英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解

、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解:（-）句子成分

1.主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任The sunrises in the east.（名词）He likesdancing.（彳弋词）Twenty yearsis ashort timein history.（数词）Seeing isbel ieving.（动名词）To seeis to believe.（不定式）What heneeds is a book.（主语从句）It isvery clearthat theelephant isround andtall likea tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）找出下列句中的主语Jane isgood at playing thepiano.（名词）She wentout ina hurry.（代词）Four plusfour iseight.（数词）To seeis tobelieve.（不定式）Smoking isbad forhealth.（动名词）The youngshould respectthe old.（名词化的形容词）What hehas saidis true.（句子）

2.谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语由动词或动词词组组成I sawthe flagon thetop ofthe hillHelooked aftertwo orphans.复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词；He canspeak Englishwell.She doesn t seemto likedancing.找出下列句中的谓语（注只有动词才可作谓语）

1.We loveChina.

2.We havefinished readingthis book.

3.He canspeak English.

4.She seemstired.

3.表语predicative:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征He isa teacher.（名Seventy-four!You don,t lookit.（代词）词）Five andfive isten.（数词）He isasleep.（形容词）Uis fatheris in.（副词）The pictureis on the wall.（介词短语）My watchis gone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）To weara floweris tosay aVm poor,I can t buya ring.（不定式）The questionis whetherthey willcome.（表语从句）★（常见的系动词有be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来），feel（摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来），remain（保持，仍是），feel（感觉）...It soundsa goodidea.The soundsounds strange.Her voicesounds sweet.Tom looksthin.The foodsmells delicious.The foodtastes good.The doorremains open.Now Ifeel tired.找出下列句中的表语

1.I ama teacher.

2.They areon theplayground.

3.My jobis teachingEnglish.

4.It getscold.

5.It sounds interesting.4,宾语1）动作的承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语I likeChina.（名词）He hatesyou.（代词）How manydo youneed Weneed two.（数词）We shouldhelp theold and the poor.I enjoyworking with you.（动名词）I hopeto seeyou again.（不定式）Did youwrite downwhat hesaid（宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾Are you afraid ofthe snakeUnder thesnow,there aremany rocks.3）双宾语——间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语,直接宾语指物或事，间接宾语指人或动物.He gaveme a book yesterday.Give thepoor mansome money.指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语please passme thebook.He boughthis girlfriendsome flowers.找出下列句子的宾语部分

1.We oftenhelp him.

2.He1ikes toplay basketball.

3.We enjoylistening to the music.

4.She saidthat hefelt sick.

5.They aretalking aboutthe newstudent.

5.宾补对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整这类常用的及物动词有We electedhim monitor.（名词）We allthink ita pitythat shedidn,t comehere.（名）We willmake themhappy.（形容词）We foundnobody in.（副词）Please makeyourself athome.介词短语）Don tlet himdo that.（省to不定式）His fatheradvised himto teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式）Don tkeep thelights burning.（现在分词）I11have mybike repaired.（过去分词）

6.主补对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语He waselected monitor.She wasfound singingin thenext room.He wasadvised toteach thelazy boya lesson.7,定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子Ai Yanlingisachemistry teacher.（名词）He isour friend.（代词）We belongtothethird world.（数词）He wasadvised toteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）The manover thereis myold friend.（副词）The womanwith ababy inher armsis mysister.（介词）The boysplaying footballare inClass

2.（现在分词）The treesplanted lastyear aregrowing wellnow.（过去分词）I havean ideato do it well.（不定式）You shoulddo everythingthat Ido.（定语从句）定语后置:如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置The girlin redis hissister.We havea lotof workto do.The girlstanding underthe treeis hisdaughter.Do youknow theman whospoke justnow

8.状语用来修饰v.，adj.,adv.,或句子表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步（以下例句按上述顺序排列）I willgo theretomorrow.The meetingwi11be heldin themeeting-room.The meatwent badbecause ofthe hotweather.He studieshard tolearn Englishwell.He didn,t study hard sothat hefailed in the exam.I likesome ofyou verymuch.If youstudy hard,you willpass theexam.He goesto schoolby bike.Though heis young,he candoitwell.（-）句子结构简单句的五个基本句型

1.主语+不及物动词She came./My headaches.

2.主语+及物动词+宾语She likesEnglish.

3.主语+系动词+表语She ishappy.

4.主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语She gaveJohn abook.

5.主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语She makesher motherangry.The teacherasked meto readthe passage.★There+be句型There aresome bookson thedesk.There liesabookonthedesk.Exercises分析下列句子成分

1.Our schoolis notfar frommy home.

2.It isa greatpleasure to talk withyou

3.All ofus consideredhim honest.

4.My grandfatherbought me a pairof sportsshoes.

5.He brokea pieceof glass.

6.He made it clearthat hewould leavethe city.翻译练习:主谓结构（主语+不及物动词）

1、你应该努力学习You shouldstudyhard.

2、他昨天晚上很晚回家She wenthome verylate yesterdayevening.练习:

1、This boxweighs fivekilos.这个盒子重五公斤

2、I livedin Beijingfive yearsago.五年前我住在北京主谓宾结构（主语+及物动词+宾语）1我昨晚写了一封信I wrotea letterlast night.

2、我今天下午想和你谈谈I wanttotalkwithyouthis afternoon.练习:

1、All ofus believethat Jackis anhonest boy.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩

2、He didnot knowwhat tosay.他不知道说什麽好主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语）L我的弟弟都是大学生My brothersare allcollege students.

3.在冬天，白天很短夜晚很长In winter,the daysare shortandthenights arelong.

4.布朗女士看上去很健康Mrs Brownlooks veryhealthy.

4.在他15岁那年他成为了著名的画家At theage offifteen hebecame afamous pianist.练习

1、树叶已经变黄了The leaveshave turnedyellow.

2、这个报告听起来很有意思The reportsoundsinteresting.双宾语结构（主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）

1.强森先生去年叫我们德语Mr Johnsontaught usGerman lastyear.

2.祖父昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事Grandma toldme aninteresting storylast night.练习

1、请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？Will youplease getmea new copy

2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Shall Icall youa taxi复合宾语结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）

1.我们叫她爱丽丝We callher Alice.

2.他父母叫他约翰His parentsnamed himJohn.练习

1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立The schoolmadeita rulethat thestudents shouldstand upwhen classbegins.

2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的I thoughtit nouse talkingwith thatman Therebe句型

1.今晚不会开会There isn t goingtobea meetingtonight.

2.这个村庄里只有一口井There wasonly awell inthe village.练习

1、铃响了There goesthe bell

2、一周有七天There areseven daysa week

二、英语句子种类讲解:按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面

1.陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；

2.祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；

3.一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；

4.由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述

（一.）陈述句的构成形式及基本用法

1.陈述句陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子通常用降调，句末用句号Tom hasanewcar.The flowerisnt beautiful.

2.陈述句否定式的构成

（1）如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式He isplaying the guitar.（肯定）He isnot playingtheguitar.（否定）We canget there before dark.（肯定）We can,t getthee beforedark.（否定）

（2）如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don t,doesnt或didn t同时把该实义动词变为原形lie playsthe violinwell.（肯定）He doesnytplaythe violinwell.（否定）She wonthe game.（肯定）She dicint winthe game.（否定）

（3）如果句子是therebe结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any例如There issome water inthe cup.—There isnot anywaterinthecup.He hassome books.—He hasnot anybooks.

（4）除not以外，否定词no,never,nothing,nobody,few等也可构成否定句例如There issomething wrongwith hisbike,fThere isnothing wrongwith hisbike.I haveseen thefilm.-**!have neverseen thefilm.

（二.）祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号”或句号朗读时一般用降调

（1）定的祈使句

（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语Be quiet.You bequiet!

（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用Do comeback atonce!Do becareful.

（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开Open thewindow,please.

（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第

一、第三人称Let Jackwait aminute.Let sgo toschool.

（5）在祈使句中，Let s和Let us是有区别的Let s包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出Let sgo skating,shall we（表示内部的建议）Let ustry again,will you（表示向别人发出请求）

2.否定祈使句通常以Don t或Never开头其结构通常是Don t（Never）+动词原形+其他成分”例如Don tdo thatagain!Never leavetoday swork fortomorrow!Don,tbelate nexttime!

（三.）一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法

1.一般疑问句

（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调Do youknow Mr.Smith Canyou swim

（2）一般疑问句的否定结构

①在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后但如果用not的简略形式-nt,则须将-nt与一般疑问句句首的be,have,助动词或情态动词写在一起在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式Are younot a football fanAren,t youafootball fanWill shenot like it Won t she likeit

②与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构Aren tyouafootballfan你不是足球迷吗？Yes,1am.\No,1am not.Wontshelikeit Yes,she will.\No,she wont.。