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全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语
（一）Section IUse ofEnglishDirections:A,Read the following text.Choose the best wordsfor eachnumbered blankand markB,C orDon ANSWER SHEET
1.10pointsA,Read the following text.Choose thebest wordsfor eachnumbered blankand markB,C orDon ANSWER SHEET
1.[10pointsThe ethicaljudgments of the Supreme Court justiceshave becomean importantissuerecently.The courtcannot JLits legitimacyas guardianof therule oflaw2justices behavelikepoliticians.Yet,in severalinstances,justices actedin waysthat3the courtsreputation forbeingindependent andimpartial.Justice AntoninScalia,for example,appeared atpolitical events.That kindof activitymakesit lesslikely that the courtsdecisions willbe4as impartialjudgments.Part of the problemis thatthejustices arenot5by anethics code.At thevery least,the courtshould makeitself6to thecodeof conductthat7to therest of the federaljudiciary.This andother similarcases8the questionof whetherthere isstill a9between thecourtand politics.The framersof theConstitution envisionedlaw10having authorityapart from politics.Theygave justicespermanent positions11they would be freeto12those inpower andhave noneed to13political support.Our legalsystem
33.Paragraph3shows thata discovery claim becomescredible afterit[A]has attractedthe attentionof the general public.[B]has beenexamined by the scientific community.[C]has receivedrecognition fromeditors andreviewers.[D]has beenfrequently quotedby peerscientists.
34.Albert Szent-Gyorgyi wouldmost likelyagree that[A]scientific claimswill survivechallenges.[B]discoveries todayinspire futureresearch.[C]efforts to make discoveriesare justified.[D]scientific workcalls fora criticalmind.
35.Which of thefollowingwould bethebesttitle of the test[A]Novelty as an Engineof ScientificDevelopment.[B]Collective Scrutinyin ScientificDiscovery.[C]Evolution ofCredibility inDoing Science.[D]Challenge toCredibility at the Gateto Science.Text4If thetrade unionistJimmy Hoffawere alivetoday,he wouldprobably representcivil servant.When HoffasTeamsters were in their prime inI960,only onein ten American governmentworkersbelonged to a union;now36%do.In thenumber ofunionists inAmericas public sectorpassed thatof theirfellow membersin the private sector.In Britain,more thanhalf ofpublic-sector workersbut onlyabout15%of private-sector onesare unionized.There arethree reasonsfor the public-sector unionsthriving.First,they canshut thingsdown without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second,they aremostly brightandwell-educated.A quarterof Americaspublic-sector workershave auniversity degree.Third,theynow dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their tiesgo backa longway.Britains Labor Party,as itsname implies,has longbeen associatedwith tradeunionism.Its currentleader,Ed Miliband,owes hisposition tovotes frompublic-sector unions.At the state leveltheir influencecan beeven morefearsome.Mark Baldassareof thePublicPolicy Instituteof Californiapoints outthat much of the states budgetis patrolledby unions.Theteachers unionskeep aneye onschools,the CCPOAon prisonsand avariety oflabor groupsonhealth care.In manyrich countriesaverage wagesin the state sectorare higher than in theprivateone.But thereal gainscome inbenefits andwork practices.Politicians haverepeatedly“backloadedpublic-sector paydeals,keeping thepay increasesmodest but adding to holidays and especiallypensions thatare alreadygenerous.Reform has been vigorouslyopposed,perhaps mostegregiously ineducation,where charterschools,academies andmerit payall faceddrawn-out battles.Even thoughthere isplenty ofevidencethat thequality of the teachersis themost importantvariable,teachers unions havefought againstgetting ridof badones andpromoting goodones.As thecost toeveryone elsehas becomeclearer,politicians havebegun toclamp down.InWisconsin theunions haverallied thousandsof supportersagainst ScottWalker,the hardlineRepublicangovernor.But manywithin the publicsectorsuffer underthe currentsystem,too.John Donahueat HarvardsKennedy Schoolpoints outthat thenorms ofculture inWesterncivil servicessuit thosewho wantto stayput butis badfor high achievers.The onlyAmericanpublic-sector workerswho earnwell above$250,000a yearare universitysports coachesand thepresidentof the United States.Bankers fatpay packetshave attractedmuch criticism,but apublic-sector systemthat doesnot rewardhighachieversmay be a muchbigger problemforAmerica.
36.It canbe learnedfrom the first paragraph that[A]Teamsters stillhave alarge bodyofmembers.[B]Jimmy Hoffaused towork as a civilservant.[C]unionshaveenlarged theirpublic-sector membership.[D]the governmenthas improvedits relationshipwith unionists.
37.Which of thefollowingis trueof Paragraph2[A]Public-sector unionsare prudentin takingactions.[B]Education isrequired forpublic-sector unionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhas longbeen fightingagainst public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unionsseldom getin troublefor theiractions.
38.It canbe learnedfrom Paragraph4that theincome in thestatesector is[A]illegally secured.[B]indirectly augmented.[C]excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.
39.The example of theunions inWisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against thecurrent politicalsystem.[B]can changepeoples politicalattitudes.[C]may bea barrierto public-sector reforms.[D]are dominantin thegovernment.
40.John Donahuesattitude towardsthepublic-sector systemis oneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In thefollowing text,some sentenceshave beenremoved.For Questions41-45,choose themostsuitable onefrom thelist A-G tofit intoeach of the numberedblanks.There aretwo extrachoices,which do not fit in anyof theblanks.Mark youranswers onANSWER SHEET
1.10points Thinkof thosefleeting momentswhen youlook outof anaeroplane windowand realise thatyou areflying,higherthana bird.Now think of yourlaptop,thinner thana brown-paper envelope,or yourcellphone in the palmof yourhand.Take amoment ortwo towonder atthose marvels.You arethe luckyinheritor of a dreamcome true.The secondhalf of the20th centurysaw acollection ofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursand visionarieslabour tocreate afabulous machinethat couldfunction asa typewriterandprinting press,studio and theatre,paintbrush andgallery,piano andradio,the mailas wellas themailcarrier.41]The networked computer is an amazingdevice,the firstmedia machinethat servesas themodeof production,means ofdistribution,site ofreception,and placeof praiseand critique.Thecomputer is the21st centurysculture machine.But for all the reasons there are tocelebrate the computer,we mustalso treadwith caution.421call ita secretwar fortwo reasons.First,most peopledonotrealisethatthere arestrongcommercial agendasat workto keepthem inpassive consumptionmode.Second,the majorityofpeople whouse networkedcomputers toupload arenot evenaware ofthe significanceof whatthey are doing.All animalsdownload,but onlya fewupload.Beavers builddams andbirds makenests.Yetfor themost part,the animalkingdom movesthrough the world downloading.Humans areuniquein theircapacity tonot onlymake toolsbut thenturn aroundand use them tocreate superfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculpture and architecture-and superfluousexperiences-music,literature,religion andphilosophy.
[43]For allthe possibilitiesof ournew culturemachines,most peopleare stillstuck indownload；mode.Even afterthe adventof widespreadsocial mediaa pyramid of productionremains,with asmallnumber of people uploadingmaterial,a slightlylarger groupcommenting onor modifyingthatcontent,andahuge percentageremaining contentto justconsume.44Television is a one-way tapflowing into our homes.The hardesttask thattelevision asksofanyone isto turnthe power off afterhe hasturned iton.45What countsas meaningfuluploading Mydefinition revolvesaround theconcept of・“stickiness creationsand experiencesto whichothers adhere.[A]Of course,it isprecisely thesesuperfluous thingsthat definehuman cultureand ultimatelywhatit isto behuman.Downloading andconsuming culturerequires greatskills,but failingtomove beyonddownloading isto striponeself of a definingconstituent ofhumanity.[B]Applications liketumblr.com,which allowusers tocombine pictures,words andother mediaincreative waysand thenshare them,have thepotential toadd stickinessby amusing,entertaining andenlightening others.[C]Not onlydid theydevelop sucha devicebut bythe turnofthemillennium theyhad alsomanagedto embedit in a worldwidesystem accessedby billionsofpeopleevery day.[D]This isbecause thenetworkedcomputerhas sparkeda secretwar betweendownloading anduploading-between passiveconsumption andactive creation-whose outcomewill shapeourcollective futurein wayswe canonly beginto imagine.[E]The challengethecomputermounts totelevision thusbears littlesimilarity toone formatbeingreplaced byanother in the mannerof recordplayers beingreplaced byCD players.[F]One reasonfor thepersistence ofthis pyramidof productionis thatfor thepast half-century,muchofthe worldsmedia culturehas beendefined bya singlemedium-television-andtelevision isdefined bydownloading.；[G]The networkedcomputer offersthe firstchance in50years toreverse theflow,to encouragethoughtfuldownloading and,even moreimportantly meaningfuluploading.Part CDirections:Read thefollowing textcarefully and then translatethe underlinedsegments intoChinese.Yourtranslation should be writtenclearly onANSWER SHEET
2.10pointsSince thedays ofAristotle,a searchfor universalprinciples hascharacterized thescientificenterprise.In someways,this questfor commonalitiesdefines science.Newtons lawsof motionandDarwinian evolutioneach binda host of differentphenomena intoa singleexplicatory framework.46In physics,ono approach takes thisimpulse forunification toits extreme,and seeksatheory ofeverything-a singlegenerative equationforallwe see.It isbecoming lessclear,however,that sucha theorywould bea simplification,given thedimensions anduniverses that it mightentail,nonetheless,unification ofsorts remainsa majorgoal.This tendencyin thenatural scienceshas longbeen evidentin the social sciencestoo.147Here,Darwinism seems to offerjustification for it allhumans sharecommon originsit seemsreasonable to suppose that cultural diversity couldalso betraced tomore constrainedbeginnings.Just asthe bewilderingvariety ofhuman courtshiprituals mightall beconsidered formsof sexualselection,perhaps theworlds languages,music,social andreligious customsand evenhistory aregovernedby universalfeatures.48To filter out what is uniquefrom what is sharedmight enableusto understandhow complex cultural behaviorarose andwhat guidesit inevolutionary orcognitive terms.That,at least,isthehope.But acomparative studyof linguistictraits publishedonline todaysuppliesa realitycheck.Russell GrayattheUniversity ofAuckland and his colleaguesconsider theevolutionof grammarsin thelight oftwo previousattempts tofind universalityin language.The mostfamous ofthese effortswas initiatedby NoamChomsky,who suggestedthathumans areborn with an innatelanguage—acquisition capacitythat dictatesa universalgrammar.A fewgenerative rulesare thensufficient tounfold theentire fundamentalstructure of a language,which iswhy childrencan learnit soquickly.49The second,by JoshuaGreenberg,takes amore empiricalapproach touniversalityidentifying traitsparticularly inword ordershared bymany languagewhich areconsidered torepresentbiases thatresult fromcognitive constraintsGrayandhiscolleagues haveput themto thetest byexamining fourfamily treesthatbetween themrepresent more than2,000languages.5OjChomskys grammar should showpatternsof languagechange thatare independentofthefamily treeor thepathway tracked・through it.Whereas Greenbergianuniversality predictsstrong codependencies between・particular typesof wordorder relations.Neither ofthese patternsis borneout bythe analysis,suggesting thatthe structuresofthelanguages arelire age-specific andnot governedbyuniversalsSection IIIWritingPart ADirections:
51.Some internationalsstudents arecoming to your university.Write themanemail in the nameoftheStudents Unionto1]extend yourwelcome and2]provide somesuggestions for their campuslife here.You shouldwrite about100words onANSWERSHEET
2.Do notsign yourname atthe endofHthe letter.Use“Li Minginstead.Do notwrite theaddress10pointsPart BDirections:
52.write anessay of160-200words basedon thefollowing drawing.In youressayyou should1describe thedrawing briefly2explain itsintended meaning,and3give yourcomments.【答案】1B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句体现勺是去官体现得像政治家的B J状况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士日勺形象，因此应当选”维持，保持，其他显然语义不通C,maintain.【答案】2A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应当是有界线日勺因此这里应当是当法官像政治家同样行事，模糊了两者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性只有表达这个意思B,when.【答案】3B【解析】第二段给日勺详细事例阐明，法官出目前政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正日勺名声只有能表达这个意思B,weaken.【答案】4D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院勺审判收到影响,人们B就会认为其审判不公正，因此选被认为是D,be acceptedas...was designedto setlaw apartfrompoliticsprecisely because they are so closely14,Constitutional lawis politicalbecause itresults fromchoices rootedin fundamentalsocial15like libertyand property.When thecourt dealswith socialpolicy decisions,the lawit16isinescapably political-which iswhy decisionssplit alongideological linesaresoeasily17asunjust.The justicesmust18doubts about the courtslegitimacy bymaking themselves19to thecodeof conduct.That wouldmake rulingsmore likelyto beseen asseparate frompolitics and,
1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize
2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless
3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated
4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted
5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded
6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone
7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies
8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle
9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict
10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards
11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though
12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace
13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer
14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied
15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions20,convincing aslaw.【解析】空所在的语境为产生这样勺问题，部分原因在于法官没有__道B德规范后一句话说，至少法院应当遵守行为规范，这显然是深入阐明上一句话因此上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范勺约束，选B C,bound.【答案】6B【解析】根据解析可以看出，这里应当是说遵守行为规范，与连5subject to用，表达服从某物，受…支配故本题选B.【答案】7D【解析】分析句子构造可知，这里是由引导的定语从句修饰阐明前面的that行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守合用于其他联邦司法部勺行为规范B applyto合用于符合题意求援于；坚持（原则等）”语意不通resort tostick to.【答案】8B【解析】空所在勺语境为，类似这样勺案例提出了这样一种问题法院B B和政治之间与否还存在着界线提出问题，产生问题用只能选raiseo.【答案】9A【解析】根据第题可知，空内应填界线障碍，8line,barrier similarity相似性，冲突都不合题意conflict.【答案】10B【解析】根据句意，宪法勺起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让B其享有独立日勺权力将…想象成，因此选envision asB.【答案】11A【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配本选项答案确实定需结合前句意思，制宪者意在使法律不受政治日勺任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者日勺影响了此空就是考察由此所带来勺成果，故选［］B A.【答案】12C【解析】此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治日勺影响，从而法官也不用紧张掌权者those inpowero.【答案】13C【解析】此题承接上题，结合句意，可知该半句重要体现法官也无需政治支持了选项最符题意C.【答案】14D【解析】此题考察词意辨析原句体现我们勺法律体系是法律完全不受政B治勺影响，是由于这两者是紧密结合句意思，［］最合题意.B D【解析】此题考察词意辨析文中说宪法具有政治性，是因其日勺选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类日勺基本社会中自由，财产是西方社会的某些基本社会理念或概念，故选［］A.【答案】16C【解析】此题考察词意辨析首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句艮定另一方面，文中语境体现当法律处理社会政策决策the law问题时勺法律不可防止日勺具有政治性四个选项中，［］为最佳答案,ooo BC.【答案】17A【解析】此题考察词意辨析可由文中语境得知，该半句重要体现这也就解释了为何背离思想路线勺决策被看作是不公正勺，从而被轻易日勺…结合语B B境，以及四个选项勺意思，可知［］最佳B A.【答案】18C【解析】此题考察词意辨析由文中语境可知该句重要体现法官必须有关法庭（裁决勺）公正合理勺质疑”四个选项中，仅［］符合题意B BC.【答案】19D【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析四个选项均可与连用，其中易靠近勺;可归属勺;可得到的可归因勺accessible toB B B可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于靠近amiable to欣然同意日勺;适合时,合适勺agreeable toH对…负责accountable to此题勺理解需承接整个句，首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句B阐明法官怎样来处理有关法庭（裁决的）公正合理日勺质疑将此四个选项分别代入，可得出对的答案［］法官只有对对行为准则负责,也即是遵照一定日勺行为准则D,才可保证其裁决的公正与合理【答案】
20.D【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配此句承接上句，意在阐明由此带来的成果，也即是文中所说的使得裁决看起来完全不受政治日勺影响，如法律一般令人信服结合四个选项意思，可知选［］DSection IIReading ComprehensionPartAText
1.【答案】21D【解析】文章首段包括了两方面的内容，作者先简朴简介再Peer pressure,引出在她勺新书中对于的见Tina RosenbergB Join the Clubpeer pressure解，这篇文章是以一篇书评的形式出现而题目根据第一段，同伴压力勺出现常B常是.，问的仅仅是同伴压力，并无波及到或者她日勺新书，因Tina Rosenberg此答案则应重要波及文章对于勺简介，而非对于peer pressure B Tinapeer的见解首段第三句说（同伴压力）一般引起不好勺事情，如酗酒，pressureB嗑药，乱交，故答案选，阐明同伴压力出现导致的成果，这里勺答案使用了D B同义替代的方式.【答案】22B【解析】根据题干关键词可以定位到第三段最public-health advocates终一句话Rosenberg arguesconvincingly that public-health advocatesoughtto takea pagefrom advertisers,so skilledat applyingpeer,即应当向广告商学习，这里重要是对于短语z,的理pressure takea pagefrom解，答案选B.【答案】23A【解析】根据题干在作者看来，的书没能…，所选答案是要Rosenberg找出作者看来这本书日勺缺陷是什么文章第四段第一句话说不过，在…方面,不太有说服力，紧接着说中太多无关的细节，而对Rosenberg Jointhe Club于使同伴压力能产生如此大作用勺社会和生物原因并未做足够的探究，这句话B充足阐明了在作者心目中这本书勺局限性在哪儿，故答案选B A.【答案】24C【解析】这是一道细节题文章第五段首句告诉我们确实会peer groups对行为产生很大勺影响，第二句详细阐明影响日勺内容，即好日勺习惯和不好日H勺习惯都会通过社会交际在朋友圈中传递，最终一句则对这种影响进行了总结，这是同伴压力勺细微体现，我们无意识地模仿平常所见到勺行为而分析题B B干和选项，我们发现该题是对进行归纳，回到原文，找imitation ofbehavior到我们无意识地模仿平常所见到的行为，答案即刻清晰，这里是对一词进行了释义，因此选项对的unconsciously C.【答案】25D【解析】这道题考察作者对于所能带来的影响日勺态度，作peer pressure者通过最终一段第一句话首先向我们表明他对专家和其他官方人员与否能成功选择同伴来引导他们日勺行为朝好日勺方向发展日勺不愿定，接下来以教师指导学生的例子为阐明，得出结论（这个方略历来没有真The tacticnever reallyworks.正起作用）通过作者日勺这样一番描述，可以看出，作者对于与peer pressure否能有效果是质疑的,故答案选DoText
2.【答案】26C【解析】勺原形是本议是食言’否认之意，为反向意义词reneging Brenege,而四个选项中中的意为训斥处刑中的A condemningB reaffirming意为〃重申〃〃再肯定，再断言〃，中日勺的意为〃拒付，不兑付C dishonoring，在意思和方向上都符合，中意为保证，使保险勺含义本文D securingB重要在说这个企业不兑现自己日勺诺言，因此应选项Entergy C.【答案】27D【解析】本题答案定位在文中第三段每二句话，As acondition ofreceiving stateapproval forthe sale,the companyagreed toseek permissionfrom state可以理解为为了，项中regulators tooperate past.asacondition of”D B勺M一词就是对文中勺替代purchase saleB.【答案】28A【解析】题干根据第四段企业似乎在它的…上存在着问题，题目中已清Entergy•晰把答案范围确定在第四段，通过阅读第四段我们可以看到企业出现了Entergy一系列的事故/z,,，而背面日勺这句Ha stringof accidentsraised serious77questions aboutboth Vermont Yankee ssafety andEntergy s就是本题日勺答案所在了其中management managerialmanagement仍是同一单词的变形【解析】首先从题干懂得考察勺是作者勺观点佛蒙特州事件和在文章B Bwill test，中勺定位是在第段第句话B55Vermont case will offera意思是“佛蒙特州precedent-setting testof howfar those powers extend事件将会检查是这些权利延伸多远的先例这句话是日勺观点重o legal scholars点是理解和背面的意思虽然作者承认担忧假如每个周各行其是certainly butH勺后果是合理日勺，不过背面是个虚拟语气，与事实相反因此作者勺真正But B态度是支持勺观点，即佛蒙特州事件是对州法规勺权限日勺考legal scholarsB B佥与选项勺3How far thosepowerextended DB the limits of states与选项各州在核问题上勺权限是相匹配日勺，因此对日勺答案为power DB D其他选项与佛蒙特州事件带来日勺检查，文中并未直接提及.【答案】30A【解析】最终一段重要讲的是企业日勺声誉已严重受创该企业向联邦申请:Entergy许可核电站获得此外日勺开放权不过作者认为，核管理委员会在审核该企Pilgrim业勺申请日勺时候，务必要考虑下该企业勺信誉问题选项企业B B A Entergy在其他地方日勺生意将会受到影响由最终一段日勺第一句话企业日勺声Entergy誉已严重受创就可以推断出来;核管理委员会日勺权威将会被藐视最终一段B没给出任何要藐视核管理委员会的暗含信息，因此选项错误（企业将B Entergy会撤回有关核电站日勺申请，最终一段同样没给出类似勺暗含信息;Pilgrim B D日勺名声将会受到破坏〃同样，从最终一段，主线无法推断出因此,Vermont最佳答案是AoText
3.【答案】31A【解析】这篇文章选自文章题目是文The ScientistThe Evolutionof Credibilityo章第一段第二句话提到〃But inthe everydaypractice ofscience,discovery即在每天日勺科frequently follows an ambiguousand complicatedroute.,学实践中，发现所遵照日勺规律是模棱两可和复杂勺项BAuncertainty and是对文中勺同义替代，所认为对日complexity ambiguousand complicatedB勺项是运用文中最终一句话勺干扰B BOpportunities formisinterpretation,,这句话是说有误解和自我欺骗时也许，error,and self-deception abound从而导致了科学发现的模棱两可和复杂性;项和项是受文章第一句话勺干扰,C DB不过第一句同步提出只有在理想中科学发现才intheidealized versionof...,可以很客观.【答案】32B【解析】第二段第二句中提到But ittakes collectivescrutiny andacceptance，其中指勺是将科学发现获得公众可信度日勺过程接下来勺第细讲to...it BH到了这个过程through whichthe individualresearchers me,here,now1,即要经历从个人becomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime/到集体的过程,需要每个人共同勺努力,故答案为B B.【答案】33B【解析】本段第三句话中提到Within thecomplex social structure ofthe,即“研究者需要在科scientific community,researchers makediscoveries学团体复杂的社会构造中实现科学发现，在这句话勺背面有一种分号，分号背B面日勺三个短句分别解释了在科学团体中不一样身份勺人所做日勺不一样工作，B如新闻编辑者和评论家需要控制科学发现公开的过程,而此外某些科学家需要同过新勺发现来证明已经有日勺发现等除此之外，最终一句话B transforman即individuals discovery claim into the communityscredible discovery将个人的发现转换为集体可信的科学发现，故答案为,即科学发现获得公众的可B信度需要集体勺努力和验证B答案是运用本段首句设置的干扰，属于主观臆断;答案为干扰项目，以偏A C概全;答案文中没有提及D
16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls
17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted
18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore
19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable
20.[A]by allmesns[C]inaword[D]asaresultSection IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textby choosingA,B,C orD.Mark youranswers onANSWERSHEET
1.[40pointsText1Come on-Everybodys doingit.That whisperwedormdsespseaegre,phraelsfsiunrvei.tation andhalf forcing,iswhat mostof usthinkofwhen wehear theJointheClub,It usuallyleads tonogood-drinking,drugs andcasual sex.But inher newbook TinaRosenberg contendsthatpeer pressurecan alsobeapositive forcethrough whatshe callsthe social cure,in whichorganizationsand officialsuse thepowerofgroup dynamicsto helpindividuals improvetheirlives and possibly theword.Rosenberg,the recipientof aPulitzer Prize,offers ahostofexampleofthe social cure inaction:In SouthCarolina,a state-sponsored antismokingprogram calledRage Againstthe Hazesetsout tomake cigarettesuncool.In SouthAfrica,an HIV-prevention initiativeknown asLoveLiferecruits youngpeople topromote safesex amongtheir peers.The ideaseems promising,and Rosenberg is aperceptive observer.Her critiqueof thelamenessof manypubic-health campaignsis spot-on:they failto mobilizepeer pressureforhealthy habits,and theydemonstrate aseriously flawedunderstanding ofpsychology/Dare tobedifferent,please dontsmoke!pleads onebillboard campaignaimed atreducing smokingamong【解析】第四段重要讲到了科学发现获得大众可信度日勺过程中面临日勺两个矛盾的观点重要针对第二个矛盾，即创新自身常常会引起怀疑Albert Szent-Gyorygi同步他认为科学发现需要seeing whateverybody hasseen andthinking即看到每个人都已经看到勺,并想到他人没有想what nobody has thought,B到日勺这句话暗示了科学发现勺过程需要有评判性思维，即我们应当去探求事B物故答案为Do答案与本段中讲到的第一种矛盾有关;答案的过渡推断来自本段最终一句A B话，这句话的意思是，真正有创新日勺发现需要时间勺验证来得到公众时承认B答案文中没有提到，属于主观臆断C.【答案】35C【解析】此题考察对全文主旨大意时精确归纳从整个文章脉络来看，文章第一段指出任何发现最终勺目的是使之客观化，然而此过程或多或少会受到不一样日勺生活B环境日勺影响;第二段指出这个过程需要公众共同日勺努力;第三段详细论述了不一样时人在这个过程中需要完毕的工作;第四段则提出了使科学发现获得可信度日勺过程中所碰到日勺两个矛盾;最终一段用勺一句话总结了这个过Annette BaierH程由此可知，项统领全文，为对勺答案答案项与原文不符;答案是C BA B第二段中提到的一部分;而答案只是对第四段勺概括D BText
4.【答案】36C【解析】根据题干定位于第一段When...wereintheirprimein1960,only onein意tenAmericangovernment workersbelonged toa union;now36%do.思是年时，美国政府部门只有勺人是工会组员，不过目前比例是19601/10B因此选项对勺工会增长了政府部门组员选项仍然拥36%C BA TeamsterO有诸多组员文中只提到了比例，并没有讲详细人数;:吉米过去是一种公仆而B文中第一句是一种虚拟语气日勺句子，假如他还活着的话，他今天也许代表一名公仆，曲解文意;:政府改善了与社团的关系文中并未提及D.【答案】37D【解析】该题很轻易根据题干定位于第二段第二段中有很明显勺B first,second,这些词，属于经典日勺列举处，最轻易出细节题只需要将各选项与这三点仔third细比对即可公共部门组织在采用行动时很谨慎文中并示提及，是对A theynow这句话设置勺干扰项，左派为激进派，dominateleft-of-centre politicsB不也许谨慎;而错在教育不是需要勺，而是公务员社团组员受教育程度普遍偏B B高，并非必需;工党长期与公务员社团争斗，该段倒数第二句指出工会与社团一C直有联络，最终一句讲到工会领导荣登宝座正是由于公务员社团日勺大Miliband力支持，因此与原文相悖;选项为D First,they canshut thingsdownwithout这句话时同义改写意思是他sufferingmuchintheway ofconsequences.们可以息事宁人并不用遭受不好勺后果”H.【答案】38B【解析】该题很轻易定位于文章的第四段题干是国家部门人员日勺工资状况是做这道题要把第四段整体理解注意背面勺内容，尤其是But Bkeeping thepayincreases modestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensions that大意是公共部门员工勺工资涨幅很小，不过节假日福利are alreadygenerous.B津贴诸多选项勺意思是间接地增长和原文意思”B Bindirectly augment公有部门人员日勺收入是来源于福利等间接受入，而非正常的工资收入符合A通过非法得来文中只提到了国家部门人员勺工资比私人企业时要高，整段都未B提及来源，故该选项属于过度推理;过度地增长文中并未提及增长勺幅度，提C B；到只是通过暗厢操作的方式，轻易使考生产生误解很公正地调整与D不符backloaded.【答案】39C【解析】题干勺意思是举威斯康辛社团为例，表明社团该题根据题干中勺专B B有名词定位于倒数第二段由题干可知这是一种例证题，因此需要看Wisconsin文章的第五段第五段首句从第六段Reform hasbeen vigorouslyopposed,,的例子可以看出，工会集合众人反对共和党领导人Wisconsin Scott正是为了反对改革因此可以懂得工会也许是公共部门改革的一种障碍，Walker,为对的选项常常与目前政治体系对抗文中并未反应这个程度可C Aoften B以变化人们勺政治态度文中并示提及，在政府中占统治地位文中第二句讲到BD社团得到了成千上万人的支持来对付强硬勺共和党州长，并不能推出该选项B之,^^
0.【答案】40A【解析】文中人物的观点态度题该题定位于最终一段，第一句话指出认为西方John公共服务中的文化准则合用于想维持原状的人们而对于有比较高成就的人们就不利了，很明显持否认态度，最终再次指出不能造福于高成就人们的公共服务系统对于美国也许是一种更大的麻烦，也再次证明了作者的观点是不支持的即选项A反对欣赏宽容，冷disapproval,appreciation,tolerance indifference漠Part B.【答案】41C【解析】略读第一自然段得知这篇文章勺主题是科技给人们勺生活带来勺B B B便利，重点论述了媒介此题空在末尾，那么通读空前的内容，可以找到特性词或者中心词浏览七个选项项中日勺creat afabulous machine,C developsuch刚好与此对应a device.【答案】42D【解析】此题空在了段落日勺中间，需要在空前和空后找关联词，空前出现了这个特性词，而空后出现了这个特性词，浏览七个选项，项reason“war D勺和刚好与此对应，因此答案选B becausewar”D..【答案】43A【解析】此题空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段勺段首找关联词，B浏览空前可以找到,而浏览下一自然段勺句首superfluous materialgoods B可找到这个词;那么浏览七个选项，答案出现了download Athese接下来也提及到了，因此可以锁定答案superfluous things,download A..【答案】44F【解析】此题空在句末，因此需要浏览下空前此前下一种自然段的句首，通读空前的内容可以找到关联词1,而下一种自a pyramidof productionremains/然段勺段首提到了,那么浏览七个选项，跟此关联日勺有两项和H televisionE再继续分析，项只有这个词与空后对应，而项不仅出现了F,E television”F这个词,并且出现了这个特性词，因television thispyramidofproduction”此，答案为F.【解析】此题空在段末，那么需要浏览下空前的句子，寻找关联词，在和B之间进行选择,通读可知,空前日勺与项的是相对应勺,G flowG theflow B B项勺在文中没有提及，因此此题锁定答案B applicationsGPart C【解析】本句构造比较简朴，它是一种简朴句，句子主干构造是
46.ne破折号背面的部分是对前面提到的理论勺深入approachtakes...and seeks...B0解释…把……发挥到极致，把…推至极限ltake...to extreme万有理论或者也可以一种短语翻译出来合用于任2theory ofeverything何事物勺理论B生成等式、生成方程3generative equation【参照译文】物理学中的一种理论把这种归一日勺冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论一一一种有关我们能看到的一切的生成方程式解析【解析】对本句话勺理解关键在于对引导勺句子勺对日勺理解
47.B forBB由于有两个逗号，有日勺同学在考场比较紧急的时间和紧张勺状态下轻易把两B个逗号间的部分理解为插入语，那么这句话就很难理解了引导口勺句子表原因与前句是并列关系，原因并列句中又包括一种lfor forif引导日勺条件状语从句对这句话勺翻译可以翻译成2it seemsreasonabletosupposethat”B一种长句，也可以分开翻译成那么假设文化差异也可以追溯到更有限的源头,这种假设看上去便是合理日勺了对于的理解，我们轻易受到之前在备考中常常碰到的3culturaldiversit勺影响,直接翻译成文化多样性，但在本文，前文诸多次cultural diversityB提到了共性,因此这里我们翻译为“文化差异更合适【参照译文】在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力日勺理由，由于假如全人类有共同的来源，那么假设文化差异也可以追溯到更有限日勺源头仿佛就是合理日勺了.【解析】这句话构造重要在于对三个从句日勺理解本题是三个引48what what导日勺从句第一种是引导勺宾语从句，做日勺宾语第二个what Bfilteroutwhat是介词勺宾语，是固定搭配中的介词第三个from Bfrom filterout Afrom Bo是勺宾语，和并歹」what understandB howI句子主干可以看做1To filterout Afrom Benables usto understandCand D指勺是z/A Bwhat iscontingent andunique指勺是BBwhatisshared how complexcultural behaviour arose指的是C“howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose指的是D“what guidesitinevolutionary orcognitiveterms”）词组本意是滤掉…这个单词也许有同学会不熟悉，不过假如对2Filter out本句构造理解清晰，看到这个介词，加之对前文大意的理解，我们可以猜出from这个词日勺意思，或者理解为辨别等也不影响全句勺理解以防止我们有的B同学看到第一种单词不认识立马生出勺胆怯情绪，影响下文判断B【参照译文】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂日勺文化行为是怎样产生的,是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它【解析】本句构造比较明朗，关键是句子前部分单独很难理解，需要结合
49.前文这也恰恰阐明了孝研英语中日勺翻译首先是阅读理解勺一部分，不是单独B的翻译而已）这里日勺与上文的1the secondThe mostfamous ofthese efforts,,所里这里应当翻译成第二种理论因此这was initiatedby NoamChomsky/句话需要根据上下文和逻辑解释清晰而不能单纯的翻译成第二）对于括号内部勺处理，我们可以直接放在括号中即可2B【参照译文】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言勺共性而付出努力提出了第二种理B论他采用了一种更实用日勺共性理论，做法是识别杰出多语言日勺共有特性（尤其是按照词序排列），这些特性被认为代表了由认知局限导致勺偏差B【解析】这句话的构造比较简朴，复杂的是其中大量的术语和不熟悉勺词
50.B汇对于这些词汇我们根据直译即可本句构造Chomsky sgrammarshouldshow...,whereasGreenbergian....）引导勺定语从句修饰l ThatB patterns）这里的是指是上文的生成语法，因此这里可以把生成语法翻2grammar译出来）这个词需要根据上下词义加之词根词缀来猜测出词义，3co-dependencies由于下文指出是两者关系，因此可以翻译为共存性【参照译文】乔姆斯基生成语法应当表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中勺途径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系勺特殊类别之间BB（而不是其他）有着强烈日勺共存性Section IIIWriting
51.小作文【参照范文】Dear internationalstudents,7I amthe chairmanoftheStudents Union.T vejust receivedtheemails fromyou andgot thenews thatyou willcome toour university.YFirstly,d liketo showour warmwelcome.On behalfof ouruniversityand allthe studentshere,I reallylook forwardtoyour coming.In ordertomakeall ofyou feelat home,herearesome conductivesuggestions.Firstly,you dbetter takesome warmclothes withyoubecause it is winterin Chinanow andit is very coldin Beijing.Secondly,Iadvise youto preparesome relevantknowledge aboutChinese cultureforbetter understandingin class.YI reallyhope youII findthese proposalsuseful.And mlookingforward toyourcoming!Yours sincerely,Li Ming
52.大作文【参照范文】As canbe clearlyseen from the vividpicture,in frontofatoppledbottel ofwhich mostwater init hasflowed out,a mansays there is,/none left,how unluckyI amlooking ratherupset,while anothermanquickly pickedthis bottleup,saying Im sucha luckydog,there isstillsome left”.How vividthe cartoonitis!The twomen showquitedifferent perspectivestoward thesame situation.teenagers-teenagers,whodesire nothingmorethanfitting in.Rosenberg arguesconvincingly thatpublic-health advocatesoughtto takea pagefrom advertisers,so skilledat applyingpeer pressure.theBut onthegeneraleffectiveness ofthe social cure,Rosenbergisless persuasive./o/nClubis filledwith toomuch irrelevantdetail andnot enoughexploration ofthesocial andbiological factorsthat makepeer pressureso powerful.The mostglaring flawofthesocial cureasits presentedhereis that itdoesnt workvery wellfor verylong.Rage Againstthe Hazefailedonce state funding wascut.Evidence thatthe LoveLifeprogram produceslasting changesislimited andmixed.Theres nodoubt thatour peergroups exertenormous influenceon ourbehavior.Anemerging bodyof researchshows thatpositive healthhabits-as wellas negativeones-spreadthrough networks of friendsvia socialcommunication.This isa subtleform of peer pressure:weunconsciously imitatethe behaviorwe seeevery day.Far lesscertain,however,is howsuccessfully expertsand bureaucratscan selectour peergroupsand steertheir activitiesin virtuousdirections.Its like the teacherwho breaksup thetroublemakersintheback rowby pairingthem withbetter-behaved classmates.The tacticneverreally works.And thatsthe problemwithasocialcureengineered from the outside:intherealworld,as inschool,we insiston choosingour ownfriends.
21.According tothe firstparagraph,peer pressureoften emergesas[A]a supplementtothesocialcure[B]a stimulusto groupdynamics[C]an obstacleto schoolprogress[D]a causeof undesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenberg holdsthatpublicadvocates should[A]recruit professionaladvertisersThe implicationconveyed inthis cartoonisthatdifferentperspectives we take toexam problemswe confrontlead todifferentattitutes oranswers tothese problems.In thefirst place,we IIfind theproblemisverydifficult tohandle fromthe pessimisticperspective.However,if wechange ourwayofobserving problems,we mayfind thatwe can makesome remedialwork evento turnsomething badintogood.In thisway,wecanfind solutionsfor anydifficulties.Every coinhastwo sides.So whynot changean angelto observethe problemweencounterWhenever weface withthe situationlikethecartoon,what weshoulddo isto observeit positively,especially whenwe areexperiencingand encounteringsetbacks,only ifwe havethe optimisticattitude,canwe bebound tolive alife ofhappiness[B]learn fromadvertisers experience[C]stay awayfrom commercialadvertisers[D]recognize thelimitations ofadvertisements
23.In theauthors view,Rosenbergs bookfails to[A]adequately probesocialandbiological factors[B]effectively evadethe flawsofthesocialcure[C]illustrate thefunctions ofstatefunding[D]produce along-lasting socialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatour imitationof behaviors[A]is harmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]will misleadbehavioral studies[C]occurs withoutour realizingit[D]can producenegative healthhabits
25.The authorsuggests inthe last paragraphthatthe effectofpeerpressure is[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText2A deal isadeal-except,apparently.when Entergyis involved.The company,a majorenergysupplier inNew England,provoked justifiedoutrage inVermont lastweek whenit announceditwas reneging on alongstanding commitmentto abidebythestrict nuclearregulations.Instead,the companyhas doneprecisely whatit hadlong promisedit wouldnot challengetheconstitutionality ofVermonts rulesinthe federal court,as partofadesperate effortto keepitsVermontYankeenuclear powerplant running.Its astunning move.The conflicthasbeensurfacing since,when thecorporation boughtVermonts onlynuclearpower plant,an agingreactor inVernon.As acondition ofreceiving stateapprovalforthesale,the companyagreed toseek permissionfrom stateregulators tooperate past.In,thestatewenta stepfurther,requiring thatany extension oftheplants licensebe subjectto Vermontlegislaturesapproval.Then,too,the companywent along.Either Entergynever reallyintended tolive bythose commitments,oritsimply didntforeseewhat wouldhappen next.A stringof accidents,including thepartial collapseofacoolingtower in207andthediscovery ofan undergroundpipe systemleakage,raised seriousquestionsabout bothVermont Yankeessafety andEntergys management-especially afterthe companymademisleading statementsaboutthepipe.Enraged byEntergys behavior,the VermontSenatevoted26to4last yearagainst allowingan extension.Now the company issuddenly claimingthattheagreement isinvalid becauseof thelegislation,and thatonly thefederal governmenthas regulatorypower over nuclear issues.Thelegal issuesinthecase areobscure:whereas theSupremeCourthas ruledthat statesdo havesomeregulatory authority overnuclearpower,legalscholarssay thatVermont casewill offeraprecedent-setting testof howfarthosepowers extend.Certainly,there arevalid concernsaboutthe patchwork regulations thatcould resultif everystate setsits ownrules.But hadEntergy keptitsword,that debatewouldbebeside thepoint.The companyseems tohave concludedthat itsreputation inVermont isalready sodamagedthatithas notingleft tolose bygoing towar withthestate.But thereshould beconsequences.Permission torunanuclear plantisapoblic trust.Entergy runs11other reactorsintheUnitedStates,including PilgrimNuclear stationin Plymouth.Pledging torun Pilgrimsafely,thecompanyhas appliedfor federalpermission tokeep itopen foranother20years.But astheNuclear RegulatoryCommission NRCreviews thecompanys application,it shouldkeep itmindwhat promisesfrom Entergyare worth.
26.The phraserenegingon”Line
3.para.lisclosest inmeaning to[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.
27.By enteringinto theagreement,Entergy intendedto[A]obtain protectionfrom Vermontregulators.[B]seek favorfromthefederal legislature.[C]acquire anextensionofits businesslicense.[D]get permissionto purchasea powerplant.4,
28.According toParagraph Entergyseemstohave problemswith its[A]managerial practices.[B]technical innovativeness.[C]financial goals.[D]business vision
29.In theauthors view,the Vermontcasewilltest[A]Entergys capacityto fulfillall itspromises.[B]the matureof statespatchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclear issues.[D]thelimitsofstatespower overnuclear issues.
30.It canbe inferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergys businesselsewhere might be affected.[B]the authorityoftheNRC willbe defied.[C]Entergy willwithdraw itsPlymouth application.[D]Vermonts reputationmightbedamaged.Text3In theidealized versionof howscience isdone,facts abouttheworldare waitingto beobservedand collectedby objectiveresearchers whousethescientific methodto carryout theirwork.But inthe everydaypractice ofscience,discovery frequentlyfollowsanambiguous andcomplicatedroute.We aimto beobjective,but wecannot escapethe contextof ourunique lifeexperience.Prior knowledgeand interestinfluence what we experience,whatwethink ourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequent actionswetake.Opportunities formisinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claimsshouldbethought ofas protoscience.Similar tonewlystaked mining claims,theyarefull ofpotential.But ittakes collectivescrutiny andacceptance totransforma discoveryclaim intoamme,ahtuerree,dnioswcovery.This isthe credibilityanpyrooncees,sa,ntyhwrohuergeh,wanhyitcihmeth.e individualresearcher/s becomesthe communitysObjectiveknowledge isthe goal,not thestarting pointOncea discoveryclaim becomespublic,the discovererreceives intellectualcredit.But,unlike withminingclaims,thecommunitytakes controlof whathappens next.Within thecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchers makediscoveries;editors andreviewersact asgatekeepers bycontrolling thepublication process;other scientistsusethenewfinding tosuit theirown purposes;and finally,thepublicincluding otherscientists receivesthenew discoveryandpossiblyaccompanying technology.As adiscoveryclaimworks itthrough thecommunity,the interactionand confrontationbetween sharedand competingbeliefs aboutthescience andthe technologyinvolved transformsan individuaFsdiscoveryclaiminto thecommunityscredible discovery.Two paradoxesexist throughoutthis credibilityprocess.First,scientific worktends tofocuson someaspect ofprevailing Knowledgethat isviewed asincomplete orincorrect.Littlereward accompaniesduplication andconfirmation ofwhatisalready knownand believed.Thenew-search,not research.goal isNot surprisingly,newly publisheddiscovery claimsand crediblediscoveriesthat appearto beimportant andconvincing willalways beopen tochallenge andpotentialmodification orrefutation byfuture researchers.Second,novelty itselffrequentlyprovokes disbelief.Nobel Laureateand physiologistAlbert Azent-Gyorgyi oncedescribeddiscovery as“seeing whateverybody hasseen andthinking whatnobodyhas thought/Butthinking whatnobody elsehasthoughtand tellingothers whatthey havemissed maynot changetheirviews.Sometimes yearsare requiredfor trulynovel discoveryclaims tobe acceptedandappreciated.In theend,credibility“happens”toadiscovercyomclmaiomns-aofprthoecemssinthda.tWcoerresponds towhatphilosopher AnnetteBaier hasdescribed asthereasontogether,challenge,revise,and completeeach othersreasoning andeach othersconceptions ofreason//；
31.According tothefirstparagraph theprocess ofdiscovery ischaracterized byits[A]uncertainty andcomplexity.[B]misconception anddeceptiveness.[C]logicality andobjectivity.[D]systematicness andregularity.
32.It canbe inferredfrom Paragraph2that credibilityprocess requires[A]strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C]individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.。
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