高中英语非谓语动词讲解

非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo bedone动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式与谓语动作同时发生To bedoing完成式To havedone Tohave beendone动作发生在谓语动作之前主动语态与谓语动词的关系动名词被动语态一般式与谓语动作同时发生Doing Beingdone完成式Having doingHaving beendone动作发生在谓语动作之前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式与谓语动作同时发生Doing Beingdone完成式Having doneHaving beendone动作发生在谓语动作之前不定式

一、不定式的作用、作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数往往用作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面如1itIt tookus twohours tofinish thejob.It isimpossible forus to get thereon time.It isvery kindof you to helpus.注意（）其他系动词如等也可用于此句型1look,appear（）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用…的句型试比较2It is…to（错）It is to negatemy ownidea to believe him.（对）To believehim is to negatemy ownidea.（）结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用否3It is+adj.of/for sb.to dosth.of,则用for.、作宾语2（）动词+不定式如1He managedto escapefrom thefire.（作形式宾语）I find it hardtogetalong withhim.it注下列动词通常用不定式作宾语want,try,hope,wish,need,forget,know,promise,refuse,help,decide,begin,等start,learn,agree,choose,get（）动词+疑问词“特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语如2+to,I dontknow whatto donext/how to do itnext.I cantdecide whento gothere.注意不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用作形it式宾语如I findit necessaryto learna foreign language.、作宾语补足语3（）动词+宾语+不定式（）如1to dooHe warnedme to be careful.I wantyouto speak toTom.（不带的不定式）What makesyou thinkso to注可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask,tell,order,want,get,would like,like,advise,invite,allow,help,wish,warn,expect,prefer,encourage（）表见解、看法的动词结构可为动词+宾语+的不定式结构如2to beWeconsider Tomto beone of the beststudents inour class.（被动语态）The bookis believedto beuseful.（）不定式如3There+我们没料到会有那么多人在那里We didntexpect thereto beso manypeople there.注意（）有些动词需用短语作补语，如1as regard,think,believe,take,considero我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师We regardTom asour bestteacher.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲Mary tookhim asher father.（）在动词（一感），（二听），（三让），2feel hear,listen to have,let,make notice,see,watch,observe,（五看）（即吾看三室两厅一感觉）等后面的补足语中，不定式不带但变为被动语态后，必须look atto,带如toThey sawthe boyfall off the tree.The boywas seen to falloffthe tree.（）后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带也可以不带3help to,to.（）I oftenhelp him to cleanthe room.（）I helpedhimtofind histhings.、作定语4不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后如（动宾关系）I have a lotof workto do.（动状关系）He islooking for a roomto livein.（主谓关系）He isthe firstperson tothink ofthe idea.（同位关系）He hasgot achance to go abroad.注意.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动如1Do youhave anythingelse tosay.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词如2（）（我需要一直钢笔写字）I needa pento writewith.I willwirte withthe pen（）（我有一个婴儿要照看）I havea littlebaby tolook after.I mustlook afterthe littlebaby作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in orderto,so as to,so...as to,such...asto,....enough to,too...to（）做目的状语，（仅仅为了），（）（如此•••以便•••）如1to,only toin orderto,so as to,so such....asto....他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车He ranso fastastocatch thefirst busHe came to the schoolto seehis son.（）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面如2He hurriedto thepost officeonly tofinditwas closed.He searchedthe roomonly tofind nothing.（）做原因状语如3We werevery excitedto hearthe news.Im gladto seeyou.（）做条件状语如4To turnto theleft,you couldfind apost office.、作表语5不定式可放在动词后面，构成表语如beThe questionis howto putit intopractice.My questionis whento leave.His dreamis to be adoctor.Her workistolook afterthe babies.注意.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数

1.当助于是不定式时，表语不能用形式，可用不定式2Ving如眼见为实To seeisto believe.、独立结构如6To tellyou thetruth,I dontagree withyou.To makematters worse,it beganto rain.

二、不定式的时态和语态、不定式的时态11现在时有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后如He seemsto knowthis.I hopeto seeyou again.2完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前如Im sorryto havegiven youso muchtrouble.He seemstohavecaught acold.3进行时表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生如He seemsto beeating something.4完成进行时表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去如She isknown tohave beenworking on the problemfor manyyears.、不定式的语态2当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式如He wasseen toenter thehall.He askedto besent towork inTibet.

三、省的动词不定式to、情态动词除外,1ought oughtto、2Would rather,had better.、感官动词等后作宾补，省略注意在被动语态中3see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel to.to不能省略掉如I sawhim dance.He wasseentodance.The bossmade themwork thewhole night.They weremade towork thewhole night.、使役动词4let,have,make.、由和连接的两个不定式，第二个可以省去如5and,or thanto He wantsto moveto Franceand marrythe girl.、可带也可不带6Help toto,help sb.to dosth.、7Why...AVhy not...、和前是动词时，后面出现的动词用不带的动词不定式试比较8But exceptdo toHe wantsto do nothing butgo out.Hewantsto believeanything butto takethe medicine.、通常在等词后，可以省去.如9discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand to be他应该是个好人He issupposed tobe nice.-------1usually gothere bytrain.-------Why notby boatfor achangeA totry goingB tryingtogoC totry andgo Dtry goingPauldoesnt havetobemade.He alwaysworks hard.A learnB tolearn Clearned Dlearning

四、动词不定式的否定式如Tell himnot toshut thewindow.She pretendednot tosee mewhen Ipassed by.Mrs.Smith warnedher daughterafter drinking.A neverto driveB tonever driveC neverdriving Dnever driveThe boywanted toride hisbicycle in the street,but hismothertold him.A not to Bnot to do Cnot doit DdonotdoThe patientwas warnedfood beforethe operation.A toeat noB eatingnot Cnottoeat Dnot eating动名词动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语

二、动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式如We areinterested inplaying chess.He waspraised forhaving finishedthe workahead oftime.Im sorryfor nothaving keptmy promise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态如We mustdo somethingto preventwater frombeing polluted.I rememberhaving beentold astory.He was afraidofbeing scoldedby theteacher.及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doing beingdone doing完成时having done having beendonehavingdone分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语）现在分词和过去分词的区别在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性如falling leaves正在下落的树叶fallen leaves已经落在地上的树叶

一、分词的作用、作定语1

（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置如The sleepingboy is my son.The excitedpeople rushedinto thebuilding.A lostopportunity neverreturns.He isa retiredworker.

（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词等要后置；个别分词如代等作定语也后something give,Ie置如The girlstanding underthetreeismyniece.The buildingbuilt lastyear isour library.This isthe questiongiven.There isnothing interesting.

（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句如Most ofthe peopleinvited to the partywere famousscientistsThe firsttextbook forteaching Englishasaforeignlanguagecame outinthe16th century.答案A havewritten Btobewritten C being writtenD writtenDWhats thelanguage inGermanyA speakingB spokenCbespoken Dtospeak答案BPrices ofdaily goodsthrough acomputer canbe lowerthan storeprices.A arebought Bbought Cbeen boughtD buying.答案BWhen Igot backhome Isaw amessage pinnedtothedoor“Sorry tomiss you;will calllater.,,A readB readsC toread Dreading答案D解析与一样作的后置定语，相当于和的逻reading pinnedtothedoor messagewhich read,pinned reading辑主语都是它与是被动关系，用一形式，与是主动关系，用一形式message,pin edread ing、作状语2现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语Not receivingany letterfrom him,I gavehim acall.As Ididnt receiveany letterfrom him,I gavehim acall.Given moreattention,the treescould havegrown better.（条件）If moreattention wasgiven,the treescould havegrown better.Walking alongthe street,I ranacross myold friend.（原因）.Bitten bya snake,he wastaken tohospital（让步）Though defeated,he didntlose heart.（伴随）He layonthegrass,looking into the sky.（方式）Hecamerunning totell methe goodnews.some officials,Napoleon inspectedhis army.答案A FollowedB Followedby CBeing followedD Havingbeen followed BThere wasa terriblenoise thesudden burstof light.答案A followedB followingC tobe followedD beingfollowedB,liquids canbe changedinto gases.A HeatingB Tobe heatedC HeatedD Heat答案C注意

（1）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词试比较（）由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧Being Usedfora long time,the booklooks old.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用Using thebook,I findit useful.

（2）分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语When,the museumwill beopen tothe publicnext year.答案A completedB completingC beingcompleted Dtobecompleted Asuchheavy pollutionalready,it maynow betoo lateto cleanup theriver.A Havingsuffered BSuffering CTo sufferD Suffered答案A、作表语3现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态如The filmis touching.The glassis broken.She lookedtired withcooking.He remainedstanding besidethe table.——Im verywith myown cooking.It looksnice andsmells delicious.一Mm,it doeshaveasmell.答案A pleasant;pleased Bpleased;pleased Cpleasant;pleasant Dpleased;pleasant D、作宾语补足语4分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语如I smellsomething burning.I heardhim singingthe song.I heardmy namecalled.I cantmake myselfunderstood inEnglish.I foundmy carmissing..我想把我的手表修一下IH havemy watchrepairedThe managersdiscussed theplan thatthey wouldlike tosee thenext year.答案A carryout Bcarrying out C carriedout Dto carryoutC、作插入语5其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语一般说来说到generally speakingtalking ofspeaking ofstrictlyspeaking严格地说judging from从・••判断从整体来看全面看来如all thingsconsidered takingall thingsinto consideration从他的脸色看，他一定是病了Judging fromhis face,he mustbe ill..总的来说，狗比猪跑得快Generally speaking,dogs canrun fasterthan pigs

一、分词的时态、与主语动词同时如

1.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了Arriving there,they foundthe boydeadThe secretaryworked lateintothenight,alongspeech forthe president.答案A toprepare Bpreparing Cprepared Dwas preparingB、先于主语动词2分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用如havingdoneHaving finishedhis homework,he wentout fora walk.After hehad finishedhis homework,he wentout fora walk.做完作业，他出去散步a reply,he decidedto writeagain.A Notreceiving BReceiving notCNot havingreceived DHaving notreceived答案

二、分词的语态C、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动如1彳也就是给你书的那个人He isthe mangiving you/who gaveyou thebook.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩She isthe girlstopped by/who wasstopped bythe car、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生像等词如2gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned一个退休的人一个落下来的球a retiredperson afallen ball烧完了的火柴a burnt-out match。