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四级常考语法构造讲解Be about to do sthbe about to-V-be on the pointof doingsth;just goingto do sth〃即将,就要:Her fatheris aboutto retire.她即即将退休As was aboutto saywhen you interrupted me.我正要张口说话时你打断了我(注aboutto背面跟不定式,并且常与when从句搭配使用)all butall but-
1.〃all but十形容词(或用在谓语动词前)〃二very nearly;almost几乎,差不多;
2.“all but+名词〃=all except〃除...外都〃Crows all butdestroyed afarmer sfield of corn.群鸦几乎吃光了一位农夫的玉米地Thehikers wereexhausted andall butfrozen whenthey were found.刃B些徒步旅行者疲惫不堪,被人们发现时都几乎冻僵了allbutJohn werepresent.除约翰外,其他人都到了(注allbut作〃几乎〃解时可修饰作表语的形容词或过去分词;也可作状语修饰谓语动词)for allfor all----in spiteof〃尽管〃He did not dowell in the race,for allhis training.尽管他进行了诸多训练,但他的赛跑成绩并不很理想Forall hismoney,he wasvery unhappy.尽管他有不少钱,但他并不很幸福alternativealternativen.一一〃选择,替代措施〃,注意下面成语的习常使用方法:“haveno alternativebut to do〃〃没有别的选择,只好〃Theres no alternative buttofight.〃除了战斗以外,没有别的选择〃I hadnoalternativebut towalkout.我没有别的措施,只有走出去andand-------用在省略if的特殊条件句中Five minutesearlier,we couldhavecaught thelast train,a.and b.but c.or d.so(答案a CET—493/
6.・译文再早5分钟,我们就也许赶上最终一趟火车了)Turn on the televisionoropen amagazine andyou advertisementsshowing happy,balanced families,a.are often seeing b.will oftensee c.oftenseed.have oftenseen(答案b.CET—495/
6.译文只要打开电视机或翻开一本杂志,你常常可以看到排列整洁的全家福广告照片)anything but(the)work;all(the)students;all myheart;但不能直接放在代词前面,如不能说all they,all it;但可以用all of构造限定代词,如all ofthem;all虽不能放在代词前面修饰代词,但可以放在代词背面作代词的同位语,如We alldidit;He helpedus all;(但谓语是be动词时,all要放在be背面,如We areallpleasedo)each可以直接修饰不带冠词的可数名词单数,如each student;但不能直接修饰代词、由物主代词或定冠词修饰的可数名词单数,如不能说eachthey,each his book,each thestudent;而必须用each of构造,如each ofthem,each ofhis books,each of the students;但each可以放在复数名词或代词背面,如The students/They eachtook ashare muchomuch-------much多用于否认句或疑问句中,如There is not muchfoodin the houseDo youhave much difficulty infinding thehouse在肯定句中多用plenty of,a lotof,a largequantity of,a gooddeal of;但当much作主语的一部分或与how/too/so/as连用时常用在肯定句中,如Much ofwhatyou sayis true;You havegiven metoo much注意下面几种与much相搭配的习惯说法
1.not muchof a…——not avery good…〃不是——种彳艮好的〃Itwasnt muchof a dinner.
89.译文他是个十足的胆小鬼,不敢讲真话)
3.“much as十从句〃一although〃虽然,尽管〃;Much ashate to do it,I muststay homeand studytonight.尽管我不喜欢,不过今天晚上我必须呆在家里学习
4.〃as much as〃——〃同样(程度)地〃The atmosphereis as muchapartof the earth as its soilsand the water ofits lakes,rivers andoceans,a.are b.is c.do d.has(答案a CET.690/
1.译文正如土壤和湖、河・和海洋里的水是地球的一部分同样,大气层同样也是地球的一部分)Give measmuch again.再给我那么多
5.not so much as/without so much as——〃连..都没有‘He didn,tso much as thankme forreturning hismoney found.我把捡至ll的钱还给他,他连说声谢谢都没有He leftwithout somuchassaying goodbye.他连说声再会都没有就走开了
6.“not somuch Aas B〃一〃与其说A,不如说B〃Oceans dontso muchdividethe worldas uniteit.与其说各大洋把地球分割开来,还不如说是把地球联成一种整体
7.much less〃一(用在否认句后)〃更不用说〃I didnt even speaktohim,much lessdiscuss yourproblems withhim.我连话都不跟他说,再不用说跟他一起讨论你的问题了must have done sthmust have done sth--------用于以肯定的语气推断过去必然发生了某事(常考句型)My pain apparent the moment Iwalked into the room,for thefirstman Imet askedsympathetically:/zAre youfeeling allright a.must be b.had beenc.must have been d.had to be(答案c.考研
96.译文我的疼痛一定很明显,由于我碰到的第一种人就同情地问我〃你不要紧吧?〃)no more thanno more than--------
1.用于〃no more than+钱数/名词〃,〃仅仅,只,只不过〃,表达说话者认为太少,不满意He gaveme no more than$
10.他只给我10美元He isno more than apuppet.他只不过是个傀儡
2.〃no more…than;not any more than〃〃A像B同样不;A和B同样都不〃He isno morea godthan we are.(或)He is not agod any・・・morethan weare.他和我们同样都不是神(注这种体现法是为加强than前面的否认而用的,than背面的文句表面上看是肯定句,起含义实属否认一般说来,than背面的文句所陈说的事实是显而易见的或是常识,以此来烘托阐明前面亦染)再如He cannot effectthe impossibleanymorethanwecan.不也许的事情我们做不到,他和我们同样也做不到The heartis intelligentthan thestomach,for theyare bothcontrolled bythe brain,a.not so b.not much c.much mored.no more(答案d.考研
94.译文心脏和胃同样都没有智力,它们都是由大脑控制的)与no more…than意思相反的构造是no less…than〃不亚于,与同样好〃Sunlight isnecessary thanfresh airto ahealthy conditionof body.a.lessb.no lessmuch d.nomore(答案b.译文阳光与新鲜空气同样对维持身体健康同样必要)no other than/none other thanno other than/none otherthan--------用于强调,表达惊奇,〃不是他人而正是.......〃The strangerwas none otherthanmy oldfriend John.刃[3位陌生人不是他人,正是我的老朋友约翰(注none otherthan用在以人作主语的句子中,no otherthan重要用在It is…的强调句中,但none otherthan也可用在强调句中)如It isno otherthan/noneotherthan oldMr.Smith.那正是史密斯老先生not that***,but that***not that…,but that…----------并非由于…,而是由于…〃Not thatJohndoesn,t wantto help you,but that its beyondhis power.并非约翰不乐意协助你,而是由于他无能为力not just…,but rathernotjustbut rather--------------”不仅仅・••而重要是・•・〃Everyone worksseveral hours eachday.The aimisnotjust tokeep busybut ratherto findmeaningand enjoymentin work.人人每天都工作几小时,其目的不仅仅是为了不闲着,而是为了在工作中找到生活的意义和快乐now that…now that…--------〃既然,由于〃we havefinished thecourse,we shallstart doingmore revisionwork.a.For nowb.Now thatc.Ever sinced.By now(答案b.CET—490/
1.译文既然我们已完毕功课,我们就开始再做些复习吧)—we haveall thematerials ready,we should begin thenew taskatonce.a.Since that b.Since nowc.By nowd.Now that(答案d.考研
89.译文既然我们已备齐了材料,我们就立即开始新的任务吧)(注nowthat引导的从句所陈说的必须是目前的事实或已经发生的事实;若尚未发生,需改用since/as引导,如不能说Now that he wontcome,let,s haveour meetingnow,而必须将这句话中的now that改为since/as才可以now that的考试频度也很大)on/uponon/upon---------
1.〃on十动名词(或表达动作意义的名词)〃,该构造表达此动作一发生,句子谓语的动作就接着发生,可译为〃-……(就……)〃myreturn,I learnedthat Prof.Smith had been atthe museumand wou1dnot beback forseveralhours,a.At b.On c.With d.During(答案b.考研
91.译文我一回来,就听说史密斯专家去博物馆了,几种小时后来才回来)
2.〃on+(表达动作意义的)名词〃,这一构造所体现的意思相称于与该名词同源的动词的目前分词,表达〃正在……〃(注意名词前要用定冠词,一般来说与这种名词同源的动词是不及物动词)The productionis on the decline(——declining).生产在下降常见的与on搭配的名词有on theincrease;on thedecrease;onthe run;on therise;on theboil;onthemove;onthewatch等onlyonly-------
1.“only too十形容词(或过去分词)〃(=very),表所〃非常〃I shallbe only too pleasedto come.能来我非常快乐The newswas onlytootrue.这消息太好了(不也许是真的)与only too搭配的形容词常见的有pleased/ready/willing/glad/happy等
3.〃if only〃引导虚拟条件句,表达〃但愿,要是……就好了〃If onlyhewould stoptalking!他要是停止说话就好了!If onlyI hadfollowed youradvice!我要是听你的话就好了!
4.“only that”(=but that)〃只是,要不是〃I woulddo itwith pleasure,only(that)I amtoo busy.
5.onlyto-V〃用在谓语动词后,表达后来发生了事先没有料到的事情(这一使用方法也常考)After twentyyears abroad,William cameback onlyto findhishometown severelydamaged inan earthquake.We rushedto theairport onlytofind theplane flyingaway.
6.〃not only…but also”不仅…并且〃(not only放在句首时需要用倒装句;此外要注意not only…but also引导的成分要对等)Not onlydid hespeak morecorrectly,but(also)he spokemore easily,ratherrather-------
1.,zwould/had rather・・・than〃或〃rather than・・・would〃表达〃宁愿•••而不愿〃She would rather havethe smallone thanthe largeone.Hewould ratherbe likedthan(be)feared.Rather thanrefuse to helpyou,r dborrow moneyfrom mybank.We ourselveswou1d ratherhave leftonthe8th,but wedidn,t leavetill the12th.I’dratheryouthose importantdocuments withyou.A.not takeb.dont takec.wont taked.didnt take(答案d.CET-693/
6.)(注:假如would rather只波及主语的选择或爱好时,背面可直接跟动词原形或不定式完毕式;than前后连接的两个成分要对等,可以是不定式或名词;would rather背面动词的施动者若不是句子主语自身而是另一种人时,背面需用从句,从句谓语用虚拟语气,即用一般过去时表达与目前的事实相反或很难实现的愿望;用过去完毕时表达与已经发生的事实相反的愿望在托福考试中,从句谓语还可以用动词原形,用动词原形仅仅表达一种愿望,如We wouldrather that he takethis train.我们倒但愿他乘这趟火车走)
6.译文发展核科学应造福于人民而不是有害于人民)
3./zor rather〃〃更确切些说〃(用于改正前面说的话)He arrivedvery latelastnight,or ratherin theearly hoursthis morning.他昨天彳艮晚.更确切些说是今天凌晨才抵达samesame(adj.)------〃同样的,相似的〃the same***that/as〃〃和同样〃(注that和as都可以引导定语从句,有时可以换用;但假如从句省略了谓语动词时则只能用as而不能用that假如定语从句修饰的是人、时间和地点时,连词that还可以用who/when/where(替代):He uses the samebooks that/as youdo/as you.他用的书和你用的同样Put thebook backin the same placewhereyou foundit.你在哪里发现的这本书,还把它放回原地The priceis the sameas beforethe war.物价与战前同样(这里的as不能换用that)saysay(vt.)---
1.〃sb/sth is said to havedonesth〃=Its saidthatsb/sth has donesthor didsth.〃听说某人/某物做了某事〃(注〃be saidto十不定式完毕式〃表达这个动作在谓语动词的动作发生之前已经完毕,不定式完毕也可以用被动态这是常考句型)The buildingissaid
4.destroy)inafire twoyears ago.(考研
81.答案由时间状语two yearsago可以鉴定destroy的动作发生在谓语动作之前,又由于大楼是被烧毁的,因此应用不定式完毕式被动态,因此应把destroy变为tohavebeen destroyed)
2.〃to saynothing of〃--(用在肯定句后)〃更不用说,还不说〃Theeffort requiredis immense,tosaynothing of the cost.规定付出的努力是巨大的,更不用说花费了soso-----
1./znot so十形容词/副词十as〃It was not soeasy as allthat.并不那么轻易It didnot takeso longas hehad feared.并不像他胆怯的那样费那么长时间He wasnot somuch angryas disappointed.他很生气,但更失望
2.so十形容词十可数名词单数r venever seenso beautifulchild.我从未见过这样英俊的孩子(注该句型相称于such a十形十名词,但比后者更文气些)
3.〃so十形容词+as+to-V〃Would yoube sokind as to helpme劳驾帮帮忙好吗?We11be muchobliged if you will be sokind suggestionsforimprovement ofour work.a.to makeb.as makingc.making d.as tomake(答案d.译文假如你能提出改善我们工作的提议,我们将非常感谢)He isnot sostupidas to do that.他不会傻到居然去做那种事情
4.“not somuchas”.......〃连都没有〃He didntsomuchas askmeto sitdown.他居然连请我坐下都没有
6.译文我们一抵达山顶就坐下来休息To)
2.“would(just)as soon…(as)〃〃宁愿〃I would(just)assoonstay athome(as goforawalk).我倒宁愿呆在家里Id just as soonrudelyto hera.that youwon tspeak b.your notspeaking c.you notspeakd.you didntspeak(答案d.考研
81.译文我倒但愿你不要对她说话不礼貌)(注would just as soon背面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气一般过去时)3・“would sooner・・・than〃---〃宁愿・••而不愿〃:He wouldsooner resignthantake partin such dishonest businessdeals.他宁肯辞职而不愿参与此类不诚实的交易suchsuch-----〃这样的,这种的;那么的,如此程度的〃such peopleasthese;people such as these像这样的——类人;such poetsas Keatsand Shelley;poets such as Keatsand Shelley像基茨和雪莱那样的诗人(注such as用于举例时背面不能再用etc./and soon之类的词语,如不能说such asKeats andShelley,etc.)“such asto+inf./such(•••)that〃〃这样的以致/以便〃Your stupidityis such astofill mewith despair.你是这样的愚钝,使我很失望His illnessisnot such asto causeanxiety.他的病还没有严重到引起忧虑的程度He neverhesitates tomake suchcriticismsas areconsidered helpfultoothers.他从不踌躇提出对他人有益的批评It wasntsuch a good dinnershehad promisedus.a.that b.which c.as d.what(答案CETF90/
1.译文那并不是她曾答应我们的那样一顿美餐)(注在上面两句中as是关系代词)His behaviorwas such/Such washis behaviorthat everyonedislikedhim.他的行为如此糟糕,大家都不喜欢他〃such as it is/as theyare〃尽管不怎么样(质量不高或价值不大)〃Youcan usemy bicycle,suchasit is.你可以用我的自行车,虽然不太好Jane toldhergrandmother hergrades,suchasthey were.简才巴她的成绩告诉了她奶奶,虽然成绩不怎么好〃as such〃-一(指前面刚刚提到的)〃作为这样一种人/物〃,such作代词He is a child,and must be treatedas such.他是个孩子,必须作为孩子看待他He is the masterandas suchmustbeobeyed.他是主人,因此必须服从他thanthan——背面可以跟一种省略主语而只保留系词和表语的省略句,这种句式常考We oftenadvise himnot todrink morewine isgood for his health,a.as b.but c.that d.than(答案d.CET693/
6.译文我们常常劝说他喝酒不要超过有益于身体健康的程度(than背面省略了it)(注1995年6月的六级题中也有一道类似的题)The protectrequires morelabour thanbecauseit isextremely difficult,a.has beenput inb.havebeenput inc.beingput ind.to beput in(答案a.考研
92.译文此项工程规定投入的比已经投入的更多的劳动,由于工程极其困难)(这里than背面省略了what)There weremorecasualties thanwas reported(=than itwas reportedthere were).实际伤亡人数要比报道的多There oughtto beless anxietyover theperceivedrisk ofgetting cancerthan in the publicmind today,a.exists b.exist c.existing d.existed(答案a.考研
95.译文对于当今存在于公众头脑中的也许会得癌症的忧虑应当减少)(这里than背面可看作是省略了whato)thatthat—-
1.作为代词,为防止反复,替代前面提到过的特指不可数名词By1990,production in the areais expectedto doubleof
1980.a.that b.it c.oned.what(答案a.CET—690/
1.译文到1990年该地区的产量可望比1980年翻一番)(这里that替代前面的名词the productiono)The numberofregistered participantsin this years marathonwas half.a.of last yearsb.those of lastyear,s c.of thoseoflastyear d.that oflast years(答案d.考研
96.译文已登记参与今年马拉松赛的人数比去年少了二分之一.)(这里that替代the numbero)
2.作关系代词引导定语从句在由形容词最高级/the only/the same/any/every/no等修饰的名词背面的定语从句和在any thing/nothing/everyeverything/much/all等背面的定语从句,多用关系代词that而不用which或whoNewton wasone ofthe greatestmen thatever lived.牛顿是有史以来最伟大的人物之一He isthe onlyman thatcan doit.他是惟一能做止匕事的人She worethe samedress thatshe didat Maryswedding.她穿着在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一件衣服Any boythat wantsto playcan doso.任何想玩(游戏)的孩子都可以玩1never havetaken anythingthat didntbelong to me.我从未拿过任何不属于我的东西He hadnothing leftthat he could pawn.他再也没有什么可以典当的东西了He hadread withoutdiscrimination everythingthat he happenedto comeacross.他不加选择地读了他所能得到的一切书Muchthat haveread hasbeen nonsense.我读过的不少东西都是无聊的废话Once theyhadfain,fortune,secure futures;is utterpoverty.A.now that all isleftb.now allwhich isleft c.now all that isleft d.now allwhat isleft(答案c.CET691/6,译文他们曾有过名气、富贵、可靠的未来,而目前所剩余的一切就只有赤贫了)AH is a continuoussupply ofthe basicnecessities oflife.a.what isneeded b.for ourneeds c.the thingneeded d.hat isneeded(答案d.CET4,90/
1.译文目前所需要的就是不停提供最基本的生活必须品)
3.作连词引导主语从句(注that引导的主语从句一般后置,用形式主语it替代,但尤其要注意放在句首的主语从句的使用方法)—isthecenter ofourplanetary systemwasadifficult conceptto graspin theMiddle Ages.a.Thatthe sun and not the earthb.Being thesunand not theearth c.It isthesun andnottheearth d.The sunandnottheearth(答案a.CET693/
6.译文是太阳而不是地球是我们星系的中心这一概念在中世纪是难以理解的)
4.作连词引导目的、成果、程度状语从句They havedied thatliberty mightlive.他们牺牲了为的是自由可以生存(作目的状语,此处实际上是省略了so)What wasthe matterwith thefellow thathe lookedo happy那人怎么了,他显得这样快乐?(成果状语)He wasso embarrassedthathecould notspeak toher.他是那么地窘迫,他对她说不出话来(程度状语)5,作副词修饰形容词或别的副词,表达〃那么,那样,这样〃,有时前面再用all加以强调,如(all)that far,that good,that clever,that careless,that much,that high,that angry,that ill,that well等等(这一使用方法也常考)I wont pay$20for thecoat;Its notworth.a.all that much b.thatmuch all.thatallmuchd.muchallthat(答案a.考研
88.译文我不会花20美元去买那件大衣,它决不值那么多钱)After havinggonefar,George didnot wantto turnback.a.enough b.muchc.suchd.that(答案d.考研
92.译文乔治已经走了那么远了,不乐意再折回了)
6.用于连词短语〃in that〃中,表达〃由于〃和复合连词〃now that〃中,请参见上面对应的词条under如der十名词一一(注这个名词须是表达动作意义的名词,前面不用冠词,这个构造相称于与该名词同源的及物动词的进行式被动态,under repair—beingrepaired;under discussion=being discussed;under criticism=beingcriticized等等,The survivalof civilizationas weknow it is threat,a.within b.towards c.under dupon(答案・anythingbut-not atall;far from”主线不,一点不〃,作表语,but背面可以跟名词、形容词或过去分词Hes anything but lazy/a hero.他一点不懒/主线不是个英雄The bridgeis anythingbut safe/finished.这座桥一点不安全/离竣工还差得很远Alone ina desertedhouse,he wasso busy with hisresearchwork thathe feltlonely,a.nothing butb.anythingbutc.allbut d.everything but(答案b.考研
90.译文他一种人在一所房子里搞研究工作,一点也不感到寂寞)as(四级考试频度很大的几种使用方法)
1.引导让步状语从句(一般可以用though替代),使用下面句型1)〃形容词/副词十as+主语十谓语Young asI am,I knowsome ofthe familysecrets.尽管我还很小,但我理解某些家庭秘密Much aslike her,I willnot marryher.虽然我很喜欢她,但我并不想与她结婚Some membersofthestaff couldn,t handlethe case,hard asthey tried.某些职工不管怎么想措施也处理不了这个问题2)〃原形动词十as十主语十may/might/will/would〃Try ashe would,hecouldnot liftthe rock.不管他用多大劲也举不起那块石头There wasnota soulto befound in thehouse,search asthey would.不管他们怎么寻找,房子里也找不到一种人2,作关系代词,使用下面句型1)〃such…as〃(as在此靠近于who/that/which)Such womenas Tomknew thoughthe was charming.汤姆认识的那些妇女都认为他长得很迷人I neverheard suchstories ashe tells.我从未听说过他讲的那些故事He neverhesitates tomake suchcriticisms asareconsidered helpfulto others.只要对他人有协助,他从不踌躇提出此类批评It wasn,tsucha gooddinner shehad promisedus.a.thatb.which c.asd.what(答案c.CET—490/
1.译文它并不是像她承诺我们的那样一顿美餐)2)用在〃the same…as〃句型中He doesntbelieve thesame thingsasyou do.他不相信你相信的那些东西(注as的这一使用方法在0ALD词典中被当作连词,但在张道真专家编的《现代英语使用方法词典》(重排本)P70中被当作关系代词,似乎后者更合理、更好理解些)
3.用在〃as+be动词十表语〃从句中,表不〃正如〃He isabsent,as isoftenthecase.他正如一般那样又缺席了Freddie,as mightbe expected,wasattending theconference.正如也许预料的那样,弗雷迪当时正在出席会议Aswas expected,he performedthe taskwith success.正如预料的那样,他成功地完毕了任务is knownto theworld,Mark Twainisagreat Americanwriter,a.That b.Which c.As d.It(答案c.CET—493/
6.译文正如世人所知,马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家——is generallyaccepted,economical♦growth isdetermined bythe smoothdevelopment ofproduction,a.What b.That c.It d.As(答案d.考研
95.译文正如所公认的那样,经济增长是由生产的平稳发展所决定的)(注as在这一句型中是连词还是关系代词也存在着争议,它在构造上更靠近关系代词,但as与that/which不一样,that/which引导的关系从句只能放在先行词背面,而as引导的从句不仅可以放在主句的背面,还可以放在主句的前面)
4.as用于省略句,为防止反复,as替代表语或宾语部分David istall,asare my brothers.像我的几种兄弟们同样,戴维也是个高个儿(as aremybrothers用的是倒装语序,正常语序应是as mybrothers are)The SecondWorld War,oas didthe earlierone of1914,prompted publicconcern abouta physicalandIntellectual well-being ofthe countryshuman resources.第二次世界大战,正如早些时候19的那次同样,立即引起了公众对这个国家人力资源的身心健康的关注
5.as用于省略句,引起分词短语作状语As expected,the afforestationmovementrapidly spread.正如预料的那样,植树造林运动迅速扩展开来Itusually happensas describedabove.它的发生一般如上面所描写的那样He hadfailedto visither aspromised.他没有像他允诺的那样去看望她His firstnovel〃Night〃was anaccount ofthe Nazicrimes throughthe eyesofateenagedboy.a.as seenb.which sawc.but wasseen d.and wereseen(答案a.选自六级样题.译文他的第一部小说《夜》通过一种十几岁的男孩的眼睛描述了纳粹的罪行)
6.用于asmuch…as;not somuch***as〃或〃not so/as十形容词十as〃句式中He saidthe situationthere wasnot so bad ashadbeenpainted.他说,那里的局势并不像所描绘的那样糟The greatuse ofa schooleducationis notsomuchto teachyou thingsastoteach theart oflearning.学校教育的伟大作用与其说是教给你东西,还不如说是教给你怎样学习的技能He isnotso mucha writerasareporter.与其说他是位作家,还不如说他是个记者Theywere expectedto bemodels ofvirtue,honoured asmuch for their characterasfortheirlearning.人们期望他们成为美德的典范,不仅由于他们的学识,并且由于他们的品德而受到敬重
7.用于as if/as though引导的省略句中He pausedas ifexpecting Lennyto speak,(as if背面跟目前分词)他停了一下,好象是在等待拉尼发言同样The boyturned,as ifawakened fromsome dream(背面跟过去分词)那男孩翻了翻身,仿佛从梦中醒来同样He openedhis mouthas iftospeaksomething.(背面跟不定式)他张张口,仿佛要说些什么He glancedas ifin searchofsomething.(背面跟介词短语)他瞟了一眼,仿佛在寻找什么东西同样
8.用在〃just as***,so…〃构造中Just asthe soilisapart of theearth,the atmosphere,a.asit is b.thesameis c.so isd.and so is(答案c.考研
95.译文正如土壤是地球的一部分同样,大气层也是地球的一部分)(so isthe atmosphere是倒装句在〃justas…,so…〃句式中,so引导的主句常用倒装语序,尤其在主语尤其长时更是如此,so替代被省略了的表语部分)Just asthe builderis skilledinthehandling ofhis bricks,the experiencedwriteris skilledinthehandling ofhis words,a.sob.as c.thus d.like(答案a.CET.693/
6.译文正如建筑工人砌砖郁闲熟的技艺同样,有经验的作家在用词做文章上也有高超的技艺)before—尤其要注意before在下面几种例句中的使用方法,在这些例句中,6e/brebefore相称于and then,汉语常译为〃然后;才〃1must finishmy workbeforego home.我必须先把工作做完再回家He hadto becalled twoor threetimesbefore hewould cometo hisdinner.往往要叫他两三遍,他才肯过来吃饭Thefarmer decidedto drivethe cowsaway beforethey mademore damageto thecrops.那个农夫决定把那些牛赶走,以免对庄稼导致更大的损害It wasseveralyears beforewe metagain.又过了好几年我们才又见了面A manescaped fromtheprison lastnight.It wasa longtime theguards discoveredwhat hadhappened,a.before b.until c.since d.when(答案a.CET.493/
6.译文昨晚一种犯人从监狱逃跑了,过了很久警卫才发现发生了什么事)Scientistssay itmay befive orten yearsit ispossible totest thismedicine onhumanpatients.A.since b.before c.after d.when(答案b.CET.495/
6.译文琼昨天晚上没有时间去听音乐会,由于她在忙于准备考试)We werebusy(get)things readyforthe trialproduction whenhe phonedus.(考研
80.答案将get变为getting.译文我们正为试生产而忙着做准备时,他打来了电话.)but forbut for——用于虚拟语气中,表达〃若非〃,相称于if not,背面跟名词;还可用but that引导一种从句,陈说详细事实bed itsdestination ontime.a.In caseof b.In spiteofc.Because ofd.But for(答案d.CET—690/
1.译文若不是由于洪水,轮船就可以准时抵达目的地了)o Hemight havebeen killedthearrival ofthepolice,a.except forb.but for c.withd.for(答案b.CET_6’95/
6.译文若不是警察赶到,他也许就被杀害了)the Englishexamination Iwouldhave gonetotheconcertlastSunday,a.In spiteof b.But forc.Becauseof d.As for(答案b.考研’
91.译文要不是有英语考试,我上个星期天就去听音乐会了)but thatbut that-------用在虚拟语气中,but that从句谓语用陈说语气,陈说详细事实,表达〃倘没有,若不是〃He would have helpedus but thathewas shortofmoney atthe time.他本来会协助我们的,但当时他没有钱but that还用在〃(It is)not that…but that…〃句式中,表达〃不是由于…而是由于•〃Not・・that Johndoesnt wanttohelpyou,butthatits beyondhis power.不是约翰不想协助你,而是由于他无能为力can/couldcan/could------
1.〃cant・・・too〃〃怎么也不为过You cantbecareful inmaking thedecision asit issuchacritical case.a.quite b.very c.too d.so(答案c.选自六级样题.译文做这一决定期再细心也不为过,由于这是一件至关重要的事情)
2.〃cant/couldnt+比较级〃表达〃不也许再〃,实际上等于〃……最〃Theearthquake couldnot havecome ata worsetime forthe war-torn country.对于那个饱受战争之苦的国家来说,地震发生的时间再糟糕不过To
3.〃cant/couldnt+完毕式〃用于推断过去〃不也许发生了某事〃Mary,myletter,otherwise shewouldhavereplied beforenow.a.has receivedb.oughtto havereceived c.couldn,thavereceived d.shouldnt havereceived(答案C.考研
91.译文玛丽不也许收到了我的信,否则她一定会回信的)ComradeLi bein Beijingbecause sawhim intown onlya fewminutes ago.a.mustn,tb.cant c.may notd.isn table to(答案b.考研
80.译文李同志不也许在北京,由于仅在几分钟前我还在城里见到了他)cannot help-ingcannot help-ing--------〃禁不住,忍不住;防止不了〃I couldnthelpoverhearing whathe said.我禁不住偷听了他说的话We couldnthelp theirseeingus.我们防止不了他们看见我们cannot help but docannot help butdo----------〃不由得,不能不〃(与cannothelp-ing基本同义)You canthelpbutrespect them.你不由的要尊敬他们(注在这个句式中,还可以把help省略掉,意思不变,如上面的句子也可变化为You cannotbutrespect them.)cannot choose but docannotchoose butdo-------注意ht背面习惯上跟不带to的不定式,表达〃没有别的措施,只好〃;He cannotchoosebutobey.他没有别的措施,只好服从choicechoice-------注意choice在下面句型中的使用方法
1.“have no choicebut to do〃或〃Theres nochoice forsb but to do〃〃没有别的措施,只好〃(注意but背面的不定式必须带to)We hadnochoicebut to do whatwe wereasked.我们不得不做规定我们做的工作
2.“have no other choice than to do〃〃没有别的选择,只好〃The beatenenemy hadnootherchoicethan.a.surrenderb.surrendering c.to surrenderd.to besurrendered(答案c.译文被打败的敌人没有别的选择只好投降)do morethan dodomorethando--------注意than背面习惯上跟不带to的不定式,表达〃不仅仅,不单单,不只是〃In thecourse ofa daystudents dofar morethanJust classes,a.attend b.attended c.to attendd.attending(答案a.CET-^93/
85.译文他们提议我要么给旅馆打电话,要么给旅馆写封信预订房间)findfind——find背面可以跟带目前分词、过去分词、形容词或不定式to be的复合构造作宾语;假如是不定式自身作宾语,要把不定式后移,用形式宾语it弥补其位置He wasfound dying/dead/injured.人们发现他快死了/已经死了/受了伤We found(him to be/thathewas)the rightman forthe job.我们发现他是做这项工作的合适人选I foundto answerall thequestions withinthetime given,a.no possibilityb.therewasimpossibility c.impossibled.it impossible(答案d.考研
80.译文我发目前限定的时间内回答所有那些问题是不也许的)(find上面的使用方法考试频度也很大)forfor-------
1.“for all〃〃尽管〃all ourkindness tohelp her,Sararefused tolisten tous.a.At b.For c.In d.On(答案b.考研
92.译文尽管我们好心要协助她,但萨拉不愿听我们的)There maybe mistakesoccasionally,but forallthat,itisthe bestbook onthe subject.书中也许偶而有些错误,但尽管如此它仍不失为论述这个问题的最佳的书
2.〃butfor〃/〃if it werent for〃〃若不是,若没有〃(用在虚拟语气中)But for your helpwe shouldnot havefinished intime.若没有你的协助,我们就不能准时完毕Had it not been foryourlaziness,you couldhavefinished theassignment bynow.要不是你懒,你目前也许会完毕任务了(注在这个句式中,按正常语序谓语可以用缩合形式计itwerentfor或if ithadntbeen for,但若使用倒装语序时,不能将缩合的werent/hadnt放在句首,如不能说Werent itfor/Hadn,titbeen for,而必须说Were itnot for/hadit notbeenfor.)
3.for作连词,表达〃由于,由于〃,多用于书面语中,引导的从句不能放在主句前面,它引导的原因只是对主句所说的状况作出解释Someone musthave leftthetap on,thewateris runningover andflooding thebathroom,a.thereforeb.forc.nevertheless d.moreover(答案b.考研
84.译文一定是谁忘掉了关水龙头,瞧,水溢了出来,洗澡间到处是水)
4.for用在带逻辑主语的不定式的构造中一for there to be/for it to beIt wouldbe surprisingfor anyobjections tothe proposal,a.notto beb.itnotto bec.theretobe notd.there nottobe(答案d.译文对这项提议若没有任何反对,那反倒是奇怪的)For there_______________________successful communication,here mustbe attentivenessand involvementin thediscussionitself byall present,a.isb.tobec.willbed.being(答案b.考研
6.译文假如你不纳税,他们将要逮捕你)I didntunderstandwhat theteacher said,and hadhim explainit againtome.我不懂老师说的意思,我又让他给我解释了一遍in that***in that…-------此为复合连词,相称于because引导的原因状语从句,考试频度极大,在四六级和考研试题中几乎每年均有一题,如1995年三个试题中均考了该题Liquids arelike solidsthey havea definitevolume,a.with thatb.for thatc.in thatd.at that(答案CET—495/
6.译文液体与固体同样,它们也有确定的体积)Britains pressis unusualitisdivided intotwovery differenttypes ofnewspaperthe qualitypress andthe popularpress,a.in howb.in whatc.in whichd.in that(答案d.CET—695/
6.译文英国报纸很不寻常,由于它分为截然不一样的两大类严厉报纸和通俗报纸)Hydrogen isthe fundamentalelement ofthe universeit providesthebuilding blocksfrom whichthe otherelements areproduced,a.so thatb.butthatc.in thatd.provided that(答案c.考研
6.译文正如建筑工人砌砖技术拥熟同样,有经验的作家在用词作文章上也有高超的技艺)Just asthe soilis partoftheearth,the atmosphere,a.asitisb.thesameis c.soisd.andsois(答案c.考研
95.译文正如土壤是地球的一部分同样,大气层也是地球的一部分)know betterthan(todo)know betterthan(todo)-----be wiseor experiencedenough nottodosth很懂得……不会……/不该(做某事)(根据张道真专家的(现代英语使用方法词典)的解释,than背面的不定式多带to,但有时可以省略)You oughttoknow betterthan tostay awayfrom school.你应懂得不该逃学.He knewbetterthan tomention thesubject toher.他很明智而没有向她提起这件事Tom betterthanto askDick forhelp.a.shallknow b.shouldn,t knowc.has knownd.should haveknown(答案d.CET—691/
6.译文汤姆应懂得不该向迪克祈求协助)lessless-------用在下面成语中even/much/still less〃更不用说,更别提〃(用在否认的陈说句之后)The babycan,tevenwalk,much lessrun.那婴儿连走路都不会,更别说跑了I cantrun ahundred yards,even lessa mile.我连一百码都跑不了,更别说跑一英里了He knowslittle ofmathematics,andof chemistry,a.even moreb.still lessc.no lessd.still more(答案b.考研
91.译文他对数学几乎一窃不通,更别提化学了)30lest-------〃唯恐,省得〃(从句谓语多用should,有时可用动词原形)They spokein whisperslest theyshouldbeheard.他们低声交谈,生怕他人听见了The driverlooked overthe enginecarefully lestit shouldgo wrongonthe way.司机认真地检查了一遍发动机,省得半路上出毛病let alonelet alone-------〃更别提〃(多用于否认句之后,与even/much/stillless的使用方法基本相似)I hadnever seenhim,let alonespoken tohim.我从未见过他,更谈不上同他谈话了The babycant evenwalk,let alonerun,那婴儿连走路都不会,更谈不上跑了(注letalone背面可以跟名词、动词不定式或分词,这取决于它所要强调的部分与前一句中所要对比的那一部分的语法构造,它们必须处在同一语法构造层次)mostmost——most可以直接修饰可数名词复数,名词前不用冠词修饰,表达泛指,如most students〃大多数学生〃;假如要特指某些学生中的大多数,就要用mostof构造,并且名词前面一般要用定冠词修饰,如most ofthe studentsin myclass;注意这样用时,most前面没有冠词,不说the most ofthe studentso此外,most不能直接与代词或由物主代词修饰的名词连用,不能说most they/most theirstudents或their moststudents;而必须用,most of构造,像most ofthem,mostofher argumentssome/anyosome/any--------与most的使用方法类似,可以说some advice/students;some ofthestudents;some ofthem;some ofhis arguments;但不说some they,some hisarguments或some thestudentso any也合用于这种状况all/eachall/each-------与most/some/any的使用方法有些区别all可以直接修饰带或不带定冠词的可数或不可数名词以及由物主代词修饰的名词,如all。
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