【良心出品】大学英语专业语言学重点概念复习

术语解释Language:Language is a system of arbitraryvocal symbolsused forhumancommunication.Linguistics:Linguistics is the scientificand systematicstudy of language.（甑另性特征）Design features:Design featuresrefer to the definingproperties ofhuman language thatdistinguish itfrom anyanimal system of communication（任意性）:Arbitrariness Itmeans thatthere isno logicalconnection betweenmeaningsand sounds（仓!造性）Productivity/creativity JLanguage isproductive orcreative inthat itmakespossible thecon-struction andinterpretation ofnew signalsby itsusers.（递归性）:Recursiveness accordingto somelinguistic theories,the capacitythatenables thegrammar of a language to producean infinitenumber ofsentences.（文化传递性）:Cultural transmissionIt refers to thefact thatthe detailsof thelinguisticsystem mustbe learnedanew byeach speaker.Language is not transmittedbiologicallyfrom generationto generation.（可交替性）Interchangeability means that anyhuman beingcan beboth aproducerand receiverof messages.（移位性）:Displacement Displacementmeans thathumanlanguageenable theirusers（）to symbolizeobjects,events and concepts which are notpresent intime andspaceat themoment ofcommunication.（二元性）:Duality Theduality natureof languagemeans thatlanguage is a system,which consistsof twosets ofstructure,or twolevels,one of sounds and the otherofmeanings.（信息功能）:Informative Theuse of languagetorecord factsto statewhat thingsare like,and toexchange information.（人际功能）:Interpersonal FunctionIt is the mostimportant sociologicaluse of language,by whichpeople establishand maintain their statusin asociety.（彳亍为功能）Performative:Language can be usedto dothings,to changethe socialstatusor theimmediate stateof affairsof people.（情感功能）Emotive FunctionLanguage canbe usedto expressthe emotionalstateof thespeaker.（交流功能）Phatic Communion:This functionrefers toexpressions thathelp defineandmaintain interpersonalrelations.Ritual exchange:exchange thathave littlemeaning buthelp tomaintain ourrelationshipswith otherpeople.（娱乐功能）:Recreational Functionthe use oflanguageto havefun.（元语言功能）Metalingual Functionlanguage canbe usedto explainor describeitselfor otherlanguages.研究语言学坚持的原则穷尽性一致性经济性Exhaustiveness ConsistencyEconomy客观性Objectivity（语言学）:Phonetics The study ofsounds whichare usedin linguisticcommunicationis calledphonetics.I thecharacteristics of speech soundsand providemethods fortheirdescription,classification,transcription（音韵学）Phonology Thestudy ofhow soundsare puttogether and used incommunication.（形态学）:Morphology Thestudy of the wayin whichmorphemes arearranged toformwords is called morphology.（句法）:Syntax Thestudy ofhow morphemesand words are combinedto formsentencesis calledsyntax.I therule governingthe combinationof wordsintosentences（语义学）:Semantics Itstudies howmeaning isencoded in a language./Thestudy ofmeaning inlanguage iscalled semantics.（语用学）Pragmatics Thestudy ofmeaning incontext ofuse iscalled pragmatics.（宏观语言学）:Macrolinguistics theinterdisciplinary study oflanguage.（」心理语言学）:Psycholinguistics Thestudy oflanguage withreference to the workingsofmind iscalled psycholinguistics.（社会语言学）:Sociolinguistics Thestudy oflanguage withreference tosociety iscalledsociolinguistics.（人类语言学）:Anthropological LinguisticsIt mainlyconcerned with the change oflanguage,the differentbetween languagein thepast andinthepresent,and itsevolution.（计算机语言学）:Computational Linguisticsan interdisciplinarybranch ofstudy inwhichmathematical techniquesandconceptsare appliedoften withthe aidof acomputer.（应用语言学）Applied linguistics:Finding inlinguistic studiescan oftenbe appliedto thesolutionof practicalproblems suchas therecovery ofspeech ability.（神经语言学）Neurolinguistics Itstudies theneurological basisof languagedevelopmentandusein humanbeings.（描述的）Descriptive:lfa linguisticstudy aims to describeand analysethe languagepeopleactually use.（规定的）Prescriptive Itaimstolay downrules forcorrect andstandard behaviorinusing language.（能力）Competence:Chomsky definescompetence as the idealspeakers knowledgeof the underlyingsystemofrules ina language,（表现）:Performance refers to the actual useofthelanguage bya speakerinarealcommunicational context.（共时性）Synchronic studyoflanguagetakes afixed instantas itspoint ofobservation.It refersto thedescription ofa languageat somepoint oftime inhistory.（历时性）Diachronic studyexamines languagethrough thecourse oftime.It studiesthedevelopment orhistory oflanguage.In otherwords,it refersto thedescription ofalanguage asit changesthrough time.（语言）:langue referstothespeakers understandingand knowledgeofthelanguagethat hespeaks.Its asocial phenomenon,an abstractionshared byall thememberswithin aspeech community.（言语）:Parole Parolereferstotheactualspeaking oflanguage byan individualspeaker.Its anindividual linguisticphenomenon.Differences:Langue isthe setof conventionsand ruleswhich languageuse rsall havetofollow;Parole isthe concreteuseofthe conventionsandtheapplication ofthe rules.Langue isrelatively stable,while Parolevaries from personto person,from situationtosituation.Langue isabstract;Parole isconcrete.第二章（发音语音学）:Articulatory phoneticsisthestudyofthe productionof speechsounds.（听觉发音学）:Acoustic phoneticsisthestudyofthe physicalproperties ofspeechsounds.（感知语音学）:Auditory/Perceptual phoneticsis concernedwiththeperception of…（发音器官）:Speech OrgansOrgans inhuman bodywhose secondaryuse isin theproductionofspeech sounds.（国际音标）:International phoneticalphabet Itisastandardized andinternation allyacceptedsystemofphonetic transcription.（辅音）:Consonants Thesounds inthe productionof whichthere is an obstructionof theairstreamat somepoint ofthe vocaltract.（元音）Vowels:sounds inthe productionof whichno twoarticulators comevery closetogetherand noairstream isobstructed atany pointof vocaltract（双元音）:Vowel glides/Diphthongs Itsproduced bymoving fromone vowelposition toanotherthrough interveningpositions.Its hasan audiblechangeofquality.（协同发音）Coarticulation whensuch simultaneousor overlappingarticulations areinvolved,we callthe processcoarticulation.（互补分布）Complementary distributionwhen twosounds neveroccur inthe sameenvironment,they aresaid tobe incomplementary distribution.（自由变体）Free variation;when thesubstitution ofone soundfor theother doesnotproduce anew word.（音素）:Phoneme Thebasic unitin phonologyiscalledphoneme;it isa unitofdistinctive value.But itisanabstract unit.To beexact,a phonemeisnota sound;it isacollection ofdistinctive phoneticfeatures.I minimalnguistic unitofsoundthat candistinguish.（音位变体）:Allophone Thedifferent phoneswhich canrepresent aphoneme indifferentphonetic environmentsare calledthe allophonesof thatphoneme.（语音相似性）Phonetic similaritymeansthatthe allophonesofaphoneme mustbearsome phoneticresemblance.（声调）:Intonation Whenpitch,stress andsound lengthare tiedtothesentence ratherthanthe wordin isolation,they arecollectively knownas intonation.（音子）:phone Phonescanbesimply definedasthespeechsoundswe usewhenspeaking alanguage.A phoneisaphonetic unitor segmentIt doesnot necessarilydistinguishmeaning.（音位对立）:phonemic contrastPhonemic contrastreferstothe relationbetween twophonemes.If twophonemes canoccur inthe sameenvironment anddistinguishmeaning,they arein phonemiccontrast.（语气）:Tone Tonesare pitchvariations,whicharecaused bythe differingrates of（最音差）:vibration ofthe vocalcords.minimal pairWhen twodifferent formsareidentical inevery wayexcept forone soundsegment whichoccurs inthe sameplace inthestrings,the twowordsaresaid toform aminimal pair.。