiences acrossthe nation,who alsostruggled publicly with drug abuse,influenced andinspired ageneration of comedians.错误之——就是没有紧邻主语noun modifier-who”Better:Both shockingand entertainingaudiences acrossthe nation,George Carlin,who alsostruggledpubliclywithdrugabuse,influenced andinspired ageneration of comedians.Best:Both shockingand entertainingaudiences acrossthe nation,George Carlininfluenced andinspired agenerationofcomedians,even ashe struggled
3.Noun Modifierswith RelativePronouns（只能修饰物）（不能修饰人）（可人可物）a.Which thatwho whosewhom wherewhen有时候会跟着介词，例如b.which orwhom thecanal throughwhich waterflows;the senatorforwhom wework forc.who is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause,whereas whomis usedas theobject of the verborof a preposition.Eg:The securityguard whowe metwas nicef whomd.当被修饰的名词是修饰句的宾语时，引导词that或whom可以被省略例如The movie（that）we watchedlast nightwas touching只能被用来修饰详细存在的地点名词，如不e.where area,site,country.能修饰抽象名词,如用来修饰这些condition,situation,case,circumstances.in which名词在表达发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用引导宾语的同位语从句是比很好的构造从句that可以很清晰地阐明现象、理论的内容，防止大量的介系词、代词，使句子简朴清晰（限制性非限制性）
4.Essential vs.Non-Essential NounModifiers名词修饰要么是必要的，要么是不必要的先来体会一种例子Essential:The mansionpainted redis ownedby Lee.Non-essential:This mansion,painted red,is ownedby Lee.第二句中，已经告诉我们那一幢大厦是的，我们不需要再加上去辨别this Leepainted red
5.Verb Modifiers作用修饰动词，用来回答解释主语的动词，例如“how,when,where,why.Etc.^^最基本的动词修饰语是副词Type/First WordsPosition ExampleFREQUENTLY,I walk to the store..Adverb Before verbI FREQUENTLYwalk to the storeAfterverb I walk to the storeFREQUENTLY ON Mondays,I walkto the store.Preposition Beforeverb I walkto the storeONMondays.After vcibWHEN my car is broken,I walkto thestore.I walkto thestore WHENSubordinatorBeforeverbmycarisbroken.After verbSomeverbmodifiersmay applyto both the verband the verb ssubject In these cases,you mustmake surethat thesubjectmakes sensewith the modifierlype/First WordsPosition ExamplePiesentParticiplewith Beforeveib WHISTLING,Beat代,〃i lifted the weightcommasAfterverbI lifted the weight,WHISTLING BeatIt”BYPreposition+Simple BeforeverbCONCENTRATING,1lifted theweightGerundAfter verbIliftedtheweight BYCONCENTRATING TOFREE myleg,IInfinitive ofPurpose Beforeverblifted theweightAfter verbIliftedtheweight TOFREE myleg
6.Which vs.Present Participle-ing只能用来指代前面紧邻的名词，永远不能指代前面整个句子Which彳列子Wrong:Crime hasrecently decreasedin our community,which hasled to a risein property values.是这件事促成了的增长，而不是此处用显然不合逻辑propertyvaluesour community,which修改:The recentdecrease incrime hasled to the riseof propertyvalues.The crimehas decreasedrecently inourcommunity,leading to a risein propertyvalues,this use of-ing formworksbest when we want to expressthe result of the main clause练习
5.Mary buyscookies madewith SugarFree,an artificialsweetener,which tastesas sweetasthecorn syrupthat herbrotherloves butwhere there are fewer calories than in anequivalent amountofcomsyrup.作为同位语名词修饰对的；“an artificialsweetener”sugargree,、、这个从句修饰作为一种根据它应当紧邻“which tastesloves”sugarfree,nounmodifier,touch rule,不过一般容许在这两者中间插入一种同位语；错误，原因有二sugarfrce,“where there are cornsyrup,,不能用来修饰，应当用或不与前一种从句平行因此应当修改为1,sugarfree wherethat which,
2.、、which containsfewercaloriesthan doesan
8.People,who talkloudly on their cellphones incrowded trains,show littlerespect for other passengers.分析作者想要体现的意思是，那些大声打电话的人对其他旅客一点都不尊重而原文的体现构造传达出的意思是，人们，说话大声，对旅客一点不尊重即它没有突出是“什么样的”人对其他旅客不尊重因此，要去掉逗号，变成限制性定语从句
七、Verb Tense,Mood andVoice动词语气作者对某一动作的理解及对策陈说语气和虚拟语气动词语态指示谁做了某一动作积极语态和被动语态
1.Simple Tenses.GMAT typicallyprefers thesimple tenses.
2.Progressive Tense:用一般目前时体现客观规律或现象，或定义不要用目前进行时a.在考试中，不能用目前进行时表达未来的动作，虽然这样的体现在口语中是可以的b.GMAT
3.Make thetense reflectauthors meaning.
4.The Perfect Tenses:a.Present Perfect:Still inEffectForm:have/has+past participleAmoment in the pastNOWTHE ACTIONor itsEFFECT第一种状况描述一种动作从过去开始，一直持续到目前例子This countryhas enforcedthe strictlawfor thirtyyears.第二种状况过去发生的动作虽然目前已经停止了，不过它的影响一直持续到目前，这个时候也用目前完毕时_例子:这个孩子已经不再画了,不过那副画还在墙上The childhas drawna picture on thewall.孩子过去在沙滩上画了幅画，不过海水已The childdraw apictureon the sand,but theocean haserased it.经把它冲蚀了（过去开始冲蚀，影响持续到目前）目前完毕时与连用，表达一种动作或since其影响持续到目前例如Since1986no onehas brokenthat worldrecord.b.Past Perfect:the earlieractionPast PerfectSimple PastEARLIERpast momentLATER pastmoment NOWForm:had+participle
①我们并不总是使用过去完毕时来描述只有当我们需要澄清、强调过去一系earlier actions0列动作发生的次序时才需要用这个时态假如这一系列动作的发生次序已经很清晰，那么不需要使用这个时态例子Richard droveto thestore andbought someice cream.Antonio droveto thestore,and Cristinabought someice cream.在这个例子中，两个主句被链接，作者不是在强调这些动作发生的次序（尽管and drove也许先于发生）被和链接的主句不规定使用过去完毕时bought andbut彳列right:Laura lockedthe deadboltbefore sheleft forwork.我们当然懂得先于发生，但已经清晰的表明了这两个动作发生的次序，因locked leftbefore此这里不需要再使用过去完毕时同样after
②晚发生的那个动作并不是必须要用一种时态体现出来，可以使用一种日期时simple past间来表达例如By the1945,the USA_had beenat warfor sevenyears.
5.PerfectTenses:only whennecessaryWrong JoeLEARNED aboutan epochin whichdinosaurs HADWALKED theearth RightJoe LEARNEDaboutan epochin whichdinosaurs WALKEDthe earthIn the firstexample,the PastPerfect hadwalkedisunnecessary Although the actionhadwalkeddoes takeplace cailieithan the actionlearned,the earlieiaction does not have a directbearing on the context of thelater actionI hesequenceof timedoesnotneed to be clarifiedoi emphasized.Thus,the PastPerfect isconsidered wrongin thiscontext假如一种动作发生在过去并且持续到目前（或其影响），用目前完毕时；假如在过去，一种动作先于另一种发生，同步我们需要澄清或强调这两个动作的时间次序，那么用过去完毕时否则，坚持使用simple tense
6.Tense Sequence一般的次序要么是要么是present+future,past+conditional Right:The scientistsbelieve that the machinewillbe wonderful.Right:The scientistbelieved that the machinewould bewonderful
8.The SubjunctiveMoodAgain,verb moodexpresses what the writerbelieves about,or wantsto dowith,the actionexpressed by theverb.In English,most sentencesexpress factswith theIndicative Moodor commandswith theImperative Mood.You canexpect tosee theSubjuncdveMoodin twospecial situations:不也许或不真实
1.提议、愿望和规定引导
2.that这两种使用方法分别对应两类虚拟语气hypothetical subjunctivecommand subjunctive第一种Hypothetical subjunctive这种形式原则上发生在有或的状况下if,as if,as though、表达与目前事实相反的状况1从句主语+过去时动词用lf+Be were主句主语+should/would/might/could+do、表达与过去事实相反的状况2从句主语lf++had+done主句^^+should/would/might/could+have假如我早到那儿，我就会见到她事实Eg:
1.If Ihad gotthere earlier,!should/would havemet her.去晚了假如他
2.If hehad takenmy advice,he wouldnot havemade sucha mistake.听我的劝说的话，就不会犯这样的错误了事实没有听我的话If....Thenw Constructions这种构造可以有多种时态搭配的方式，如下是最常见的五种1General Rulewith nouncertainty这种类型等同于If Jackeats pizza,then he becomes ill.7/present,then presentWhenever Jackeats pizza,hebecomesill.2General Rulewith someuncertaintyIf Jackeats pizza,then hemay becomeill./present,then canor may在这里，或者表明一种不确定的成果can may3Particular Casein the futurewith nouncertainty矿If Jackeats pizza tomorrow,then hewill becomeill.present,then future4Unlikely Casein the futureIfJack atepizzatomorrow,then hewould becomeill ifhypothetical subjunctive,then conditionalCould,should,might,would5Case ThatNever Happenedin thepastIf JackHAD EATENpizza yesterday,then sheWOULD HAVEBECOME ill.if pastperfect,then conditionalperfect中有构造的归入以上五种，注意的是，的里不容许把或者GMAT if…Ihen GMATSC wouldshould放在部分的句子里if第二种The Command Subjunctive这种类型的虚拟语气在中比第一种更重要伴伴随发令词的出现而使用告诉GMAT bossyverb人们做什么基本形式Bossy Verb+That+Subject+Command subjunctive例子The agencyREQUIRED thatGary BEready beforenoon.We PROPOSEthat the school board DISBAND这两个句子中，和是命令语气be disband原则.第三人称的动词不以结尾1S必须是不能是
2.To bebe,is,are,amTake noteof the following incorrectconstructions,all commonlytested on the GMAT:WrongWe PROPOSEthe school boardDISBANDTrhat is not optional.WrongWePROPOSE THAT the schoolboard DISBANDS.Wrong WePROPOSE THATthe schoolboard ISTO DISBANDWrong WePROPOSE THATtheschoolboard WILLDISBAND.Wrong WePROPOSE THATtheschoolboardSHOULD DISBAND.1Common Verbs that take only theCommandSubjunctivewhen indicatingdesireDemand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose,recommend,request,stipulate,suggest例子2Verbs thattakeonlythe infinitiveadvise,allow,forbid,persuade,want Weallow himto be here.3Verbsthattake eitherthe commandsubjunctive orthe infinitiveask,beg,intend,order,prefer,urge,requireWe requirethat hebehere,OR Werequire himto behere4Prohibit takeother constructionRight:The agencyprohibited Jackfrom workingon weekends.防止在背面使用命令虚拟语气，例如whetherWrongI like ice cream,WHETHER itBE chocolate,vanilla,or anyother flavorRight1likeicecream,WHETHER itIS chocolate,vanilla,or anyother flavor
9.Active andPassive Voice.只有当动作的发出者存在时，才可以用和用来体现做一件事依托by+doing；through because of的工具或原因Wrong Thepizza WAS accidentally EATENBY a quirk of fate..Wrong Aquirk offate accidentallyate the pizza；Right THROUGHaquirkoffatethepizzaWAS accidentallyEATEN.、Don bebiased againstthe passive,,Dont usevoice to eliminate answers,此外，不是必须要在一种复合句里保持或者active passive.例如The launchtook placeexcellent andwas seenon television练习I.Because Cokwears ahelmet whenhe struckon thehead by a fallingcoconut renyears ago,he hasescapedseiious injuiyin thatepisode..应当改为一般过去时，由于这个发生在过去某一详细时Has escapedescape间点上episode tenyears agoMozart,who diedin1791,has livedin Salzburgfbi mostof hislife两种修改或者live,had lived
6.She already woke up when the phone rang.这个发生在之前,因此要用Wake upmomentary actionrang hadwokeup.不过，我们可以说由于是一种描述状态的形She was already awakewhen thephonerang.awake容词8By the end of the Apollo program,twelve Ameiicanshave walkedon themoon..Have walkedpresent perfect tense shouldbe hadwalked pastperfecttense..The pastperfect isrequiredbecause thetwelve Americansdid theiiwalking beforethe end of theApolloprogram.Here thephrase end of theApolloprogram functions muchlike aspecific datein thepast.Correction:
八、Comparison对比是平行构造的一种最常见、最重要的对比标识词是“Like,Unlike,As,Than”Comparison Signalslikeunlike moreasthan lessthan as adj.asfaster thanas muchasdifferent fromas littleas asincontrast fastas theto/withsame as见到以上词汇，要下意识的找出被对比的两种事物来
1.Like VS.As是个介词.因此它背面必须跟名词、代词、或者名词短语°永远不能把从句或者一种介词短语放在a.Like Like背面！例子Like herbrother,Ava acedthe test,like+noun phrase需要注意的是，可以跟动名词like Likeswimming,skiing is a greatexercise.既可以当做介词也可以当做连词用来对比两个句子b.AsAgain,as iseither aconjunction orapreposition,depending onthe contextYou shoulddistinguish amongseveralmeaningsConjunction Asappears with a clauseIt has three uses:Duration AuAS Istrolled to thestore,I smelledthe air=while,duringCausation4:I will not tellyou,AS youalready know=since,becauseComparison As:You shouldwalk ASshe wantsyou to=in thesame way恨中Comparison Asis the most importantconjunction use of onthe GMATIt sometimesappears together with soor even sotoo RightJUST ASthe trainswere lateyesterday,the busesare latetoday RightJUST ASthe trainswere lateyesterday,SO TOOare theylate todayComparisonAs can also appearwith a phrase,rather thana fullclause.Right ASin theprevious case,the judgetook anearly break.Preposition Asisusedwith a noun or noun phraseIt alsohasthreeuses:AS yourleader,I amin chargeFunction4=in therole ofIthink ofyou ASmy friend,=Equation24you aiemy friend}ASachild,I thoughtcould fly.IStage/§I=when wasThestructure as...as....cieates acomparison..The firstas isfollowed by an adjectiveor adverb”The secondas isfollowed,by a noun,aphrase,orevena wholeclause.Right They are AS hungry AS you Right They are AShungry ASyouare.RightTheyareAShungryASthey werelast night.练习:
1.choose wordNo matterhow much work itmay require,getting aMBA degreeturns outto bea wiseinvestment.替代Even thoughit requiresmuchwork,解析原句耍体现的意思是，不管主语花费的工作量有多大，它都是一种明智的投资是关键词；而替代句may中把去掉，意思变为“虽然它规定很大工作量，它是一种明智的投资因此替代句变化了原句的意思may当划线句中有情态动词时，必须格外注意，假如选项中没有对应意思的情态动词，那么一般为错选Tip:
2.place wordThedriver tookthe peoplefor aride who had been waiting.替代the people whohadbeenwaitingfor aride.解析•虽然替代句改正了原句中指代不明的状况，不过却变化了作者的意思对的修改为who Thepeoplewhohadbeen waitingwere takenfor aride by the driver.替代
3.choose wordRisingcosts toraw materials may impelus torise pricesfarther costsof raw materialsmayimpale usto raisepricesfurther.解析将“换为“对的,表达花费的钱；替代对的，背面直接跟宾语，而一般用“tofrawmaterialraise riseraise rise在没有直接宾语的语境中，如将替代为对的，指距离，指某事的程度；interest rosein May.farther furtherfarther further然而，用替代是错误的，表达将某物钉在某物上impale impelimpale
4.place wordShe is the mostdedicated gardenerontheblock,every daywatering themore than50plants inher yard.替代every daywatering more than the50plants inher yard.原句的修饰而替代句中提到前面,意思变为more than50plants,more thanthe50plants她不仅仅并且还做其他的工作watering,
9.Electronic devicescan distractdriver.累赘体现为
10.Many directorssuspect thatmanagers areattempting toconceal theextent oflosses at the company.have thesuspicion,are suspiciousabout
11.Theyareready forwhatever mayhappen.in readiness赘述为
12.The senatorread herspeech hastily.in haste,with haste.
13.A tastycake willnot lastlong in a room full ofhungry children.赘述为A cakethat istasty willnot lastfor a long timeinaroomfullof childrenwho arehungry技巧主谓一致和代词最轻易辨别，因此有些状况下能协助迅速判断选项Note:In modernEnglish,like is often misusedto meanfor exampleEven theNew YorkTimes endorsesthis faultyusage..But the GMAT isfirm onthe issue.Wrong I enjoy fast food LIKEhamburgers—fastfoodSIMILAR TOhamburgers]Right I enjoy fastfood SUCHAS hamburgersDonot uselike tointroduce examples,.Instead,use thephrase such as.See theIdiom Listfoi moredetails.在中，和体现的意思是同样的GMAT asLike Right:As herbrother did,Ava acedthe test.Like herbrother,Ava acedthe test.
2.Keep ComparisonParallel
①对比必须在逻辑上是平行的，也就是说，必须对比相似的事物例子身材和人对比Wrong:Franks build,like hisbrother,is broad and muscular.Right:Franks build,like that of hisbrothei],is身材和身材对比broadand muscular.批注[al]:That的指代原则，假如此处前面的名词是复ORLike hisbrother,Frank has a broadandmuscularbuild.数，用those
②对比必须在构造上平行，即，必须有相似的语法构造例子I liketo runthrough forests morethan I enjoywalking through crowds.修改I likerunning throughforestsmorethan walkingthroughcrowds.注意所有名词也许是单数也有也许是复数，无论他们暗含的possessing nounBrian,the Smiths,possessed nouncar,toes是单数还是复数任何单复数的组合都符合语法规则你必须保证这个组合在逻辑上合理你可以在第二个比较部分省略个体，动词甚至整个从句，只要不出现歧义Right:Whereas Idrink2quarts ofmilk aday,my frienddrinks3[quarts}.Right:Iwalkfaster thanBrian[walks].Right:Iwalkas fastnow as[I walked]when Iwas youngerAmbiguous:I likecheese morethan Yvette.{Yvette could be subjector object.}Right:I likecheese morethan YvetteDOES.=than Yvettelikes cheese你需要助动词澄清在第二句比较中的角色是不是比较Right:I likecheese morethan IDOYvette.=thanI like YvetteYvette对象然而，在考试中偶尔会使用不必要的助动词GMATRight:Apples aremore healthyto eatthan caramels.Right:Apples aremore healthyto eatthan caramelsARE.不要只由于第二个比较成分中有了不必要的助动词而排出这一选项Comparative andSuperlative Forms当比较两个事物的时候，用形容词或副词的比较级，当比较多于两个事物的时候，用形容词或Comparative Form副词最高级Superlative Forma.不要把以・ly结尾的副词加・er变成比较级，用力口more的措施变比较级Wrong:Adrian runsQUICKLY.He runsQUICKER than Jacob.Right:Adrian runsQUICKLY.He runsMORE QUICKLYthanJacob.然而，有些副词不是结尾，可以加变比较级可以-ly-erRight:Adrian runsFAST.He runsFASTER thanJacob.除非句子里面有不要单独使用形容词比较级than,Wrong:With wintercoming,I willhave HIGHERenergy bills.在考试中，你必须用明确比较的成分比较级总是与一起出现GMAT thanthanWrong:I willhave HIGHERbills OVERlast year.Right:I willhave HIGHERbills THANlast year.
1.Juggling is a favoritepastime forme,as foryou/as it is foryouThe tateof foreclosure of owner-occupied homesin thenotthetn countiesis75%higher2than those in the southern counties.Correction:thosein thesouthern counties thatofowner-occupied homesin thesoutherncounties.或者
1.The owner-occupied homesin thenorthern countiesare experiencingforeclosure ata75%higher ratethan thosein southerncountiesare
3.Law studentslearn tothink likea lawyer/as alawyer does.
4.A leopardcannot runas fastas acheetah原句为A leopardcannot runas fastas acheetah canrun
5.A leopardcannot catcha wildebeestas fastas acheetahCorrection:A leopardcannot catcha wildebeestas fastas acheetah cancatch
6.The clotheslooked more appealing inside thestorethan theydid onoutside thestore.
7.The clothesinsidethestore lookedmoreappealingthan thoseontheracks outside
8.Thomas ismore interestedin videogames thanhis girlfriend.这句话有歧义是比他的女朋友更对感爱好？还是相对于他女朋友来说，更对感爱好Thomas videoThomas videoCorrection
1.Thomas ismore interestedin videogames thanhis girlfriendis
2.Thomas ismore interestedin videogames thanin hisgirlfriend.15Courtneys experiencesat Halefoid,a largeresearch universitywith renownedprofessors,affluent students,and imposingbuildings,were unlikeher highschool onthe reservation..这个句子错误的把和作对比，experiences herhigh schoolCorrection:Courtneys experiencesat Haleford,a largeresearch universitywith renownedprofessors,affluent students,and imposingbuildings,were unlikeher experiencesin highschool onreservation.Extra:Concision andParallelism.V-A-N=VeibAdjective otAdverbNounAn activeVeub isusually strongerand moreconcise thanan Adjectiveor anaction NaunNone of thebelow Concisionpatterns expressesa rulebut rathera preference・・V AN Pattern1:Prefer aVerb to an ActionNounWordyThe townspeoplesREVOLUTION WASAGAINST theking,BetteiThe townspeopleREVOLTEDAGAINST theking..
5.The teamis determinedto win.Is deteminedto ispiefeiable tohas adetermination to,accoiding toV-A-N pattern4Here determinedis anadjective.I heveib zuinispreferable togain avictory,according toV-A-N pattern
1.Notice that you shouldnot attemptto applyV-A-N pattern3tothecorrect sentenceabove,because Theteam determinesto winchangesthe meaningof the sentence力况・・V AN Pattern2:Prefer a-Claiiss withVerbs to a Seriesof Phraseswith NounsWoidyThe hypothesisABOUT theCOMPOSITION OF the univurinAS largelydark energy seems strange.BetterThe hypothesisTHATthe universe ISlargely COMPOSEDOF darkenergyseemsstrange.“Idea nouns,such ashypothesis,idea,oi suction,lend themselvesparticularly wellto thispattern Other examples includebelief,discovery,evidence,indication,and reportThese sortsof nounsare oftenmodified byThat-Clauses thatcontain fullsentences:The BELIEFTHAT版反泌也或出i$flat contradictedby EVIDENCETHAT eEanh isyoimd and the DISCOVERYTHAT Earth板破des5VAN Pattern3:Prefer aVerb toan AdjectiveWordy:The artistWAS INFLUENTIALTO the movement.Better Theartist INFLUENCEDthemovement
4.Although mostconsumeis aiesuspicious ofsuch offeis,Colin wantsto purchasethe two-foi-onevacation package”The verbwants ispreferable to is desirousof,according toV-A-N pattern
3.Notice,howevei,thatyou should NOTchange are suspiciouscfto theverb suspect,because consumerssuspect suchoffers isunidi-omatic Suspectvs..aresuspiciousis,like lackvs.,are彳lacking in,one of the nreexceptions toKA-N natfprnV-A-N Pattern4:Prefer an Adjective toa NounWordy THEREIS ANABUNDANCE OFfunds forschool constructionBetter Fundsfor schoolconstructionARE ABUNDANT.Ib describea nounornounphrase eg,funds forschool comtructiori,use anadjective[abundanij.Avoid the nounderived fromthat adjective[abundance if you canHere areother examplesalso includedin theIdiom List:Wordy BetterShe has theability to juggle.She is ableto juggle..Note:The bestform here is Shecan juggle]Shehas the capabilitytojuggleI Sheis capableof jugglingamof theconviction that they areI amconvinced that they arerightrightWe aredisindined to stay.We havea disinclinationtostayHeHe isisolatedis inisolation.VAN Pattern5:Prefer anAdverb toa PregsitionalPhrase WoidyOil prices have fallen,but pricesat thegasoline pumphave notfallen TOA COMPARABLEEXTENT.Better Oilpriceshavefallen,but pricesatthegasoline pumphave notfallen COMPARABLY.To modify a verbphrase eg.,have notfallen},use asimple adveiblather thana longprepositional phrase that meansthesame thingSince prepositional phrases containnouns,this is another example of theV-A-N principleConcision Pattern6:Prefer anAdjective toanAdjectiveClause withBe WordyMarcos is a professorWHO ISADMIRABLE BetterMarcos isan ADMIRABLEprofessor.一ConcisionPattern7Remove IT IS…THAT.Wordy:ITISwithout fearTHAT childrenshould playBetter Childrenshould playwithout fearThefirst construction is perfectlygrammatical andeven usefulwhen you want toemphasize someaspect of thesituation such as withoutfear Butthe GMATavoids suchconstructions incorrect answers.You should,do thesame asyou makeyour choice.Concision:Dont MakeIt Too ShortToo ShortPattern1:Keep thePrepositional Phraseif YouNeed ToToo ShortI talked totheBOSTON SOLDIER..Better italkedtothe SOLDIERFROM BOSTON..In manycases,whenwe have onenoun modifiedbyaprepositional phrase,we canturn thephrase into aNoun-Adjective andput itin frontof the first noun,thus shorteningthe wholeexpression.A Noun-Adjective isanoun that is placedin frontof another noun and that functionsas anadjective.Right Awall OFstone ORA stonewallstone isa Noun-Adjective hereThisprocess worksthe bestwhenthe pieposicion isof,the simplestand mostcommon prepositionin EnglishHowever,if thepreposition isnot of then you should avoidcollapsing theprepositional phrase.The phraseBoston soldieyishard tounderstand:it seemsto indicatea typeof soldier,not asoldier whohappens to be froma particularcity.Whenever youhaveatime period,quantity,orothermeasurvmenl asthe firstword,keep theprepositional phrasewithof Nevermodify aToo Short BetterMemorialDay weekthe weekOF MemorialDayOR MemorialDays weekthemerger yearthe yearOF themergerthe oxygevamount theamount OFoxygenthe honeybeeDooulation densitythe densityOF the honeybee populationORthehoneybeeuopulations densitymeasurementusing a“Noun-adjective”.Also,you shouldgenerally avoidusing apossessive to modify ameasurement.“Too ShortPattern2;Keep ThatOf orThose Ofif YouNeed ToTooShortThe face I see in ads every day isa famous actQtBetter The faceI seeinadseverydayisTHAT OFa famousactor.As youtrim words,you canwind upcreating anillogical sentenceifyouare notcaieful Thefirst sentenceabove seemsnice andshort,until youcheck themeaning Canafiice bean actotiNo.
1.hefaceIsee..must beTHEFACE OFafamousactor Theword thatstands forfiice,so the second sentence is correct.Note that theGMATsometimes insertsan unnecessarythatofthose ofwhich youdo haveto remove.y WordyThe fieldsI most enjoy studying are THOSEOF physics and chemistryBetter Thefields1mostenjoystudyingare physicsand chemistry.Physics andchemist yare infact fieldsof study,so youshould simplysay Thefields.arephysicsandchemistry“TooShort“Pattern3:Keen Thatafter aReporting Verb中的GM ATreporting verbsAgree,claim,contend,declare,find,indicate,reveal,rule,show.Parallelism:Concrete Nounsand ActionNouns.名词可以分为两大类实体名词和动作名词，两类名词不能并列平行1例如:Wrong:The bouquetof flowerswas agiving oflove实体名词和名词的平行ing也可以被用来当做名词，这两类也不能平行
2.Infinitives are the TOfoim of the veibeg,to beis theinfinitive ofbe,In general,only makeinfinitives parallel toothei infinitives.The tocan beomitted in the secondinfinitive and all therest,unless thereisa parallelism maikeibefoiethe firstinfinitive.Wrong It is criticalto suspend activities,to notify investors,AND say nothing.Right Itis criticalto susKendactivities,notify investors,AND saynothing.Right Itis criticalto suspendactivities,to notifyinvestors,AND tosaynothing.日Right Itis criticalTHER tosuspendactivitiesOR tonotifyinvestors.
3.Adjectives,Past PartidNes,and PresentPartidoles usedas adjectivesA mastodon carcass,thawed only once ANDstill fresh，is ondisplay.Both thawedfresh describecarcass.Thawed isa pastpaiticiple,whereas freshisanadjective.However,they areparallel toeach other,since theybotharefunctioning hereas adjectivesto modify anoun.Only a few feetwide BUTspanning acontinent,the railroadchanged history沙〃切吆Both wideand describethe railroad.Wide isan adjecrive,whereas spanningisapresent participle.However,in thiscontext,they areparalleltoeach otherWrong Amastodon carcass,thawed onlyonce AND which is still fresh,is ondisplay Right Amastodoncarcass,which has been thawedonlyonceANDwhich isstillfresh,is ondisplayPronounsModifiers:ExtraSometimes itwould benice tomove anawkward subjector objecttotheback of the sentence.Inthesecases,we，can put anin thesentencewheie the subject oiobject usedto beWe callthis useof PlaceholderDo notitit Itlookfora nounantecedent for a PlaceholderItHerearethethree situationsin whichyou mightwant to use PlaceholderontheGMATIt
2.Postnone Hmf-Clauss SubjectsAwkward THATwe scoredm allgave usencouragement.The subjectof thesentence isa TT/zzr-Clause,namely Thatwe scoredat all.Again,this sentenceis grammaticallycorrect,since7为域-Clauses containingfull subjectsand verbscan functionas nouns..However,the positionisawkward.Try topostpone aClause insubject positionwith anPlaceholder It..Better IIgave usencouragement THATwe scoredat allRemember,however,that the’Awkwaid formcouldbethe rightanswer!加H PostponeInfinit orHmUlause ObjectsRight:She madeIT possiblefor usTO ATTENDthe movie.Ybu cannotsay this sentence anyother way,unless youchange theinfinitive phraseto attendinto the action nounattendance.Then youshould diopthe PlaceholderIt\Right:She madepossible ourattenddnee atthe movie.Right:She madeour attendanceatthemovie possible
二、Subject andVerb-Agreement只有可以使单数名词变为复数，其他的如
1.and additivephrases alongwith,togetherwith,in additionto,无此功能as wellas,accompanied byEg:There area deskandatoy around the corner和采用就近原则
2.Neither...nor eitheror中，集合名词
3.GMAT collectivenouns almostalways singular以一结尾的
4.Indefinite pronouns:usually singular.one,-thing,-body,都是单三
5.Subject phrase and clauses:always singular.Eg:Doing itmeans alot tome.Right Some of the money WASstolen frommy wallet{money issingulai RightSomeof the documentsWERE stolenfrom thebank,[documents isplural
6.In manyidiomatic expressionsthat designatequantities orparts,such as〃number of,the subjectof thesentenceis in an O/^prepositionaiphrase..I heseexpressions providethe exceptiontotherule that the subjectcannot be inaprepositionalphraseWe have seen theSANAMpronouns asexamples ofthis phenomenon.Otherexamples include fractionsand percents:Half of thepieIS blueberry,and halfof theslices AREalready gone.The wordsmajority,minority,andpliirahty areeither singularor plural,depending ontheir context.If youwant toindicate rhemanyindividual pansof thetotality,use aplural verb.If youwanttoindicate thetotality itself,then usea singularverb formAvoidingPronouns AltogetherSometimes,the best way todeal witha pronounproblem istoeliminatepronouns,as we haveseen..Forinstance,attheend of alongsentence,a pronounsuchasoi mightinevitably havetruly ambiguousitthemantecedents,no matterhow youtiy torecast thesentence WrongAfterroasting the deer,the hunterextinguished the fire andthen searchedfor atree to hangIT fromFromthe senseof the words,we assumethatthehuntet intendstohangnot Butcouldthe deer,the fire..itreasonably refer toacloser non-peisonal nounA readerwould likelybe confused.thefire,Itis often smoother-and muchmore GMAT-like—to usea geneticsynonym fbithe antecedentthan toxepeat the nounexactly.Such asynonym standsin forthe antecedentand functionsjust likea pronoun,but withnone ofthedrawbacks.The synonymisoftenmote generalthantheantecedent,which refers toanexampleofthe genericsynonymWe havealready observed suchsynonyms morethan once:Right New“nano-papers incorporate fibers that give THESEMATERIALS strength.The genericsynonym materialsrefers tonew anano-papers^which aretypes ofmaterials..Right Afterthe landrseagreement surfaced,the commissiondecided tosubject anySUCH CONTRACTStodebate in the future..You donot always havetouse theseor suchOften,simply thearticle thewill sufficeRight Afterroasting thedeer,the hunterextinguished thefire andthen searchedfor atree tohang THEMEATfrom..The genericsynonym meatrefers tothedeer,which isor providesa typeof meat.Modifiers:Exceptions tothe TouchRuleIn geneial,noun modifiersmust touchtheir nouns.Howevei,therearea fewexceptions tothe TouchRuleL Amission-critical modifierfalls between.This modifier isoftenanO/^phrasethatdefines the noun Thelessimportant modifierrefers tothe nounplus thefirst modifiei.He hada wayOF DODGINGOPPONENTS thatimoressed the scouts.RightHere,the“mission-ciitical modifiei^dodging opponentsdefines the noun wayWithout this modifier,the nounway isalmostmeaningless.In turn,themodifier that impressedthescoutsmodifies theentiie nounphrasea way ofdodgingopponent It helps thatthe relativepronoun thatcannot refeito humanopponents according totheGM AT.Moreover,the leveisedorder isnonsensical:句子:OGL Theuseoflie detectorsis basedontheassumption thatlyini producesemotional reactionsin anindividual that,in指代turn,create unconsciousphysiological responses,“that”reactions.Ithelpsthat thatcan notrefertopeople.
2.Despite theincreasing numberof womengraduating fromlaw schooland passingbar examinations,the行同样，不能proportion ofjudges andpartners atmajor lawrms who are womenhas notrisen comparably.who修饰物体，因此此处跟在背面，可以有效地防止歧义who firms此类打破的句子，万不可由于没有遵守这个规则而先入为主的排除掉！！touch ruleOtherexamplesincludeparts of a wholeRight Anice sheetcovers80percent OFTHE SURFACEOF GREENLAND,an arearoughly thesize of，AlaskaThe modifieian arearoughly thesize ofAlaska modifiesnot the noun Greenland,but ratherthe wholephrase80percent ofthe surface of GreenlandT hemission-critical modifierofthesurfaceofGreenland isrequired next to80percent inolder todefine thatpercentage.
2.A veryshort predicatefails between,shifting avery longmodifier back.RightAnew CEOhasbeenhired whowil[transform thecompany bydecentralizing authoritytvarious divisionheads while increasing their accountability through the useof Dubkscorecards.The alternativeconstructionisconfusing,because themodifier isextremely lengthy:new CEOwho willtransform thecompany bydecentralizing authorityto variousdivisionAwkward Aheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythrough theuseofpublic scorecardshas beenhired
3..A shortnon-essential phrase intervenes andis setoff bycommas.Right Oursystem ofPresidential electionsfavors states,suchas Delaware,that byaouulation areover-represented in the ElectoralCollege.The shortphrase suchas Delawaresneaks betweenthe nounstates andits modifierthat bypopulation areover-represented in the ElectoralCollege T hereisnowhere elselogical toput thephrase suchasDelawareBecausethis phiase is short,its insertionis acceptable.4The modifieiis partof aseries ofparallel modifiers,oneofwhich touchesthenoun..Right Inheraldry,the termtincture refers toacolor emblazoned ona coat of arms andlabeled withaspecial French word.The secondmodifier,labeled witha specialFrenchword,isnotpositioned lightnexttothenounit modifies,namelycolor.However,thismodifieris ina paiallelconstruction withanother modifier,emblazonedonacoatof sms,that jspositionedright nexttothenoun color..Thus,thesecondmodifierisconsidered well-placed.Subgroup ModifiersWhenyouwantto describea paitof alarger groupwithamodifiei,use oneofthe following threeSubgroup ModifierconstructionsRight Thismodel explainsall knownsubatomic particles,SOME OFWHICHWERE onlyrecently discovered.Right Thismodel explainsall knownsubatomic particles,SOME OFTHEM onlyrecentlydiscovered.Right Thismodel explainsall knownsubatomic particles,SOME onlyrecentlydiscovered.More onRelative Clausesvs.ParticiplesA Therate oflanguage extinctionis accelerating,a tendencyultimately culminatingin thesurvivalof justa fewlanguages,according tosome.B Therate oflanguage extinctionis accelerating,a tendencythat willultimately culminatein thesurvivalof justafewlanguages,according tosome.Which sentenceis correctChoice B:a tendencyTHAI WILLultimately CULMINATE.…The reason is thattheadverb ultimatelytells usthattheaction ofculminate orculminating is meant tohappen in the futureHowever,culminating byitself,in thecontextofchoice A,indicates the present timeWhy Thereasonis thatthe main verbofthesentence,is acceleratingyisinthepresenttense.In contrast,throughtheuseofthewordwill^choice Bcorrectlyestablishes whentheactionismeant to occurthatis,inthefutureAbsolute PhrasesAfew GMATsentences usea sophisticatedmodifier calledan AbsolutePhrase Absolutephrases arecomposed of anoun plusanounmodifier.T hesephrases donot havetomodifywhat theytouch;rather,they modify themainclausein someway.Right His head held high,Owen walkedout ofthe storeThe absolute phtaseHis headheld highis composedofanoun Hishead andanounmodifier{held highthatdescribes thenoun.The phraseHisheadheldhighdesciibes howOwen walkedout ofthe stoie.Thus,this absolutephraseacts asaverbmodifier;.Considei another example:Right Scientistshave foundhigh levels of iridiumin certaingeological formationsaround theworld,resultsthat suggest the cutadysmicimpact ofa meteor millions of years ago.fhe absolute phraseinthis sentence,results thatsuggest thecataclysmic impactofameteor millionsof years ago,iscomposed ofthenounresults andthenounmodifierthatmggest.yearsago.Notice thatthenounresults doesnotmodify world,the closestnoun inthemainclause..Thenoun resziltsreferstoeither high levelsof iridium orthe actoffinding theselevels.Theabsolute phrase constructiongives usaway to linka secondsentence tothefirst.Right Scientistshave foundhighlevelsofiridiumin certaingeological formationsaroundtheworld Theseresultssuggestthecataclysmic impactof umeteormillionsofyearsago.You willnever seetwo separatesentences ina SentenceCorrection problem..However,the exampleillustrateshow an absolutephraseattheendofa sentencegives youa legitimatewaytotack ona secondthought.Remember,never useto doso!WhichIn somecases,you canuse anwithacomma in place ofanabsolutephrase.At theendofa sentence,either anformor anabsolutephrasecan indicatea result ofthepreceding clause-ingAn absolutephiaseistypically separatedfrom therest ofthesentencebyacomma.However,for anabsolutephrase attheendofa sentence,you mayalso usea dash一练习
1.When Normaand herhusband readan articleabout Floridasadorable manatees,they promisedeach otherthat theywould oneday gothereand seeone.问题不能指代由于是一种所有格形式，可以修改为there Florida,Floridas“go toFloridav是的先行词，可以指代单复数名词Manatees neone
3.Most Europeancountries——including those of Bulgariaand Romania-----------------------havejoined the EU;Norway andSwitzerland,however,have refusedto doit.问题没有指代对象，累赘多出thoseof用来指代这个动作to doso jointheEU
4.The principaltried tocalm theworried studentsparents,asaresultofthose students disappearing inthe storm.、Students AAdjective.INCORRECT Students,inthephrase thosestudentsdisappearingisanoun thatseemsintended tomodifythegeiund disappearingThereasonisthatwhat isworrying theadul isnot thestudentsthemselves buttheii disappearance.A nounthat modifiesa gerundhas tobeintl possessiveform,however,so thoseindentsdisappearing would be better.Those studentsdisappearance wouldbe evenbetter,because possessivenounsbefore gerundstend tosound awkwardThebestwayto salvagethis sentencewouldbeto rewiiteit completelyCorrection:The principaltried tocalm theworried parentsofthestudents whohad disappearedinthestorm..VerbsComparisons:Extra
1.You should.also recognizethe subtlediffeiences betweenusing apiesent participleoi arelativeclauseand usinganinfinitive tomodifyanoun Considerthefollowingcottect examplesand theiimeaning:Present ParticipleA techniqueALLEVIATING pain is growing popular.Relative ClauseA techniqueTHZYT ALLEVIATESpain isgrowing popular.Both ofthese examplesindicate thatthe techniqueitself alleviatespain.In otheiwords,technique ismeanttobe thesubjectoftheaction alleviateNow considerthefollowingexample,whichisalso collectbut slightlydifferent.A techniqueTO ALLEVIATEpainisgrowingpopular.InfinitiveThis sentencemeans thatyou or someone elsecan alleviatepain bymeans ofthis technique.In otheiwoids,technique isnot meanttobethesubjectoftheaction alleviate,Often,when youmodifyanoun withan infinitive,that〃、noun isnot theimplied subjectoftheinfinitive Forinstance,inthesentence Thereis bookto read the modifiednoun加期istheintended object ofthereading.The bookwillnotread;someone willreadthebook.
2.Put moreand lessinthelight positionsWatch outfor ambiguity,especially whenmore comesbefore anadjective plusanounWe haveeven MOREefficient enginesthan beforeDoesthissentencemean thatwe havea greaterquantity ofefficient enginesOr dowehave engines thataie moreefficientThe lightanswer willresolve theambiguity Right We haveeven MOREengines thatare efficient than beforeRightWehaveengineseven MOREefficientthanbeforeThe phrasein additiontoisworth mentioning.At thebeginning ofa sentence,you canuse thisconstruction to addanother exampletothesubject Youcanalsouse ittoaddanotherexampletoadiffer-ent nouninthesentence,such astheobjectoftheverborsomeothernoun.This usageis endoisedbytheGMAT Right IN ADDITION TO taxes,death isinevitable..RightINADDITIONTOMunster cheese,IlikeSwiss..The majorityofthestudents inthis classARE hardworkers..IntheSenate,the majorityHAS coalescedinto aunified votingblock.
三、平行构造Parallelisma.Definition:the comparablesentence mustbe structurallyand logicallysimilar.b.By spottingParallel Markersto knowwhether onesentence requiresaparallelism.Markers StructuresExamplesAnd X and YBoth...and BothXandYOr XorYEitheror EitherX orYNot...but NotX butYNot onlybut alsoRatherthan Xrather thanYFrom toFrom Xto YAnd,But,Or arethemostimportant markers注意事项c.And.If youjoin2clauses withand,you canputanoptional commabeforethe and.Doing sois especiallyrecommended whenthe clausesare long,independent,or both.Eg:I reallylike candy,and Icat themoften.Treat anylinking verbsas parallelismmarkers.Make thesubject andobjectparallelTo BeQthe「Linking Verbsisappear seemarebecomesmellwas feelsoundwere growstayam looktastebeen remainturnbe representbeingresembled・Parallelism ElementsAlmostanything inasentencecan bemade paralleltoasimilai ParallelElementExamplesElementsLNouns Herexpression reflectedBOTH angerAND relief.AdjectivesThe parkwas NETHERaccessible NORaffordableWe collectedBOTH second-AND third-grade booksjVerbs Thecustodian cleanedthe basementAND washedthe windows.We wouldlike NOTONLY thear yourside ofthe storyBUT ALSOgInfinitivesprovide aresponseL1iPaiciciplesThe actorleft quickly,shunning fansAND duckingintoacar1Prepositional Itwas importantto leavethemoneyinthedrawer RATHERTHAN onPhrasesthe tableNote:the prepositionsdonotalwayshavetobethe sameSubordinateThey contendedthatthecommittee wasbiased ANDthat itshouldClauses bedisbanded主句的谓语动词可以引起一系列单词，第二个平行构造的动词和介词可以省
1.be略例如，
1.He wantsto cleanthe house,wash cloth,and goshopping.
2.Cities arestressing thearts asa meansto greatereconomic developmentand investingmillions ofdollarsin culturalactivities.
3.The rai1road caneither losemore moneyor solveits problems.从句平行此类构造必须从从句的连接词开始，以消除歧义
4.例如,After Iretire,I wantto liveinplacewhere Ican breathclean airand wherethe taxis low.X ActsAs YDistinguish XFrom Y X isthe SameAs YAsX,So YEstimate XTo BeY X is good,and SoToo isYBetween XAnd Y X InsteadOf YX,Such AsY exampleComparedTo X,YXis KnownTo BeY ThinkOf XAs YConsiderX YXisLess ThanYXis ThoughtTo BeYIn ContrastTo X；Y MakeXYView XAsYDeclareX YMistake XFor YWhether XOrYXDevelops IntoY NotOnly X,But AlsoY thecomma isoptionalX DiffersFrom YRegard XAs Ye.Certain idiomsdemand parallelismasaresultoftheir structure.f.Superficial Parallelismvs.Actual Parallelism在将一种语法构造化成（构造）平行前，必须先弄清晰其各要素在逻辑上与否平行例如，Joy dedicateshimself innew job,going towork early,lunching regularly,and leavingoffice和是对的一种解释阐明，其逻辑主语为lately.Going,lunching,leaving dedicatesJoy根据这个句子的不能将和背面三个动词当成是一系列并列平行的动meaning,dedicate作Problem Set
1.Researchers havefound acorrelation betweenexercise andgood grades.
2.Although wewere sittinginthebleachers,the baseballgame wasas excitingtousas tothe、、、、people
3.Many teacherschoose toseek employmentinthesuburbs ratherthan facelow salariesinthecity
4.A goodnights sleepnot onlygives yourbody achance torest,but alsoenergizes you.
5.The jointbusiness venturewill increaseemployee satisfactionand improverelationsbetween A and B.
6.The museumdisplays ihework ofa widevariety ofartists,from ihosewhoareworld・renowned tothosewho avevirtually unknown.
7.The experienceswehave（错when children）in childreninfluence ourbehavior inadulthood.
11.The bandchosen forthe annualspring concertappealed toboththestudent bodyand theadministration,f bothAandB
12.Tobacco companies,shaken bya stringof legalsetbacks inthe UnitedStates,but whichretain对的修改strong growthprospects inthe developingworld,face anuncertain future.which havebeenshaken bya string
13.Voters wantto electa presidentwho genuinelycares abouthealth care,the environment,and thetravailsof ordinarymen andwomen,and whohastheexperience,wisdom,
14.The consultantis lookingforacafe wheretherearecomfortable chairsand thatprovides freeinternetaccess.修改通过可以看出此句应为两个名词性从句的平行，因止匕andthathas comfortable应为最优体现chairs
四、Pronouns原则（做题思绪）先行词必须存在，即我们要指代的那个先行词必须在句子中以名词的形式存在
1.（警惕名词作形容词的陷阱）例如The park rangers discussedmeasures toprevent severewildfire,which couldbe dangerousto原本应当指代不过放在前面作为一种定语成分，不是名词it.It park,parkranger
2.先行词和指代词的搭配必须故意义（whetherthe antecedentand pronounagreelogically）例如，Althoughthe term^^supercomputer^^may soundexaggerated,itissimply an fast mainframethatcan executetrillions ofcalculations everysecond.找到先行词，但把它放至这句话的第二部分中后发现没故theterm”supercomputer，lj意义对的修改it simplyreferstoanfast•••一般会运用我们“想当然”的思维方式来设置陷阱，例如此题中，我们Note:GMAT当然理解作者的意思（即原句中的i指的是supercomputer,）,不过这在语法构造却是错误的一定要形成一种习惯把指代词换成前面的看看与否能得到一种故意义antecedent,有逻辑的句子两者在数量上一致
3.Antecedent andpronoun mustagree innumber,最轻易出错的五个第三人称代词
4.it,its,they,their,them这五个代词指代同名同物！
5.在中，不能单独指代名词例如，这种体现在a.GMAT this,these,that,those Thisis great里是模糊的GMAT可以作为形容词放在名词前面进行指代b.This,these,that,those例如New nano-papers,,incorporatefibersthatgive these materialsstrength.如下单词可以独立使用来替代名词（指代同名同物）；假如想使用c.it,they,them that或必须those,modify thator thoseto makethem newcopies例如The moneyspent by her parentsis lessthan thatspent byher children.spent来修饰以此结合来替代名词byherchildren”that,然而，在使用或者的时候，必须要与其前面的先行词在数量上保持一致that those例如Some peoplebelieve thatthe benefitsofahealthy dietoutweigh thatof regular代词使用错误，由于先行词是复数，因此应当用exercise.that benefitsthoseWrong:Her productsare unusual;many considerthese unique.Right:Her productsare unusual;many considerthem unique.模糊歧义的状况及其修正
7.第一种状况先看一种例子Researchers claimto havedeveloped new”nano-papers,,incorporating tinycellulose fibers,which theyallege givethem thestrength ofcast iron.我们一般会想当然的认为指代指代然而，类似这种they researchers,them nano-papers.指代的混乱转换在中是不容许！GMAT修改措施之一是同步去掉这两个代词f,which allegedlygivethesematerials thestrength ofcastiron,accordingtothe researchers.第二种状况一种句子中只有一种代词，然而其前面却有多种名词的状况英语自身容许这种“模糊”的存在，因此，也会容许潜在意义上的代词模糊GMAT彳列子1Supernovas destroytheir immediateenvironments invast explosions,but bysynthesizingheavy chemicalelements,they providetheuniversewith thepossibility ofbiochemistry-based lifeaswe knowit.是第一种句子的主语，也出目前第二句主语的位置上，我们很清晰的Supernovas they懂得指代即是的发出者容许这种状况的指they supernovas,supernovas provideGMAT代存在例子2The boardis investigatingthe compensationpackages ofseveral executivesin ordertodetermine howmuch theymay havebeen improperlyawarded.会认为的使用是对的的更严谨的体现是用替代GAMT theythese executivesthey主语是一种句子里最重要的名词，因此就像这个句子展示的，主语一般会成为最佳的先行词.假如做题时碰到两个选项完全同样，除去一种选项用了代词，另一种选项用的是7原词，那么优先选择后一种练习
1.Jim maynot beelected CEObytheboard becausehe doesnot meetits standards.可以用作集合名词的代词一Its
五、Modifiers.形容词和副词1形容词只修饰名词和代词，副词可以修饰除名词和代词以外的任何句子成分a.中常常出现的两种修饰组合（两个形容词同步修饰一种名b.GMAT adj+adj+n.词）和（副词修饰形容词、形容词修饰名词）这两种组合体现的意adv+adj+n.思不一样样例如wrong:James Joyceis Maxssupposedly Irishancestor.RightJames Joyceis Maxssupposed Irishancestor.虽然我们不确定是不是的祖先，但我们确定的是（一种爱尔兰James MaxJames著名作家）一定是爱尔兰人，那么第一句用来修饰便是错误的supposedly irishc.corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,recent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed,这些是在里出现过的、背面加变成副词的形容词usual,GMAT“ly”。
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