新编简明英语语言学教程-术语Definition字母排序

Acoustic phoneticsIt studiesthe speech sounds bylooking at the soundwaves.It studiesthephysical meansby whichspeech sounds are transmittedthrough theair fromone personto another.Affix:Affixes areof twotypes:inflectional andderivational.Inflectional affixesmanifestvarious grammaticalrelations orgrammatical categories,while derivationalaffixes areadded to anexisting formto createa word.Allophone Thedifferent phoneswhich canrepresent aphoneme indifferent phoneticenvironmentsare calledthe allophonesof thatphoneme.Antonymy:Antonymy refers to therelation ofoppositeness of meaning.Applied linguistics:In anarrow sense,applied linguisticsrefers to the applicationoflinguistic principlesand theoriesto languageteaching andlearning,especially theteachingof foreignand secondlanguages.Arbitrariness:It isone of the designfeatures of language.It meansthat thereis nologicalconnection betweenmeanings andsoundsArgument:An argumentis alogical participantin apredication.It isgenerally identicalwiththe nominalelement sin a sentence.Auditory phonetics:It studiesthe speechsounds fromthe hearefspoint ofview.It studieshowthe soundsare perceivedby thehear-er.Bound morpheme:Bound morphemesare themorphemes whichcannot be usedindependently buthave tobe combinedwith other morphemes,either freeor bound,to forma word.Complete homonyms:When two words are identical inboth soundand spelling,they arecalledcomplete homonyms.Competence:Chomsky definescompetence as the idealusers knowledge of therules ofhislanguage.Componential analysis:Componential analysisis away toanalyze wordmeaning.It wasproposedby structuralsemanticists.The approachis based on thebelief thatthe meaning ofa-word can be dividedinto meaningcomponents,which arecalled semanticfeatures.Compounding:Compounding can be viewedas thecombination of two orsometimesmore thantwowordsto createnew words.Constatives:were statementsthat eitherstate or describe,and wereverifiable.Context:Generally speaking,it consistsof the knowledge that is shared by thespeak-erand thehearer.The sharedknowledge isoftwotypes,the knowledgeof thelanguage theyuse,and theknowledge about the world,including thegeneral knowledgeabout theworldand thespecific knowledgeaboutthesituation inwhich linguisticcommunication istakingplace.Cooperative Principle:It isprinciple advancedby PaulGrice.It is a principlethat guidesourconversational behaviours.The contentis:Make yourconversational contributionsuchas isrequired atthe stageat whichit occursby theaccepted purposeor thetalk exchangeinwhich youare engaged.Coordinate sentence:A coordinatesentence contains two clausesjoined bya linkingwordcalled coordinatingconjunction,such asand,but,or.Derivation:Derivation is a processof wordformation bywhich derivativeaffixes areaddedtoanexisting formto createa word.Derivational morphology:Derivational morphologyis the study ofword-formation.Design features:Design featuresrefer to the definingproperties ofhuman languagethatdistinguish itfrom anyanimal system of communicationDiachronic:studythe descriptionof alanguage asit changesthrough time.Displacement:Displacement meansthat languagecanbeused torefer tothings which arepresent ornot present,real orimagined mattersin thepast,present,or future,or infar-awayplaces.D-structure:D-structure is the levelof syntacticrepresentation thatexists beforemovementtakes place.Free morpheme:Free morphemesare themorphemes whichare independentunits ofmeaningand canbeusedfreely allby themselvesor incombination withothermorphemes.Grammatical relations:The structuraland logicalfunctional relationsof constituentsarecalled grammaticalrelations.Homographs:When twowords areidentical inspelling,they arehomographs.Homonymy:Homonymy refers to thephenomenon thatwords havingdifferent meaningshavethe sameform.Homophones:When twowords areidentical insound,they arecalled homophonesHyponymy:Hyponymy refers to thesense relationbetween amore general,more inclusivewordand amore specificword.Illocutionary act:is the act ofexpressing thespeakers intention;it is the act performed insaying something.Inflectional morphology:The inflectionalmorphology studiesthe inflectionsInternational phoneticalphabet It is astandardized andinternationally acceptedsystemof phonetictranscription.Language:is asystem of arbitrary vocalsymbols usedfor humancommunication.Langue:refersto the abstractlinguistic systemsharedbyall themembers of a speechcommunity.It isrelatively stable,it doesnot changefrequently.Linguistic competence:Universally foundin thegrammars of all humanlanguages,syntactic rulescomprise thesystemofinternalized linguisticknowledgeof a languagespeakerknown aslinguistic competence.Linguistics:it isgenerally defined as thescientific study of language.Locutionary act:is the act ofuttering words,phrases,clauses.It is theactof conveyingliteralmeaning bymeans ofsyntax,lexicon andphonology.Minimal pairWhen twodifferent formsareidenticalin everyway exceptfor onesoundsegment whichoccurs in the sameplace inthe strings,the twowords aresaid to form aminimalpair.Morpheme:It isthe smallestmeaningful unitof language.Morphology:it isa branchof grammarwhich studiesthe internalstructure ofwords andtherules bywhich wordsare formed.Parole refersto therealization oflangue in actual use.Performance:performance isthe actualrealization of theknowledgeof therules inlinguisticcommunication.Performatives:were sentencesthat didnot statea factordescribea state,and werenotverifiable.Their functionis toperform a particular speechact.Perlocutionary act:istheactperformedby orresulting fromsayingsomething;it istheconsequence of,or thechange broughtabout by the utterance,it istheactperformed bysayingsomething.Phone Phonescanbe simply definedas thespeechsoundswe usewhen speakingalanguage.A phoneisaphonetic unitor segment.Phoneme:The basicunit inphonology is called phoneme,it isa unitof distinctivevalue.Phonetics Phoneticsis definedas thestudy of the phonicmedium of language.Phonology:The study of howsoundsareput togetherand usedin communicationis calledphonology.Polysemy:Polysemy referstothefact thatthe sameone wordmay havemore thanonemeaning.Pragmatics:be definedas thestudyofhow speakersof alanguage usesentences toeffectsuccessful communication.Predicate:A predicateis somethingthatissaid aboutan argumentor itstates thelogicalrelation linkingthe argumentsin a sentence.Predication:The predicationisthe abstraction of the meaning of asentence.Prefix:Prefixes occuratthebeginning ofa word.Prefixes modifythe meaning of thestem,but theyusually donot changethe part of speechof theoriginal word.Productivity:Language isproductive orcreative inthat itmakes possiblethe constructionandinterpretation ofnew signalsby itsusers.Psycholinguistics:The studyoflanguagewith referencetotheworkings ofmind is calledpsycholinguistics.Received Pronunciation:istheaccent ofStandart Englishin England,with arelationshipto reginaldialects similarto thatof otherEuropean language.Reference:Reference meanswhat alinguistic formreferstointhereal,physical world;itdeals withthe relationshipbetween the linguistic elementand thenon-linguistic worldofexperienceRoot:A rootis oftenseen aspartofa word;it cannever standby itselfalthough itbearsclear,definite meaning;it mustbe combinedwith anotherroot oran affixtoform aword.Semantics:Semantics canbesimplydefinedasthestudyof meaningin language.Sense:Sense isconcerned withthe inherentmeaningofthe linguisticform.It isthecollection ofall thefeatures ofthelinguisticform;it isabstract andde-contextualised.Sentence:A sentence isastructurally independentunit thatusually comprisesa numberofwords toformacomplete statement,question orcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsof atleast asubject anda predicatewhich containsa finiteverb ora verbphrase.Sentence meaning:The meaningofasentenceisof^ten consideredastheabstract,intrinsic propertyofthesentence itselfin termsofapredication.Sociolinguistics:The studyoflanguagewith referenceto societyiscalledsociolinguistics,.Suffix:Suffixes areaddedtothe endofthestems;they modifythe meaningoftheoriginalword andin manycases changeits partof speech.Synchronic:studythe descriptionofalanguage atsome pointof timein history.Synonymy:Synonymy referstothesameness orclose similarityofmeaning.Syntactic categories:Apart fromsentences andclauses,a syntacticcategory usuallyrefersto aword ora phrasethat performsaparticulargrammatical function.Syntax:It isa subfieldof linguisticsand thestudyofhow morphemesand wordsarecombined toform sentencesiscalledsyntax..The grammaticalmeaning:The grammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.its grammaticalwell-formedness.The grammaticalityofasentence isgovernedbythegrammatical rulesofthelanguage.Tone Tonesare pitchvariations,whicharecaused bythe differingrates ofvibration ofthevocal cords.Transformational rules:Transformational rulesare therules thattransform onesentencetype intoanother type.Two-place predication:Itisone whichcontainstwoarguments.Utterance meaning:The meaningof anutterance isconcrete,and context-dependent.Utterance isbasedonsentence meaning;it isrealization oftheabstractmeaningofasentence ina realsituation ofcommunication,or simplyinacontext.。