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仁爱版初中英语语法一.名词I.名词的种类专有名词一般名词可数名词不口］数名词国名.地名.人名，团伊.机个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词构名称II.名词的数:
1.规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式背面加-s或-es现将构成措施与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般状况在词尾加-S map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishesleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives变-f和-fe为v再加-es3以-f或-fe结尾的词加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，5toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys加-shero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,一般加-estomato-tomatoes以辅音字母加一0结6piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos尾的名词不少外来词加-s两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-0结尾的名词加-s radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,
2.不规则名词复数英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1变化名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相似sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species li,yuan,jin,ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents3只有复数形式4某些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staffaudience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复5government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party数（组员）customs（海关）,forces（军队）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,6复数形式表达尤其含义drinks（饮料），sands（沙滩），papers（文献报纸），manners（礼貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins■（废墟）表达“某Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans7国人“单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为Englishmen,Frenchwomenin.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:与宾语的逻辑关系及时间常见动词例句概念ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,主谓关系强调动作将发生I heardhim callme severalwant,wish,encourage或已经完毕times.不定式have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make目前分主谓关系强调动作正在进I foundher listeningto the词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,行，尚未完毕radio.have,feel过去分动宾关系动作已经完毕，We foundthe villagegreatly词changed.多强调状态IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表达未来，进I have a lot of papersto type.不定式行式表达与谓语动作同步发生，完毕式表达在谓语I have a lotof papersto betyped.动词之前发生动名词一般指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall wego to the swimmingpool与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表达动作与谓语动作the boilingwater/the boiledwater the目前分词同步发生developing country/the developed与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表达动作发生在谓语country过去分词动作之前，现已经完毕the fallingleaves/the fallenleavesV.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例My dreamis to become a teacher.不定To obeythe lawis important,多表达一种特定的详细的未来的动作，做主语时可以借助dream,business,wish,idea,plan,式于it把不定式移到句子背面做表语有时可和主语互换位duty,task做主语时常用置，并且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语It isno usesaying thatagain and与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更靠近于名词，表达的动名again.动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it词Teaching ismy job.做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置无名词的性质，不能做主语不过有形容词的性质，可以The situationis encouraging.做表语，多表明主语的特性性质或者状态等，可被very,The bookis wellwritten.quite,rather等副词修饰常见分词有astonishing,moving,分词目前分词多具有“令人…”之意，阐明主，语的性质特性，tiring,disappointing,puzzling,多表达积极，主语多为物过去分词一般表达被动或主语shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed所处的状态，具有“感到…”之意，主语多是人形式九.定语从句T.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一种名词或代词被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一种成分，并与先行词保持数的一致|关系词先行词从句成分例句备注|关系Do youknow the man whois talkingwith whom,which和人主语1代词wh0your motherthat在从句中做宾语时，常Mr.Smith isthe personwith whomI am可以省略，但介whom人宾语working词提前时背面The boywhom sheloved diedin the war..关系代词不能省略，也不可以I likethose bookswhose topicsare about用thathistory.whose人，物定语The boywhose fatherworks abroadis mydeskmate.A plane is a machine that can fly.that人,物主语，宾语She isthe popstar that I want to seeverymuch.The bookwhich Igave youwas worth$
10.The picturewhich was about theaccidentwhich物主语，宾语was terrible.He issuch aperson asis respectedby allofas做宾语一般as人，物主语，宾语us.不省略This isthe samepen asI lostyesterday.I willnever forgetthe daywhen wemetwhen时间时间状语可用on whichthere.关系where地点地点状语This isthe housewhere Iwas bom.可用in which副词I cantimagine thereason whyhe turnedwhy原因原因状语可用for whichdownmy offer.IL that与which,who,whom的使用方法区别:状况使用方法阐明例句
1.He toldme everythingthat he
1..先行词为all,everything,anything,knows.nothing,little,much,等不定代词时
2.All the books that you offeredhas
2.先彳亍词被all,any,every,each,much,been givenout.little,no,some,few等修饰时
3.This isthe bestfilm thatI have
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰只用that的状时ever read.况
4.先行词既指人又指物时
4.We talkedabout the persons and
5.先行词被the only,the very修饰时things that we remembered.
5.He isthe onlyman thatI wantto
6.句中已经有who或which时，为了防止see.反复时
6.Who isthemanthat ismaking aspeech
1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代He has a son,who hasgone abroad物，用who/whom指人for furtherstudy.只用which,who,
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，I likethepersonto whomthe teacherwhom的状况只能用which指物，whom指人is talking.
3.先行词自身是that时关系词用which,先行词Those whorespect others are usually为those,one,he时多用who respectedby others.III.as与which的区另ij定语从句区别例句限制性定名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词He isnot such a foolas helooks.语从句中用as,不能用which Dontread suchbooks as you cantunderstand.as和which都可以指代前面整个主句假如They won the game,as wehad expected.非限制性有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，They wonthe game,which wehadnt定语从句也可以放在背面，那么用as；而which引导的expected.中从句只能放主句后，并无正如的意思O Asis well known,he is a famousfilm starinthe1980s.TV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特性例句对先行词起修饰限制作用，假如去掉，主句意思就The accidenthappened at the time限制性定语从不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分亲密，写when Ileft.句时不用逗号分开对先行词作附加的阐明，与主句的关系不十分亲密，较松散从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相称＞种插His mother,whom heloved非限制性定语入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能deeply,died tenyears ago.从句省略十.名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句在复合句中做主语，相称于名词，Whether hewill comeor not doesnt一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式matter much.主语从句that,whether,if,主语，主语从句放主句之后Whoever comeshere will beas if,as though,welcome.who,whose,在复合句中做表语，相称于名词，表语从句which,how,It looksas ifit isgoing tosnow.位于系动词之后when,where,He askedme whichteam couldwin宾语从句在复合句中做宾语,相称于名词why,what,the game.whatever,whoever,放在名词之后news,problem,同位语从You haveno ideahow worriedwe are.whereveridea,suggestion,advice,thought,句The factthat helied againgreatlyhope,fact等表明其详细内容surprised us.卜一状语从句种类连接词注意点when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,主句表达未来意义时，从句须用一般目前时间状语till,by thetime,as soon as,hardly...when,no时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续sooner...than,the moment,the minute,性的；unlil用在肯定句中主句动词是延续immediately,directly,instantly性的，而否认句中主句动词为短暂性的地点状语where,whereverbecause语气最强，since较弱，表达大家原因状语because,as,since,now that都明了的原因，as又次之if,unless,once,in case,as longas,on condition从句中动词时态不口J用未来时，常用一般条件状语that时替代so that和in orderthat后常接may,should,目的状语so that,in orderthat,for fearthatcould,would等情态动词成果状语so...that,such...thatthan,as...as,not so/as...as the more...the more9比较状语as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语方式状语as if,as though,as气though,although,even if,even though,as,nomatter what,whatever,no matterwho,whoever,as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；让步状语no matterwhich,whichever,no matterhow,although和though用正常语序，可和yet连however,no matterwhen,whenever用，但不可和but连用十二倒装句种类倒装条件例句here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开Out rushedthe children.士尽头的句子表达强调兀3EUnder the tree stoodtwo tablesand four表达地点的介词短语作状语位于句首倒装chairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meetingwere1,000students.never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,not until,Hardly did I know what hadhappened.not等表达否认意义的副词放于句首Only thendid herealized theimportance ofonly和修饰的状语放于句首English.Not onlydoes heknow French,but alsohe isexpertat it.not only...but also连接并列的句子，刖倒后不倒ne汕er.・・nor.・・连接并列的句子，前后都倒装Neither doI knowit,nor doI careabout it.部分倒装so...that,such...that中的so或such及修饰的成So busyis hethat he can notgo ona holiday.分放于句首时前倒后不倒as引导的让步状语Child ashe is,he haslearned a lot.so,neither或nor表达前句内容也合用于此外的He canplay thepiano.So cani.人或事用于表达祝愿的祈使句中May yoube ingood health!省略if的虚拟条件Were Iyou,I wouldnotdo it inthis way.十三虚拟语气类别使用方法例句从句动词过去式（be用were）If hewere here,he would与目前事实相主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原help us.反形从句动词had+过去分词与过去事实相If引导的条主句动词should/would/could/might+have-i-过If I had beenfree,I件从句反去分词would havevisited you.从句动词过去式/should-F动词原形/were+If itshould rain与未来事实相不定式tomorrow,we wouldnot反主句动词should/would/could/might+动词原形go camping.They aretalking as if其他状语asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完毕式they had been friendsfor从句years.in orderthat/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/Turn onthe lightso thatmight/would等+动词原形we cansee itclearly.demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词He suggestedthatwenotchange ourmind.原形宾语从句I wishI couldbe apopwish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完毕式和should/would+singer.动词原形表达与目刖,过去和未来状况相反在It isnecessary/important/strange that...,It issuggested/It isstrange thatsuch a主语从句demanded/ordered/requested that...等从句中，谓语动词用person shouldbe ourshould+动词原形friends.Its hightime thatweIt istime that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形left.其他句型I wouldrather youwouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完毕式stayed at home now.中If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完毕式，表达强烈的愿If onlyour dreamhad望come true!十四重要句型
1.It wasnot untilmidnight thathe finishedhis task.
2.Not untilhe cameback fromabroad wasI ableto seehim again.
3.The harderyou work,the greaterprogress youwill make.
4.He walkedaround thehouse,gun inhand.
5.May yoube ingood health!
6.Wish youa pleasantjourney backhome!
7.The professorwasahumorous manwith bignose anddeep-set eyes.
8.What surprisedme mostwas hisimagination andpatience.
9.He layonthegrass,with hiseyes lookingat thesky andhis handsunder hishead.
10.Sitting underthetreeare Mr.Green andhis firstteacher.
11.On thewall hangtwo picturesof famousscientists.
12.Looking backupon thosepast years,he couldnt help feelingvery proud.
13.No soonerHardlyhad hearrived atthe theatrethanwhen theplay started.
14.Young ashe is,he haslearned advancedmathematics.
15.How Iregret thehours wastedin the woods andfields!
16.There standsa beautifulvase in the cornerof theroom.
17.Ten milesnorth of the townlies apaper factory.
18.There goesthe bell.
19.Nowhere has the worldever seensuch abird ashere.
20.It isno usecrying forhelp.
21.If onlyI hadbeen yourstudent in the middleschool!
22.It isbelieved thatsuchathing will not happenagain.
23.Only whenhe explaineddidIrealize thereason forthis.
24.He worksparticularly hard.”So hedoes,and sodo you.”
25.Not onlyAlice butalso Jane and Maryare tiredof havingone examinationafter another.
26.Such wasAlbert Einstein,a simpleperson ofgreat achievements.十五动词搭配Ladd to增长，增进add...to把・・・加进・・・add up相加add up to总计，所有这一切阐明1I dontthink thesefacts willanything.2Fifty newbooks have been thelibrary.3The musicour enjoymentof thefilm.4You must have made a mistakewhen youthe bill.add upto,added to,add to,added...up
2.break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体精神衰弱,分解，拆开break off暂停，中断break in强行进入，插话break into闯入break intopieces成为碎片break out爆发break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散break through突破1The criminalmanaged tobreak thepolice andran into thewoods.2When heheard thenews,he brokeand cried.3Dont breakwhile othersare speaking.4Why dontyou breakfor a few minutesand havesome coffee5When doesschool break6After harvestwe breakthe soilwith atool pulledby twooxen.away from,down,in,off,up,up
3.bring up抚养，呕吐，提出bring about导致bring out拿出，出版bring in引入，引进,挣钱bring back使回忆起bring down使下降，使倒下1The shopkeeperbrought hisprice toonly five dollars.2The schoolhas broughtnew foreignteachers toteach oralEnglish.3The songbrought happymemories ofour schooldays.4Do youknowwhatbrought thismisunderstanding5The kindold managreed to bring theyoung orphan.6We decidedtobringthe matteratthenext meeting.7The windbrought alotoftrees lastnight.8Next monththey willbring anew editionof thebook.down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out
4.call on号召，拜访某人call at拜访、参观某地call for去叫某人，规定，需要call up使回忆起，征召入伍call in召集，请某人来call out大喊,高叫call off取消，不举行1Doctors areoften calledin themiddle of thewar.2Please waitfor me at home,ril callyou atyour houseat seventonight.3The trainscalls severalbig citiesbetween Beijingand Guangzhou.4He calledher name,but shedidnt answer.5The sportsmeet wascalled on account of the rain.in,for,at,out,off
5.come about发生，出现come down下跌，落，降，传下来come in进来come intosight/being/existence/use/notice/effectcome on来临/快点come out出版，成果是come along一道来，赶紧come to到达an end/an agreement/a stop清醒，合计，总共是come over走过来come up发芽，走近come across偶尔碰到come back回忆起come from来自，源自1I comethebookI lentyou last month.2How didit comethatyouboth gotlost Ithought youhad amap.3It suddenlycame to me whereIhadseen theboy before.4Come now,or elsewe shallbe late.5He cameme likea tiger.6The priceof petrolhas comesince thebeginning ofthis year.7The wordcame usemany yearsago.8When theexamination resultcame,he hadalready gota job.9The billcame over a thousanddollars.10I sowedthe seedsoveramonth ago,but theyhavent comeyet.for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up
6.cut across抄近路cut down砍倒,削减cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系cut up连根拔除,切碎through剪断，凿穿cut out删省掉，戒掉cut in插嘴1Dont cutthis tree.It will be veryshady in summer.2You mustcut thenumber ofcigarettes yousmoke,or itwill causeillness.3We decidedto cutthe moor旷野to thevillage.4Cutting thetree meanscutting thetree intopieces.5The electricitywas cutwhen thelady refused to pay the bill.6We werehaving apleasant conversationwhen Tomcut.down,down,across,up,off,in
7.die ofdisease/hunger/grief/old age死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因die from死于意外事故、情形die away渐渐消逝die out绝种die down炉火渐熄die off逐一死去
8.fall behind落后fall overones feet跌跤fall down掉下,跌倒fall back撤退,后退1Babies oftenfall whenthey arelearning towalk.2Our teamseems to have fallenthe others.3As soonasthe enemies fell,the peoplereturned totheir village.4She fellthe benchand hadher legbroken.down,behind,back,over
9.go in for从事,爱慕，参与go through通过，经受go over复习，检查go up价格上涨，建造起来go after追捕，追赶go against违反go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧go away离开go by时间过去godown下沉，减少，日、月西沉go onwith继续进行go with相配，陪伴go without没有,缺乏go out外出，熄灭go allout全力以赴go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应go backon背约，食言go beyond超过1Many newfactories have gone in the pastfew years.2Rents havegone greatlyrecently.3Many yearshavegonesince wefirst met.4Lets continueour journeyuntil thesun goes.5His actionswent thewill of the people,6I cantdoit,for itgoes myduty.7Over100students wentthis entranceexamination.8The bombwent andkilled tenpeople.9The buyerwent the car carefullybefore reachinga decision.10This tiedoesnt gomy blueshirt.11If youthink youcan solvethe problem,go.12Many studentswent playingbasketball.up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor
10.get down下来,记下,使沮丧get downto致力于，专心于get on进展，进步，穿上，上车get off脱下，下车get in搜集，插话get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假get over忘掉，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复get alongwith进展，相处get up起床get through打通电话,完毕，通过get round消息传开get closeto sth.靠近,几乎get intotroubleget toknowget back取回，收回get out1She spokeso fastthatIcouldnt getwhat hesaid.2We willfind waysto getdifficulties.3The storyhas got,and everyoneknows aboutit.4When Iget withthe report,Ill gotothecinema.5After adelicious mealthe twomen gotto business.6Dont alwaysget aword whenothersarespeaking.7It tookmealong time to getsuch anunpleasant experience,down,over,round,through,down,in,overIL giveaway赠送，泄露，出卖give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布give off发出光、热、气体give into sb.屈月艮give up放弃,让座位1His accentat lastgave him.2The liquidgave astrong smell.3The headmastergave thenames of the prize-winners.4The soldiersgave thetown totheenemies.5Who willhelp me to givethe books6Dont believein thosewho givehis friends.7After along walk,my strengthgave.away,off,out,up,out,away,out
12.hand in交上,提交hand out分发hand down流传，遗传
13.hang about闲逛hang up挂电话
14.hold back制止，隐瞒hold up举起，使停止hold on别挂电话，等，坚持hold out持续，坚持,伸出hold down控制，弹压1Em surehe isholding something.2She managedto holdher emotionuntil herguests hadleft.Then shecried.3Tell himto holda moment.Hl comesoon.4Our foodsupply wonthold formore thana fewdays.5The trainwas heldasaresult of the floods.6These measureshelped tohold thecitys population.7Hold yourleft arm,please.back,back,on,out,up,down,up
15.keep upcourage,English,spirits保持,keep upwith星艮上keep offgrass不靠近，离开ke叩awayfrom避开，不靠近，离…远远的keep out ofkeep torules,promise坚持，遵守keep on继续，坚持下来keep back制止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keep from克制,制止1The angrylady toldthe strangersto keepfrom her.2I canhardly keepmy tearsafter hearinghis words.3Only pridekept herbursting intotears.4I canscarcely keepasking himwhat hehas done.5Dont touchme,screamed thewoman,,fKeep!”6Keep untilyou succeed.7Keep yourcourage,and youllsucceed in the end.8The thickcoat cankeep thecold.9Always try to keepthe ruleswhen youplay agame.10I cantkeep witheverything youredoing.away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up
16.knock at/on敲knock into撞到某人身上knock down撞倒knock outof把…敲出knock over撞倒knock off停止工作，休息1The boxersoon knockedhis opponent.2The officestuff knocksat sixevery day.3Try knockingthe windowand seeif thereis anyoneindoors.4He wasso absorbedin hisbook thathe knockedthe carparked there,down,off,on,into
17.leave for离开前去leave out删去，遗漏leave behind遗留，忘掉拿走leave to留给，遗嘱赠于leave over遗留，剩余，延期1*Whose namehas beenleftn demandedthe teacher.2When hedied,he leftall hisproperty hisniece.3He suddenlyrealized thathe hadleft hisumbrella.4Dont leavethis matteruntil tomorrow.5Leave somemeat fortomorrow.6Those arequestions leftby history.out,to,behind,over,over,over
18.look up查找，向上看look through翻阅,浏览look on旁观look on...as看作look into调查look after/at/for照顾/看/寻找look outfor当心look about/around/round四下查看look downupon瞧不起look backupon回忆，回忆look ab.up anddown仔细打量某人look abin theface/eyes直视某人1I spenttwo hourslooking the students*papers.2Look!There isa bighole infront.3He tookpart in the game,and therest of us justlooked andcheered forhim.4The oldman looked upon thedays ofhis youth.5She wasso snobbish势利that shelookeduponall hisneighbours.6The policepromised tolook thecase assoonaspossible.7He lookedbut sawnobody,and helistened buthear nothing.through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round
19.make up编造，配制，打扮，构成make upfor弥补make into/of/from制J成make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列清单make for走向，驶往，促使1Can youmake thislength ofcloth asuit2I askedthe driverif hewas makingLondon3My fathermadeacheck for metobuy thecamera.4We mustmake theloss nextweek./He triedhard tomake forthedamage hehad done.5He madea story,which Ifound hardto believe.-men,-women将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最终一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsIII.名词的所有格名词在句中表达所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格所有格分两种一是名词词尾加，S构成，二是由介词of加名词构成前者多表达有生命的东西，后者多表达无生命的东西
1.S所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加sthe boysfather,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加’the teachersroom,the twinsmother,复数名词不规则复数名词后加Sthe childrenstoys,womens rights,以S结尾的人名所有格加飞或者’Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smithshouse表达各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加SJapans andAmericas problems,Janes andMarys bikes表达共有的所有关系时在最终一词末加SJapan andAmericas problems,JaneandMarys father表达“某人家“店铺“，所有格后名词省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles
2.，s所有格的使用方法:1表达时间todays newspaper,five weeksholiday2表达自然现象the earthsatmosphere,the treesbranches3表达国家都市等地方的名词the countrysplan,the worldspopulation,Chinas industry4表达工作群体the shipscrew,majoritys view,the teamsvictory5表达度量衡及价值a milesjourney,fivedollarsworth ofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifestime,the playsplot7某些固定词组a birdseye view,a stonesthrow,at oneswifs end不知所措
3.of所有格的使用方法用于无生命的东西the legsof thechair,the coverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时the classroomsofthe first-year students用于名词化的词the struggleoftheoppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词a,an,定冠词the,和零冠词I.不定冠词的使用方法1指一类人或事，相称于a kindof Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waitingfor you.3表达“每一相称于every,one Westudy eighthours aday.4表达“相似相称于the sameWe arenearly ofan age.用于人名前，表达不认识此人或与某名人有A Mr.Smith cameto visityou whenyou wereout Thatboyis rather a5Lei Feng.类似性质的人或事A coupleof,a bit,once upona time,in ahurry,haveawalk,many a6用于固定词组中time用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后7This roomisrathera bigone.8|用于soas,too,how+形容词之后She isas clevera girlasyoucan wishto meet.6Someone iscoming,but I cant makewho itis.into,for,out,up/up,up,out
20.pass away去世pass by通过pass downon...to传给pass through经历pass over漠视，忽视1The oldclock has been passedtomefrom mygrandfathers grandfather.2The manpassed lastweek inpeace.3We arepassing difficulttimes.4The secretarypassed thedetails in thefirstpart ofhis report.down,away,through,over
21.pay back还钱，报复pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应pay off还清1How muchdid youpay thedictionary2You shouldpay themoney youborrowed fromme.3Ell payhim forall hiscrimes罪行against me.4Some day,you*ll paywhat you have donetoday.5Has shepaythedebt yetfor,back,back,for,off
22.pick up捡起,获得information,接人,站起，收听,自然习得language/knowledge,恢复重获pick uphealthpick out挑选,识别，看出1I pickedthe informationwhile waitingin thequeue.2My friendhas arrangedto pickme at6:
00.3The patienthas pickedhealth duringthe lasttwo weeks.4She pickedthe mostexpensive pairof shoes.5I cantpick Johnin the crowd.6Can Ipick VOAwith thisshort-wave radio7He felldown suddenly,but pickedhimself quickly.up,up,up,out,out,up,uppick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词
23.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下put upwith忍受put out伸出，扑灭put off推迟put into放进,翻译put away放好，存钱put down记下,平息put on穿戴，上映，增长put onweight/speedput forward提出，提前put through接通电话put aside放到一边put back放回1He puthalf hiswage everyweek.2The governmentsoon putthe revolt暴舌L.3Put yourwatch.It*s slow.4He puthis handformeto shake.
5.Please putmetoExtension分机
2.6We putfor nightatthevillage inn.7He isvery proud,and heoften putairs.摆架子8We hada telephoneput in our office.9I cantput withyour laziness.away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up
24.pull down拆掉，推翻pull on匆匆穿上/off脱pull in进站pull out取出,火车离站pull down往下拉，拆毁pull over驶到一边pull through恢复健康，渡过难关，脱离险境pull up使停住1The trainslowly pulledand disappearedin thedistance.2All theold houseshere havenow beenpulled,and newones areto bebuilt.3The carpulled whenI blewthe horn.4The doctorthinks theman willpull.5The driverpulled atthe trafficlights.out,down,over,through,up
25.push over推倒，刮倒push aheadon,forward继续前进，坚持下去push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1Weve decidedto pushwith ourplan tobuild anew road2Many treeswere pushedinthehumcane.3They weredetermined topush thenew rulesat anycost..4Take care not topush thebaby.5They pushedthecrowdand atlast reachedus.on,over,through,over,through
26.run across偶尔碰到run after追逐，追捕run away逃跑run for竞选run into偶尔碰到困难遇见人，相撞run outof用完1If youdrive sofast,youll runsomeone someday.2I rana friendof mineintheexhibition.3Our waterhas run.Can youfill upsome morebottles4Why doyou alwaysrun adventure5He didntwanttorun presidentthat year.6In thatway youwill onlyrun difficulties.into,across/into,out,after,for,into
27.see off送行see through看透，识破see to照顾，照管
28.send for派人去请send off送行send out发出光亮等send up发射
29.set up建立set off出发，触发，引起set out动身，着手to do,陈说set about开始着手doingset toworkn.开始做set back拨回，使推迟1I shallset mywatch byfive minutes.2We setreading thetext aloudimmediately thebell rang.3We set at daybreakyesterday andweve beentravelling eversince then.4I setto advisehim notto drink.5What werethe reasonshe setin hisreport6The presidentsetaspecial groupof soldiersto guardhim.7The unpopularlaw seta seriesof protests.抗议back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off
31.think of想起think of...as把.•・看作think out想出think up想出think about考虑think over仔细考虑think wellof sb.对某人见解好
32.turn off/on打开turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻书页，翻转turn out证明为，成果，制导致品turn to转向，求援turn down调低,拒绝turn against变得敌视，反对turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turn back返回，转回去turn round转过身来turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turn in上缴turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1The childturned itsmother forcomfort.2Turn andlet mesee yourface.3However muchhe turnedthe problemin mind,he couldfind nosatisfactory solution.4The Englishevening partyturned a great success.5The sightoftheaccident wastoo muchfor herto bear,and sheturned.6The footballstadium wasfull,and manypeople hadto beturned.7The armyturned himonaccountof由于his poorhealth.8She turnedthe wholehouse inher searchfor hermissing purse.9Where didyour purseturn Ifound itinthesnow.10The villagerssuddenly turnedthe foreignerswho livednearby.11The factoryturns newcars lastyear.to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out臣臣II.定冠词的使用方法:1表达某一类人或物The horseisauseful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the PacificOcean3表达说话双方都理解的或上文提到过的人或事Would youmind openingthe door4用于乐器前面play theviolin,play theguitar5用于形容词和分词前表达一类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表达“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He isthe tallerofthetwo children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词刖the UnitedStates,the CommunistParty ofChina,the French89用于表达发明物的单数名词前The compasswas inventedin China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990s11用于表达单位的名词前I hiredthecarby thehour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表达时间的词组前12He pattedme onthe shoulder.III.零冠词的使用方法:1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词刖Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air名词前与this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限2I wantthis book,not thatone./Whose purseis this制3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表达职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made Presidentof America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likesplaying football/chess.6与by连用表达交通工具的名词前by train,by air,by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband andwife,knife andfork,day andnight8表达泛指的复数名词前Horses areuseful animals.三.代词I.代词可以分为如下七大类:人称主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they1代词宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物主代形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their2词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselvesk指示代词this,that,these,those,such,someb疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词使用方法注意点
1.one,some与any:1one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为onessome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否认句One shouldlearn tothink ofothers.Have youany bookmarksNo,I dont have anybookmarks.I havesome questionsto ask.2some可用于疑问句中，表达期望得到肯定的答复，或者表达提议，祈求等Would youlike somebananas Couldyou giveme somemoney3some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表达某个，any表达任何一种I haveread thisarticle insome magazine.Please correctthe mistakes,if any.4some和数词连用表达“大概”，any可与比较级连用表达程度There aresome3,000students inthis school.Do youfeel anybetter today
2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Each studenthas apocket dictionary./Each of us hasa dictionary./We eachhaveadictionary.Every studenthas strongand weakpoints./Every oneofushas strongand weakpoints.
3.none和no no等于not any,作定语none作主语或宾语，替代不可数名词，谓语用单数，替代可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以There isno waterinthe bottle.How muchwater isthere inthe bottleNone.None ofthestudentsare isafraid ofdifficulties.
4.other和another:1other泛指“此夕卜的，另II的“常与其他词连用，如the otherday,every otherweek,some otherreason,no otherway,the other特指两者中的此外一种，复数为the others如He heldabookin onehand andhis notesintheother.Two studentsinourclass failed,but all the otherspassed theexam.2another指“又一种，另一种”无所指,复数形式是thers,泛指“别的人或事”如:I dontlike thisshirt,please showme anotherone.The trousersare toolong,please giveme anotherpair/some others.Some likefootball,while otherslike basketball.
5.all和both,neither和eitherall表达不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数both和all加否认词表达部分否认，所有否认用neither和none.All ofthe books arenotwritten inEnglish./Not allofthebooksarewritten inEnglish.Both ofus arenot teachers./Not bothofusare teachers./Either ofus isateacher.四.形容词和副词
1.形容词
1.形容词的位置1形容词作定语一般前置，但在下列状况后置修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复1nobody absent,everything possible合不定代词时以-able,-ible结尾的形容词口J置于有最局级或only修饰the bestbook available,the onlysolution2possible的名词之后3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可后来置the onlyperson awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge50meters long5成对的形容词可后来置a hugeroom simpleand beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a mandifficult toget onwith2）多种形容词修饰同一种名词的次序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前冠词大小长短新旧温国籍材料质名的形容指示代词序数词基数词性质状态形状颜色度产地地词词不定代词代词所有格theallabeautiful largeshortsecond onenew blackChinese silkboththisgoodpoor squarenextfour coolyellow Londonstonesuchanotheryour3复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+目前分词peace-loving3形容词+目前分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-coveredk副词+目前分词hard-working9数词+名词+ed three-egged副词+过去分词知词+名词5newly-built10twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:soon,now,early,finally,once,always,often,frequently,seldom,1时间副词5频度副词recently neverhere,nearby,outside,upwards,2地点副词6疑问副词how,where,when,whyabovehard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,how,when,where,why,whether,3方式副词7连接副词really however,meanwhilealmost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,4程度副词8关系副词when,where,whyratherIII.形容词和副词比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和某些双音节词前加more和most
1.同级比较时常常用as…as...以及not soas...as...如I amnot sogood aplayer asyou are.
2.可以修饰比较级的词有much,many,alot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,agreatdealo
3.表达一方随另一方变化时用“the more...the more.一”句型如The harderyou work,themoreprogress youwill make.
4.用比较级来体现最高级的意思如I havenever spenta moreworrying day.
5.表达倍数的比较级有如下几种句型Our schoolis threetimes largerthan yours./Our schoolis fourtimes aslarge asyours./Our schoolis fourtimes thesize ofyours.
6.表达“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级如favourite,excellent,extreme,perfecto五.介词I.介词分类简朴介词1about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on合成介词2inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without短语介词3according to,because of,instead of,upto,due to,owing to,thanks to4双重介词from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between5分词转化成的介词considering（就而论），including6形容词转化成的介like,unlike,near,next,opposite词II.常用介词区别:1表达时间的in,on,at at表达半晌的时间，in表达一段的时间，on总是与日子有关since指从过去到目前的一段时间，和完毕时连用，from指从时间的2表达时间的since,from某一点开始in指在一段时间之后，after表达某一详细时间点之后或用在过去时3表达时间的in,after的一段时间中表达地理位置的in,on,to in表达在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外表达“在…上”的on,in on只表达在某物的表面上，in表达占去鞍一部分表达“穿过”的through,through表达从内部通过，与in有关，across表达在表面上通过，与6across on有关7表达“有关”的about,on about指波及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区另between表达在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间Ubesides指“除了…尚有再加上“，except指“除了，减去什么”，不9besides与except的区别放在句首with表达详细的工具，in表达材料，方式，措施,度量，单位，语言，10表达“用”的in,with声音as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”,like为“象…同样”，指情形相似11as与like的区别12in与into区别in一般表达位置（静态），into表达动向，不表达目的地或位置六.动词L动词的时态
1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其多种时态的构成形式列表如下:目前时过去时未来时过去未来时一般ask/asks askedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were asking shall/will be asking should/would beasking完毕have/has askedhad askedshall/will haveasked should/would haveaskedhad beenaskingshall/will havebeen should/would havebeenhave/has beenaskingasking完毕进行asking
2.目前完毕时与一般过去时的区别1）目前完毕时表达过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和目前有联络，强调的是对目前导致的影响或成果，它不能同表达过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词简言之，运用过去，阐明目前如I have already readthe novelwritten by the world-famous writer.（已经看过，且理解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表达过去发生的动作或状态，和目前无关，它可和表达过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，了”等词简言之，仅谈过去，不关目前如I readthe novellastmonth.（只阐明上个月看了，不波及目前与否记住）I livedin Beijingfor tenyears.（只阐明在北京住过十年,与目前无关）
3.目前完毕时与目前完毕进行时的区别两者都可以表达“从过去开始一直持续到目前“，在含义上如着重表达动作的成果时，多用目前完毕时，如着重表达动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用目前完毕进行时一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于目前完毕进行时I haveread that book.我读过那本书了I havebeen readingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书
4.一般未来时的体现方式未来时使用方法例句1will/shaH+动词原形表达未来发生的动作或存在的状态My sisterwillbeten nextyear.Ifs goingto clearup.具有“打算,计划,即将“做某事,或表达2be goingto+动词原形Were goingto havea party很有也许要发生某事tonight.go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词be+doing进行时He ismoving tothe south.3可用进行时表达按计划即将发生的动作表达未来Are theyleaving forEuropeI wasabout toleave whenthe bellbeabout to+动词表达安排或计划中的立即就要发生的动4rang.原形作，背面一般不跟时间状语The meetingis aboutto close.Were tomeet atthe schoolgate at5be to+动词原形表达按计划进行或征求对方意见noon.时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，The meetingstarts atfive oclock.6一般目前时表达未来The planeleaves atten this可用一般目前时表达未来evening.n.动词的被动语态:常用被动语构成常用被动语态构成态1一般目前时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were beingasked2一般过去时was/were asked7目前完毕时have/hasbeen asked3f未来时shall/willbeasked8过去完毕时hadbeenaskedk过去未来时should/would beasked9未来完毕时will/would havebeenasked5目前进行时am/is/are beingasked10具有情态动词can/must/may beasked的被动语态的否认式是在第一种助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可遗漏其中介副词固定构造begoing to,used to,have to,had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态如Treesshould not be plantedinsummer./The boywasmadefun ofby hisclassmates.Newspapers used to besent herebythelittle girl.注汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动构造表达如It isbelieved that...It isgenerally consideredthat...It issaid that...事It iswellknownthat...It mustbe pointedout that...It issupposed that...项It isreported that...It mustbe admittedthat...It ishoped that...下面积极形式常表达被动意义如The windowwants/needs/requires repairing.The bookis worthreading twice.The doorwont shut./The playwont act.The clotheswashes well./The booksells1well.The dishtastes delicious./Water feelsvery cold.下面词或短语没有被动态leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep upwith,consist of,have on,lose heart等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本使用方法:情态动词使用方法否认式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）can not/cannot/cant Can...do...容许或许可（口语中常用）也Yes,...can.do许性（表猜测，用于否认句或No,...can,t.could couldntdo疑问句中）May...do...Yes,...may.may可以（问句中表达祈求）也许，may notdoNo,...mustn,t/can,t.或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒Might...do...Yes,...mightmight装句中）might notdoNo...might not.必须，应当（表主观规定）Must...do...Yes,...must.must mustnot/mustnt do肯定,想必（肯定句中表推测）No,...needn,t/don,thave to.只好，不得不（客观的必须，有Do...have to do...haveto donthaveto do时态人称变化）Yes,...do.No,...dont.应当（表达义务责任，口语中多ought notto/oughtn^to Ought...to do...ought to用should doYes,...ought.No,...oughtnt.将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用Shall...do...shall shallnot/shant do于二三人称表达许诺、命令、Yes,...shall.No,...shan9t.警告、威胁等应当，应当（表义务责任）本should not/shouldn^doshould Should...do...该（具有责怪意味）will意愿，决心willnot/wont doWill...do...祈求，提议，用在问句中would wouldnot/wouldnt doYes,...will.No,...wont.would比较委婉敢（常用于否认句和疑问句中）Dare...do...dare darenot/daren^doYes,...dare.No,...darent.需要Need...do...need必须（常用于否认句和疑问句need not/needn9t doYes,...must.No,...neednt.中）used Used...to do...not/usednt/usent toYes,...used.No,...usednt.used to过去常常（目前已不再）do Did...use to do...didnt useto doYes,...did.No,...didnt.IL情态动词must,may,might,could,can表达推测以must为例must+do（be）是推测目前存在的一般状态进行；must+be doing推测也许正在进行的事情；must+have done是推测也许已经发生过的事情
1.must”肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中He mustbeaman fromAmerica./He mustbe talkingwith hisfriend./He musthavealreadyarrived there.
2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握可用于肯定句和否认句He maynotbeathome./They mighthave finishedtheir task.
3.can和could也许，could表达可疑的也许性，不及can3语气强，用于肯定、否认、疑问句中The weatherin thatcity couldbe coldnow.We couldhave walkedthere;it wasso near.（推测某事本来也许发生，但实际上没有发生）Can hebe inthe officenow No,hecan*be there,for Isaw himinthelibrary justnow.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否认句中）III.情态动词注意点L can和be ableto:都可以表达能力但be ableto可以体现“某事终于成功”,而can无法体现此意Be ableto有更多的时态此外，两者不能重叠使用
2.usedto和would:usedto表达过去常常做目前已经不再有的习惯，而would只表达过去的习惯或喜好，不波及目前
3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别两者作情态动词时常用于否认句和疑问句其形式为needn/darerft do；Need/dare...do...做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否认句和疑问句其形式为need（needs/needed）/dare（dares/dared）to do,don9t（doesn5t/didn51）need/dare to do八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:构成非谓语形式特性和作用时态和语态否认式复合构造todoto bedone forsb.todo具有名词，副词和形容词的作用tobedoing tohavebeensth.在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语不定式tohavedone donedoing being done目前分在非谓having donehaving been词语前加具有副词和形容词的作用在句分词done1not中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分done词doingbeingdone sbsdoing具有名词的作用动名词having donehaving been在句中做主、宾、定和表语doneIL做宾语的非谓语动词比较:状况常用动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,只接不定式做宾语afford,determine,promise,happen的动词mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider只接动名词做宾语cant help,feel like,succeed in,be fondof,object to,get downto,be engagedin,的动词或短语insist on,think of,be proudof,take pridein,set about,be afraidof,be tiredof,lookforward to,devote oneselfto,be worth,be busy,pay attentionto,stick tobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指详细的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）意义基本相似need,want,require（接动名词积极形式表达被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）两意义相反者stop todo停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事都remember/forget/regret todo（指动作尚未发go ontodo（接着做此外件事）go可生）on doing（接着做同件事）以remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发意义不一样生）mean todo（打算做，企图做）trytodo（设法，努力去做，竭力）try doing（试试去做，看有何成果）mean doing（思识是，居、味着）can,t helptodo（不能帮忙做）can,thelpdoing（忍不住要做）。
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