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主旨大意和猜测词义(完毕)、主旨大意I主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺乏的阅读题型之一,并且难度比较大细分起来,重要考察学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力本文结合近几年高考试题(保留原题号)来谈一谈主旨题的某些特点及解题技巧
一、设题方式考察文章的中心思想The main idea/key pointof this passage isthat.The passage is mainlyabout.From the passage wecan learn/conclude that.Which of the followingstatements best expresses the mainidea of thepassage考察文章标题的选择The besttitle/headline forthispassage is.Which of the followingis the best titleWhatwould bethe besttitle forthe textThetitle thatbestexpressesthe ideasof thispassageis.考察作者的写作态度和意图What is the authors mainpurpose inthis passageThewriters purposein writingthis storyis.In thepassage theauthor wantsto tell.The writerzs attitude toward...is.
二、干扰项特点以偏概全干扰项只论述了文章的一部分内容,也就是文章的局部信息
1..断章取义干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容,或者以次要2的事实或细节冒充全文的重要观点.主题扩大干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大,超过文章实际所讨论的内容
3.张冠李戴命题者故意地把属于的特性放在的身上,构成一种干扰项考生不注意的4A B状况下,会导致错选答案.无中生有或似是而非有的干扰项中的关键词语仿佛在文章中谈到了,但认真分析之后你5会发现此类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联络
三、解题指导All thewaves thatcannot testTothe eastmust thunderonWhere thebright treeof thesunIs rootedin theoseans breast.As thepoem suggests,the Atlanticis neverdead anddull.It isan oceanthat moves,impressively andendlessly.It makesall kindsof noise-it isforever thundering,boiling,crashing,and whistling.It iseasy toimagine the Atlantic tryingto drawbreath-perhaps notso noticeablyout in(模mid-ocean,but whereit meetsland,its watersbathing up and downa sandybeach.It mimics仿)nearly perfectlythe steadybreathing of a livingcreature.It isfilled withsymbioticexistences,too;unimaginable quantitiesof creatures,little andlarge alike,mix withinits depths in akind of oceanicharmony,giving to the watersa feelingof heartbeat,a kindof sub-ocean vitality.And ithas apsychology.It haspersonalities:sometimes peacefuland pleasant,on rareoccasions(重庆)rough andwild;always itis strongand striking.7O.What doesthe underlinedwordsymbiotic meanA.Living together.B.Growing fast.C.Moving harmoniously.D.Breathing peacefully.【解析】词义猜测题根据下文的描述可知在大西洋生活的大量的生物友好共处,由此可推断的意思是“共生的”,因此选项项“生长迅速”,项“友好地移动”,项symbiotic AB CD“平和地呼吸”【答案】A【易错点睛】猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧,也是高考中考察阅读能力的一种方面因此,掌握一定的猜词技巧对突破高考阅读理解和提高考生的英语语言运用能力均有非常重要意义一般说来,对的猜测词义的措施重要有通过构词法猜测词义阅读中常常会碰到某些由熟悉的单词派生、转化或合成的新词,
1.考生可以根据构词法方面的知识来猜测词义通过同义、反义关系猜测词义在生词所在的上下文中,有时会出现与之同义或反义的
2.词语,这时可根据熟悉的词语的含义推知生词的含义.通过定义、解释和举例猜测词义在阅读文章中,尤其是新闻报道及科普类阐明文中,3生词背面往往用等或破折号引出阐明性that is,mean,stand for,namely,refer to,in otherwords的内容,有时也用同位语、定语从句进行解释阐明尚有些文章常常用例子来阐明前面较难理解的词,这些例子可协助考生精确猜测生词文章举例时,常常会用某些连接词,如such as,等like,for example通过上下文的联络猜测词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟
4.句子所在的段落及整篇文章有联络因此,考生可以运用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析,进而猜潮词义这是阅读过程中的一大关键,也是近年来高考考察的热点通过经验及生活常识猜测词义在做阅读理解题时,考生有时可以运用自身的实际生活
5.经验及生活常识猜测词义.分清主次,抓住主干,找出主题句1主题句是归纳体现文章中心思想的句子,它的出既有四种状况)主题句在开头主题句出目前段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义、点明主题的作用,1它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨而支撑句则使用某些详细的人、物、数字或详细的环节来论述或论证主题,常伴有for examplei.e.\that is\first\second\finally\once\another等词例如time\for onething【考例分析】
171.The passageis mainlyabout.A.honour andwriters B.identity andsignature【答案】C.signature andresponsibility D.anonymity andsignature C【解析】考生可以迅速浏览每段首尾两句来确定每段的主题句,从而确定文章的主题句例如文章首段就举例引出名字和责任的关系,从最终一句可Responsibility isthe nameof thegame看出;第二段和第三段分别举出两个反例来论证,注意两段的开头的关键短语to accept和最终一段总结,与responsibility forthe relationshipremain anonymousfor variousreasonso首段形成照应项是断章取义命题者运用最终一段中的来命题,从而设置干扰项A honour、两项是以偏概全和只是在第三段提及B DIdentity anonymity【考例分析
2160.What isthe text mainly aboutA.The researchinto warhistory.B.The findingofaforgotten hero.C.The pilotsof thetwo worldwars.【答案】D.The importanceof militarystudies.B【解析】文章讲述由一张旧报纸上的照片重新发现英雄过程以及对的理解McKayde McKay和评价,因此项对的文章首段便是主题句项断章取义,文章只是提到了一战,并非讲B A述历史;项似是而非,命题根据文中的来设题困惑考生,实际上只是讲述了一战时的一C pilot位飞行员;项无中生有,主线没有提及军事研究的重要性D【考例分析
3145.What isthepassagemainly aboutA.The changesof theauthorA sattitudetoher motherAs English.B.The limitationof theauthorz sperception ofher mother.C.The authorrs misunderstandingof limited“English.D.The authorAs experiencesof usingbroken English.【答案]A【解析】文章讲述的是作者对母亲的由开始的“认为是不完美的broken English〃到后来逐渐认识到母亲的语言“内涵丰富”的一种变化过程首段点明主旨,imperfect末段最终一句与之形成照应、两项均以偏概全项是对第
二、三段的概括,项是对B CB C最终一段的概括项是张冠李戴,实际上是作者的母亲的经验D主题句在结尾用归纳法写的文章,其构造是表述细节的句子放在前面,概述性的句子2放在背面,并以此而结尾,因此结尾的句子起着总结归纳、画龙点睛的作用,多伴有so等词例如\therefore\thus\in short\as aresult\that iswhy【考例分析4]
71.What isthe mainidea ofthe passageA.Music educationdeserves moreattention.B.Music shouldbe oftop educationpriority.C.Music isan effectivecommunication tool.【答案】D.Music educationmakes studentsmore imaginative.A【解析】文章强调音乐教育的重要性,应当引起人们的广泛关注最终一段的“So musiceducationis farmore necessarythan peopleseem torealize.v是主题句B项无中生有,文章没有提及;项是以偏概全,只是第四段的大意;项是断章取义,命题top educationpriority CD者以第四段中的为出题根据来困惑考生imagination【考例分析5]
75.What isthemainideaofthe passageA.Science andits applicationsbring usmany dangers.B.The developmentof sciencemostly liesin peoplesattitudes.C.Mankind canlargely takecontrol of science withtheir efforts.【答案】D.The futureofsciencewill beinfluenced bythe dangerous ideas.B.【解析】文章重要讲述了科学向好的方向还是坏的方向发展重要由人的态度决定最终一段点明主旨;是项以偏概全,是第四段的大意;项也是以偏概全,是第二段的大意;项断A CD章取义,命题者根据文中的和来出题困惑考生,而实质上并没有体现这样的意dangerousidea思【考例分析
6168.What isthe textmainly aboutA.Fish dietingand human dieting.B.Dieting andhealth.C.Human dieting.【答案】D.Fish dieting.D【解析】本文重要讲述了鱼类保持身体瘦小的原因末段首句是文章的主题句项主题扩A大,文章开始使用了人类瘦身与鱼类瘦身相类比,目的在于引起读者的爱好,但不是文章论述的重要内容项无中生有,文章并没有提及项断章取义,文章只是用B healthC来烘托humandietingfishing dieto)主题句在中间主题句出目前文章中间的状况一般是文章的开头部分提出问题,陈说3细节,导出主题句,然后再深入用细节支持阐明主题句在文章中间的主题句一般起着承上启下的作用例如【考例分析】
756.The authorofthe textmainly.A.describes theactivities ofa law-breakerB.suggests anideal wayto travelC.argues againstthe air-courier travel[答案]D.tells usabout adeveloping businessD【解析】本文大意是简介一种新型的职业一一航空投送员第六段最终一句点明主旨,BP文章开头举例“It is not cheapfor abusiness tosend apackage with an aircourier,but itis quick.”以引起读者的爱好,最终一段简介这种新职业的发展状况值得注意的是:有些文章和段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题这就规定考生在阅读过程中,根据文章中所论述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意.理清层次关系,,选出最佳标题2标题是文章中心思想的精练体现,多为一种名词词组,短小明了,函盖性强做此类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息,是某一小节或文章里的某一句因此我们在解题时要反复推敲,把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉例如【考例分析]
875.Which ofthe followingwould bethebesttitle forthis passageA.Saving EnergyStarts atHome.B.Changing OurHabits Beginsat WorkC.Changing ClimateSounds Reasonable【答案】D.Reducing Emissionsof CO2Proves DifficultA【解析】本文作者阐明人们从平常生活的细节做起,从自己家庭开始,一点一滴着手保护环境文章首段最终一句是文章的主题句接下来三段讲述的是个人节省能源的措施项是断B章取义末段最终一句提到了项内容,但只是阐明这是节省能源的措施之一;也是断章取B C义,文章虽然提到个人的行为也能变化气候,但这并非主题;项是无中生有,文章并没有提D到此项内容.抓住关键词,判断作者意图3作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可防止地在文章中反应出来常见的波及到作者态度的词有褒义类此等,贬义类approving,positive,optimistic,词和中性类此critical,pessimistic,doubtful,questioning indifferent,serious,objective,concerned,这就规定考生在阅读时应尤其注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些体现感情色彩的形容词neutralo如等,以及作者对人物语言、行为和思想的improving,encouraging,disappointing,fail,ignore描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度例如【考例分析9]
65.The authorintends toA.make consumersaware ofthe promotersrfalse promisesB.show theweakness ofthe lawon productsafetyC.give adviceon how to keepyoung andbeautiful【答案]D.introduce theorganization ofFDA.A【解析】通读全文可知,作者的目的是让消费者注意虚假的承诺注意第四段第一句中的关键短语以及文章最终——句都能体nothing morethan money-making things,dangerous tohealth现作者的意图、两项都是以偏概全;项无中生有,文中主线没有提及B DC【考例分析】
1068.The mainpurpose ofthetextis totell parents.A.how to get alongwith ateenagerB.how torespect ateenagerC.how tounderstand ateenager【答案】D.howtohelp ateenager growup D【解析】本文重要讲了作为父母,我们应当怎样协助孩子成长首段最终一句是主题句注o意这些关键词句等,这些都表明give yourchild...;teach yourteenager;expect alot fromchild了作者写本文的目的项主题扩大,和孩子相处包括诸多内容,而文章所讲只是其中的一种A方面;项以偏概全,在第二段最终提及,并非主题句;项是无中生有,文章没有提及B C总之,主旨大意类题虽然综合性强,对考生的能力规定较高,但只要我们掌握了一定的解题技巧,在读懂读透文章的基础上,仔细对比四个备选项之间的内涵与外延之间的差异,定能精确地找出对的答案、词意猜测II我们在阅读英语文章以及学习英语的过程中,常常会碰到生词或者词组这个时候,大家往往需要通过查字典才能理解文章的意思其实,假如我们掌握了某些技巧的话,我们可以通过构词法或者上下文猜测出词义,这样既能学习新单词,还能省去查字典的麻烦总体来说,推测生词含义有两种措施,一是通过词根词缀来猜测;另一种就是通过上下文来判断.通过词根词缀推测生词的含义1在英语中一种基本词根加上多种不一样的词缀构成不一样词性或不一样词义的单词,叫衍生词一般前缀变化词义,后缀变化词性例如做(词根)-积极的;活跃的说;告诉(词根)-反复;复述act v.active adj.tell v.retell v.前缀・不(不快乐的)un-f unhappy又;再;重新(重放)re-—replay否认;除去(讨厌;不喜欢)dis-f dislike后缀・(黄金)(金色的)gold fgolden(朋友)(友好的)friend ffriendly(使用)(有用的)use-useful(危险)(危险的)danger fdangerous.通过上下文推测生词的含义2通过上下文推测生词含义的措施有种:同义法、反义法、逻辑法和常识法4同义法•运用解释推测生词的意思()用动词或词组给出前面生词的含义例如1be,mean,refer to•Equipment refersto thethings thatare neededfor aparticular(设备)purpose oractivity.equipment(犹太教的•You knowwhat asiddur isIt sa Jewishbook,siddur祈祷书)()通过举例的措施给出生词的含义例如2After aday ofhunting,Harold wasravenous.He atetwo bowlsof soup,a salad,a largechicken,and(饥饿的)a piece of chocolatecake beforehe wasfinally satisfied,ravenous⑶通过生词后括号内或者破折号后的内容给出生词的含义例如()(参与比赛时,——He gota scoreof lovein thetennis matchhis scoreis zero,a scoreof love方得零分)()通过生词的同位语或定语给出生词的含义例如4(剪发师)Hes abarber.Thats tosay,a personwhose jobis tocut men,s hair.barber反义法•在阅读过程中,如有表达转折的词,如和表达对比关系的词或体but,though,however”现等出现,那就表明这些词语的前后就是两个完全相反unlike,different from,on thecontrary的概念例如(讨厌的)•Unlike herpesky sister,Joan isa lovelygirl,pesky•Friendship isa pricelessthing.If Chrisputs aprice,or conditions,onher friendship,itz sno longerpriceless.In fact,its notreally friendshipat all!(priceless无价的)逻辑法•运用句子间的类比、因果、递进等逻辑关系推测生词的含义的措施表达类比的词或体既有等;表达因果关系的词或体既有similarly,in thesame wayas aresult,therefore,because,due等;表达递进关系的词或体既有等例如to,in orderto and then,even,in fact”(冲淡,稀释)•Water isadded tothe liquidin orderto diluteit.dilute(推迟)•The gamespostponement wasbecause ofbad weather.postponement常识法・运用科普知识和生活常识推测生词含义的措施例如(根据蛇的生活习性的知识,我们推断出的词义为The snakeslithered throughthe grass.slither“爬行”).考察猜测词义的提问方式有
31.The underlinedword n...n in the lastparagraph probablymeans ninChinese.
2.The underlinedword…in thefifth paragraphmeans inChinese.
3.The wordn...nin the second paragraphcan bestbe replacedby H.
4.The word…sinthe middleofthepassageisthe closestin meaningto“纠错排误易借点、只见树木.不见森林,误把细节当主题1No oneknows forsure whenadvertising firststarted.It ispossible thatit grewout ofspecialization,which meansthat peoplewould specialize,or foucs,on doingone specificjobLets takea manwell call Mr.Fielder,fbr example.He dideverything connectedwithfarming Heplanted seeds,tended thefields,and harvestedand soldhiscrops.At thesame time,hedid manyother jobson thefarm However,he didntmake thebricks forhis house,cut histrees into(梨),boards,make theplows orany ofthe otherhundreds ofthings afarm needs.Instead,he gotthemfrom peoplewho specializedin doingeach ofthose thingsSupposethere wasanother manwe shallcallMr.Plowright.Using what he knewabout farmingandworking withiron,Mr.Plowright inventeda plowthat madefarming easier.Mr.Plowright didnotreally likefarming himselfand wantedto specializein makein greatlygood plows.Perhaps,hethought,other farmerswill tradewhat theygrow forone ofmy plows.How didMr.Plowright letpeople knowwhathewas doingWhy,he advertised,of course.Firsthe openeda shopandthenhe putupasign outsidethe shopto attractcustomers.That signmay havebeenno morethan aplow carvedinto apieceofwood anda simplearrow pointingtotheshop door.It wasprobably allthe informationpeople neededto findMr.Plowright andhis reallygood plows.Many historiansbelieve thatthe firstoutdoor signswere usedabout fivethousand yearsago.Even beforemost peoplecould read,they understoodsuch signs.Shopkeepers wouldcarve intostone,clay,or woodsymbols forthe productsthey hadfor sale.A medium,in advertisingtalk,isthe way youcommunicate yourmessage.You mightsay thatthefirst mediumused in advertising wassigns withsymbols,hesecondmedium wasaudio,or sound,although thatterm isnot usedexactly inthewaywe useit today.Originally,just thehuman voiceandmaybe somekindofsimple instrument,such asa bell,were usedtogetpeoples attentionAcrier,inthehistorical sense,isnotsomeone whoweeps easily.It issomeone,probably aman,withavoice loudenough tobe heardover theother noisesof activity.In ancientEgypt,shopkeepersmight hiresuch aperson tospread thenews abouttheir products.Often thisprimitive formofadvertising involveda newlyarrived shiploaded withgoods.Perhaps thecrier describedthe goods,explained wherethey camefrom,and praisedtheir quality.His jobwas,in otherwords,not too(浙江)different froma TVor radiocommercial intodays world.
45.The lasttwo paragraphsaremainly about.A.the storyof advertisingB.the benefitsof advertisingC.the earlyforms ofadvertisingD.the basicdesign ofadvertising【解析】最终两段简介了除了“signs withsymbols,\当时人们还用“audio,orsound”的方式来做广告,都是多种各样的广告形式,因此选择C【答案】C【易错点睛】选择最佳标题,首先要找出文章的主题句找出文章的主题句,也就明确了文章要讲什么,再通过速度全文,就可以把握文章的中心思想了,从而概括出文章的标题当然,在许多文章中也许没有可以概括全段意思的主题句,这就需要我们根据文章中所提供的事实细节,进行全面分析,然后归纳出一般概念选择最佳标题时必须注意,所选标题既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分易错点、不能根据前后文的语境猜测词义2Not allbodies ofweather areso evidentlyalive asthe AtlanticOcean,an S-shaped bodyofwater covering33million squaremiles.The Atlantichas,inasense,replaced theMediterranean astheinland seaof Westerncivilization.Unlike realinland seas,which seemstrangely still,the Atlanticisrich inoceanic liveliness.It isperhaps notsurprising thatits vitalityhas beenmuch writtenaboutby ancientpoets.,“Storm atSea ashort poemwritten around700,is generallyregarded asone ofmankindsearliest artisticrepresentations oftheAtlantic.When thewind isfrom thewest。
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