2023年历年英语六级阅读理解逐句翻译

历年六级阅读了解逐句翻译There is nothing likethe suggestionof acancer riskto scarea parent,especially one of theover-educated,eco-conscious type.没有什么事情比有得癌症迹象更让父母感到胆怯了，特别对于受到过度教育、对生态环境敏感那种人来说So youcan imaginethe reactionwhen arecent USAToday investigationof airquality around（自鸣得意）the nation s schoolssingled outthose in the smuglygreen villageof Berkeley,所以当《今日美国》在近期公布一份全国范围Calif.,as beingamong theworst in the country.内学校周边空气质量调查中，把加州伯克利绿色环境保护小镇列为全国最差时，你可以想象到那些自鸣得意人反映Th,city.publi.hig.school.a.wel.a..numbe.o.daycar.centers.preschools.elementar.an.middLschools.fel.i.th.lowes.lO%.Industria,pollutioj.ou.tow.ha.supposedl.turne.student.int.livin.scienc.experiment.breathin.i..laboratory.wort.o.heav.metal.lik.manganese.chromiu.an.nicke.eac.day.该市公立高中和为数众多日间看护中心、学前教育机构、小学和中学所有在最差之列我10%们镇上工业污染大约把学生置于活体科学实验之中，学生们以等值于实验室剂量天天吸入镒、镉和银等重金属Thi.i..cit.tha.require.schoo.cafeteria.t.serv.organi.meals.Great..thought,organi.lunch.toxi.campus.这发生在一个规定学校餐厅提供有机饭菜城市中太伟大了，我想，有机午餐，有毒校园（活跃分子）Since December,when thereport cameout,the mayor,neighborhood activistsandvarious parent-teacher associationshave engagedin afierce battleover itsvalidity:overthe guiltof the steel-casting factoryon thewestern edgeof town,over unionjobs versuschildren,s healthand overA formidablewall ofbureaucracy has been erectedto protecttheirprime nestingon theAtlantic coastlines.由官方建造大型围墙用于保护海龟在大西洋沿岸关键筑巢地With allthat attentionpaid to them,you dthink thesecreatures wouldat leasthave thegratitudenot to go extinct.收到了多种多样关注后，你也许会认为这些生物最少会心怀感激，不至于走向灭亡But Natureis indifferentto humannotions offairness,and areport by theFish andWildlife Serviceshowed aworrisome dropin thepopulations ofseveral speciesofNorth Atlanticturtles,notably loggerheads,which cangrow to as much as400pounds.但是自然却无视人类公平观念，由渔业和野生动物服务组织提供用一份报告显示，北大西洋数种海龟种群数量出现了令人担忧下降，特别是体重可达磅红海龟400The SouthFlorida nestingpopulation,the largest,has declinedby50%in the last decade,according toElizabeth Griffin,a marinebiologist with the environmentalgroup Oceana.来自环境保护组织海洋生物学家伊丽莎白格里芬称，数量最多佛罗里达州南部穴居种群Ocean在过去十年里减少了50%oThe figuresprompted Oceanato petition the governmentto upgradethe levelof protectionfor the NorthAtlantic loggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaning theyare indangerof disappearingwithout additionalhelp.该数据促进组织向政府情愿，规定将北大西洋红海龟保护等级从“受威胁”提高至“濒Oceana危”-----这意味着假如没有外界帮助，它们将见面临灭绝危险Which raises the obviousquestion:what elsedo theseturtles wantfrom us,anyway这就提出了一个显著问题这些海龟到底还要我们做什么？I.turn.out.accordin.t.Griffin.tha.whil.w.ha v.don..goo.jo.o.（protectin.th.turtle.fo.th.week.the.spen.o.lan.a.egg-）layin.females.a.egg.an.a.hatchlings.w.hav.neglecte.th.year.spen.i.th.ocean.uTh.threa.i.fro.commercia.fishing,.say.Griffin.依据格里芬说法，即使海龟在陆上数周时间内，我们可以很好地保护它们（包含产卵母龟，卵和幼龟），但是我们忽略了它们在海里漫长时光“关键是来自商业捕捞威胁”格里芬说Trawlers（which draglarge netsthrough the water andalong theocean floor）and longlinefishers（which candeploy thousandsof hookson linesthat canstretch formiles）take aheavytoll onturtles.拖网渔船（在水中和海床拖行大型渔网）和延绳钓鱼船（在钓线上装备数以千记鱼钩，可以延伸至数英里）给海龟导致了惨重伤亡Of course,like everyother environmentalissue today,this isplaying outagainst thebackgroundof globalwarming andhuman interferencewith naturalecosystems.当然，就像所有当下环境保护问题同样，这也是在全球变暖和人类干预自然生态系统背景下发生The narrowstrips ofbeach onwhich theturtles laytheir eggsare beingsqueezed onone sidebydevelopment andon the other bythe threatof risingsea levelsas theoceans warm.海龟产卵狭窄沙滩一方面收到开发压榨，另一方面收到海洋变暖导致海平面上升威胁Ultimately wemust get a handleon thoseissues as well,or acreature thatoutlived the（恐龙）dinosaurs willmeet itsend at the handsof humans,leaving ourdescendants towonderhow creatureso uglycould havewon somuch affection.最终我们还要解决这些问题，不然一个比恐龙活得更久生物将会在人类手中灭绝，让我们后代迷惑于怎么这种丑陋生物会赢得如此多关爱The percentageof immigrantsincluding thoseunlawfully presentin theUnited States hasbeen creepingupward foryears.美国移民比例包含非法移民连续数年呈增长趋势.At

12.6percent,it isnow higherthan atany pointsince themid1920s.现已达成比世纪代中期以来任何时候所有要高

12.6%,202023We arenot about togoback to the dayswhen Congressopenly worriedabout inferiorracespolluting Americasbloodstream.我们不是要回到国会公开表达担忧等民族污染美国血统时代But onceagain weare wonderingwhether we have toomany of the wrongsortof newcomers.但是我们再一次想知道美国是否有太多不适合新移民Their loudestcritics arguethat thenew waveof immigrantscannot,andindeed do not wantto,fit in as previousgenerations did.其中声势最大批评认为新移民浪潮并不能像前面数代人同样真正融入，事实上她们也并不想这么做W.no.kno.tha.thes.racis.view.wer.wrong.I.time.Italians.Romanian.an.member.o.othe.so-calle.inferio.race,becameexemplary Americans and contributedgreatly,in ways too numerousto detail,to thebuildingof thismagnificent nation.现在我们知道这些种族主义见解所有是错曾经，意大利人、罗马尼亚人和其它所谓“低等民族”成为美国人楷模，并且通过不胜枚举方式为这个美妙国度建设做出了伟大奉献There isno reasonwhy thesenew immigrantsshould nothave the same success.说这些新移民不能取得同样成功毫无依据Although childrenof Mexicanimmigrants dobetter,in termsof educationaland professionalattainment,than their parents,UCLAsociologist EdwardTelles hasfound that the gainsdon tcontinue.尽管墨西哥移民孩子在教育和职业成就领域比起她们父母表现更佳，加州大学洛杉矶分校社会学家爱德华-特列斯发现这种成就感并没有连续性Indeed.th.fount.generatio,i.marginall.wors.of.tha.th.third.Jame.Jackson.o.th.similar trendamong blackCaribbean immigrants.事实上，第四代要比第三代稍差一点密歇根大学詹姆斯-杰克逊在加勒比黑人移民中也发现了相同趋势Telles fearsthat Mexican-Americans maybe fatedto followin thefootsteps ofAmericanblacks—that largeparts of the community（陷入）may becomemired in a seeminglypermanent stateof povertyand underachievement.特列斯紧张墨西哥裔美国人也许注定会步美国黑人后尘---社区中大部分人将陷入贫穷和毫无建树状态（降入）Like African-Americans,Mexican-Americans areincreasingly relegatedtosegregated,substandard school,and theirdropout rateis thehighest for any ethnicgroup inthecountry.像非裔美国人同样，墨西哥裔美国人日益降入实行种族隔离政策、低标准学校，她们退学率在整个国家所有民族中是最高We havelearned muchabout thefoolish ideaof excludingpeople onthe presumptionofethnic/racial inferiority.我们已经结识到在民族、种族低劣前提下去排斥她们是多么愚蠢But whatwehavenot yetlearned ishow tomake theprocess ofAmericanizationwork for all.但是我们仍然不知道如何使美国化过程适合所有人I amnot talkingabout requiringpeople tolearn English or to adopt Americanways;thosethings happenpretty muchon their own.我并不是说规定所有人所有学习英语或采用美国方法；这些事情自然而然就会发生But as arguments aboutimmigration heatup thecampaign trail,we alsooughtto asksome broaderquestions aboutassimilation,about howto ensurethat people,once outsiders,don tforever remainmarginalized withintheseshores.但是随着相关移民争论使总统大选白热化，我们也应当提出相关融合，相关如何保证曾经外来人口无需永远在中国边沿化等更广泛问题That isa muchlarger questionthat whatshould happenwith undocumentedworkers,or howbest tosecure theborder,and it is onethat affects notonly newcomersbut groupsthat have been hereforgenerations.这是比无证工人遭遇或如何包围边境安全更关键问题这个问题不仅影响了新移民，并且也影响到了已经在这里时代生活群体It willhave moreimpact onour futurethan wherewe decideto setthe admissionsbar for thelatest waveof would-be Americans.和现在我们队立即涌入准美国人设定And itwould benice ifwe finallygot theanswer right.“准入点”相比，它将对我们未来产生更大影响当然假如最终可以找到对的答案就太好了Sustainable development is applied to just about everythingfrom energyto cleanwater andeconomicgrowth,and asa resultit has become difficult to questioneither thebasicassumptions behindit orthe waythe conceptis putto use.可连续发展适合用于诸如能源，净水，经济增长等几乎所有方面，所以，要对可连续发展基础假设或其概念实行方法提出质疑也变得日益困难This isespecially truein agriculture,where sustainabledevelopmentisoften takenas the solemeasure ofprogress withouta properappreciation ofhistorical andcultural perspectives.这在农业方面特别显著，可连续发展经常被认为是农业进步唯一标准，而这并没有从历史和文化角度进行合适评估To startwith,it isimportant toremember that the natureof agriculturehas changedmarkedlythroughout history,and willcontinue todo so.medieval agriculture in northernEuropefed,clothed andsheltered apredominantly ruralsociety with a muchlower populationdensitythan itis today.一方面，关键是结识到农业本质随着历史发展已经发生了显著改变，并且这种改变仍将连续中世纪北欧农业为以农业为主导社会提供了衣食和住所，而当初人口密度远低于现在It hadminimal effecton biodiversity,and anypollution itcaused wastypically localized.那是农业对生物多样性影响有限，产生任何污染通常所有是地方性（营养成份）In termsof energy use and the nutrientscaptured in the productit wasrelativelyinefficient.当初农业在能源运用和农产品营养成份方面是相对低效Contrast thiswith farmingsince thestart ofthe industrialrevolution.对比一下工业革命开始以后出现农场化来自国外竞争促进农Competition fromoverseas ledfarmers tospecialize andincrease yields.民专业化并且提高产量Throughout thisperiod foodbecame cheaper,safe andmore reliable.在这个时期，食品价格下降，安全性和可靠性所有有所提高（栖息地）However,these changeshave alsoled tohabitat lossand todiminishing biodiversity.但是，这些改变也是导致了栖息地流失和生物多样性减少What smore,demand for animal productsin developingcountries isgrowing sofast thatmeetingit willrequire anextra300million tonsof graina yearby

2050.yet thegrowth ofcitiesand industryis reducingthe amount of wateravailable foragriculture inmany regions.此外，发展中国家队畜产品需求增长如此快速，以至于在年之前每十二个月需要额外收2050货亿吨谷物才干满足该需求但是城市和工业发展导致在很多地区农业可运用水资源越来越3少All thismeans thatagriculturein the21stcentury willhave tobe verydifferent fromhow itwasin the20th.所有这些所故意味着二十一世纪农业将很不同样于世纪农业20This willrequire radicalthinking.这需要激进思考方法For example,we need to moveaway fromthe ideathat traditionalpractices areinevitablymore sustainablethan newones.比如，我们需要摒弃传统生产比新型生产注定更有助于可连续发展方法，而这些方法关键在于需要在保持生产同时避免产生更多破坏我们同样需要抛弃We alsoneed to abandon thenotion thatagriculture can be zeroimpact.农业可以零污染〃观念The keywill betoabandonthe rathersimple andstatic measuresof sustainability,whichcentre onthe needto maintainproduction withoutincreasing damage.关键在于放弃相对简朴和静态衡量可连续发展性方法，而这些方法关键在于需要在保持生产同时避免产生更多破坏（正反Instead weneed amore dynamicinterpretation,one thatlooks atthe prosand cons两方面）of allthe variousway landis used.取而代之是更加动态解释，可以兼顾到种种土地使用方法正反两面There aremany different waystomeasure agriculturalperformance besidesfood yield:energyuse,environmental costs,water purity,carbon footprintand biodiversity.除了粮食产量以外，尚有很多不同样方法可以衡量农业效益；能源运用，环境成本，水源纯净限度，碳排放和生物多样性It isclear,for example,that thecarbon oftransporting tomatoesfrom Spainto the UK islessthan thatof producingthem intheUKwith additionalheating andlighting.比如，显然把番茄从西班牙运到英国碳排放量要少于在英国用额外供暖和照明设备种植番茄But wedonotknow whetherlower carbonfootprints willalways bebetter forbiodiversity.但是我们不知道减少碳排放量是否总是对生物多样性是有益What iscrucial isrecognizing thatsustainable agricultureis notjustaboutsustainable foodproduction.关键是要意识到农业可连续发展并不仅仅是相关可连续食物生产In thecollege-admissions wars,we parentsare thetrue fights.在大学入学战役中，我们这些家长所有是真正战士We arepushing our kids toget goodgrades,take SATpreparatory coursesand buildresumesso theycan getinto thecollege ofour firstchoice.我们督促自己孩子取得更加好成绩，参与权门学科评鉴考试（）预备课程和填写简历,方便SAT她们能进入第一志愿大学r vetwice beentothewars,and asI surveythe battlefield,something differentis happening,我已参与过两次这场战役，我在这战场上存活了下来，不同样情况总是在发生We seeour kidscollege backgroundas eprize demonstratinghow wellweve raisedthem.我们把自己孩子大学牌子是视为我们培养她们好坏限度奖赏（痴迷）But wecant acknowledgethat ourobsession ismore aboutus thanthem.但我们不能了解是我们痴迷是为了自己还是孩子So weve contrivedvarious justificationsthat turnouttobe half-truths,prejudices ormyths.所以我们发明了很多自认为有理辩护，这些辩护成了半真半假陈词、偏见和荒诞说法It actuallydoesn,t mattermuch whetherAaron andNicole goto Stanford.事实上，阿伦和尼克尔是否进入斯坦福大学并不是真那么关键We havea full-blown prestigepanic;we worrythat therewont beenough prizesto goaround.我们有着充足威望恐慌症；我们紧张未来没有足够荣誉去炫耀Fearful parentsurge theirchildren toapply tomore schoolsthan ever.满怀担忧父母督促她们孩子申请比以往多得多学校（歇斯底里）Underlying thehysteria isthe beliefthat scarceelite degreesmust behighlyvaluable.这歇斯底里关键是她们相信少数精英学位肯定有着更高价值Their graduatesmust enjoymore successbecause theygetabetter education and developbettercontacts.她们毕业后肯定能取得更多成功，由于她们受到更优质教育，发展了更优良交际圈------------------------------------・an.mostLwrong W.haven.foun.an.convincin.evidenc.tha.selectivit.o.prestig.matters,这些说法所有似是而非-----而大多数是错误我们还没有找到任何可信证据表白选择或威望关键性Selective schoolsdont systematicallyemploy betterinstructional approachesthan lessselective schools.关键学校不会比非关键学校系统地使用更加好地教育方法On twomeasures----------professors feedback and thenumber ofessay exams——selective schoolsdo slightlyworse.在以下两方面----专家反馈和写作考试数量----关键学校做得稍差what,if anything,ought tobedone.自月份报告公布以来，市长，社区活跃分子和多种家长---老师联合会所有参与到一场相关12报告可信度剧烈斗争中相关在小镇西北角上钢铁铸造厂罪责、相关孩子们健康工会职责，VS和应当去做事，假如尚有事能做话With allsides presentingtheir ownexperts armedwith conflictingscientific studies,whomshould parentsbelieve每一方所有有代表她们专家，手头上科学研究结果互相矛盾，父母到底应当相信谁？Is theretruly athreat here,we askedone anotheraswedropped offour kids,and ifso,howgreat is it我们在让孩子下车时会互相问询，这儿是不是真存在危险？假如真有危险话，有多大？And howdoes itcompare with theother,seemingly perpetualhealth scareswe confront,likepanic overlead insynthetic athleticfields和其它危险相比怎么样？比如像综合运动场上铅含量这么我们似乎要面临永久性健康恐慌Rathe,tha.jus.anothe.weir.episod.i.th.tow.tha.brough.yo.protestin.environmentalists.thi.lates.dram.i..tria.fo.ho.todays.parent.perceiv.risk.ho.w.tr.t.kee.ou.kid.safe—whethe.it.possibl.t.kee.the.safe—i.wha.feel.lik.a.increasingl.threatenin.world.I.raise.th.questio.o.what.i.ou.time.usafe.coul.eve.mean.这不仅仅是发生在城乡中又一个奇特事.，引来一群游行抗议环境保护主义者，这场最新闹剧是对现在父母如何看待风险试金石，我们如何在一个看起来日益危机四起世界里尽也许保证我们孩子安全----不管能否保证她们安全这引发问题是，在我们时代“安全”到底意味着什么.health.Tha.mean.you.choice.ca.matter.bu.i.als.mean.yo,aren.goin.t.kno.i.the.do.By somestudies,selective schoolsdo enhancetheir graduateslifetime earnings.部分研究表白，关键学校的确增长了其毕业生终生收入The gainis reckonedat2-4%for every100-poinnt increaseinaschooH saverage SATscores.一所学校平均分数增长分这一财产就会增长SAT100,（偶尔）.But eventhis advantageis probablya statisticalfluke但这种优势也也许只是记录学上偶尔A well-known studyexamined studentswho got into highly selectiveschoolsand thenwentelsewhere.一项著名研究考察了进入关键学校学生和她们毕业后去向They earnedjust asmuchasgraduates fromhigher-status schools.她们收入和高级学校学生同样Kids countmore thantheir colleges.孩子自身作用远远高于学校作用Getting intoyale maysignify intellgence,talent andambition.进入耶鲁大学标志着聪慧过人、才华横溢和雄心勃勃但这并非是唯一But itsnotthe onlyindicator and,paradoxically,its significanceis declining.标志，并且讽刺是，这种标志性正在逐步淡化The reason:so manysimilar peoplego elsewhere.Getting intocollege is not lifeonlycompetitor）.因素是大量有同样才气人到别地方去了进入大学并非人生唯一竞赛Old-boy networksare breakingdown.princeton economistAlan Kruegerstudied admissionstoone topPh.D.program.High scoresontheGRE helpdexplain whogotin;degrees ofprestigiousuniversities didnt.在另一项竞赛中----职场和研究所----结果也许会改变校友关系开始崩溃普林斯顿经济学家艾伦昆格研究了一项顶尖博士项目的录用工作美国硕士入学考试（GRE）高分有助于解释谁能入选；而学校名气则不能So,parents,lighten up.the stakeshave beenvastly exaggerated.up toa point,we canrationalizeour pushiness.所以，家长们，清醒一下事实已被嫉妒夸大America isa competitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjust tothat.but toomuch pushinesscan在某一方面，我们可以解释这种狂热美国是个竞争性社会；我们孩子需要为其be destructive,而调整但太多一意孤行是毁灭性The veryambition weimpose onour childrenmay getsome intoHarvard butmayalso setthem upfor disappointment.我们在孩子身上寄托野心也许引领着部分孩子进入哈佛大学，但也也许使她们失望One studyfound that,other thingsbeing equal,graduates ofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperienced morejob dissatisfaction.一项研究发现，从关键学校毕业不易取得工作上满足感她们对自己规定过高They mayhave beenso conditionedto deingon topthat anythingless disappoints.一旦达不到这种高规定，就会感到失望Imagine wakingup andfinding thevalue ofyour assetshasbeenhalved.想象你一觉醒来，发现自己资产减半No,you renot aninvestor inoneofthose hedgefunds thatfailed completely.不，你并不是其中一支主线失败基金投资者With the dollar slumpingtoa26-year low against thepound,already-expensive Londonhasbecomequite unaffordable.随着美元兑英镑跌至年来最低值，物价本就偏高伦敦变得更让人难以承受26A coffeeat Starbucks,just asunavoidable inEngland asitisinthe United States,runs about$

8.一杯星巴克咖啡在英国不得不买到美元，同在美国如出一辙8The onceall-powerful dollar isn tdoing aTitanic againstjust thepound.无所不能美元在兑换英镑时，不再是庞然大物It issitting ata recordlowagainst the euroand ata30-year lowagainsttheCanadian dollar.美元兑欧元汇率创下新低，并在和加元汇兑中处在年来最低值30Even theArgentine pesoand Brazilianreal arethriving againstthe dollar.就连阿根廷闭锁和巴西雷亚尔所有比美元有活力The weakdollarisa sourceof humiliation,foranationsself-esteem restsin parton thestrengthof itscurrency.疲软美元带来了屈辱，由于一个国家尊严部分起源于本国货币强度It salso apotential economicproblem,since adeclining dollarmakes importedfood more这也是一个潜在经济问题，由于编制expensive andexerts upwardpressure oninterest rates.美元使得进口食品价格上扬，并施加加息压力fro.gian.companie.lik.Coca-Col.t.mom-and-po.restauran.operator.i.Miami-fo.whic.th.wea.dolla.i.mos.excellen.news.但对于庞大美国经济体中大量产业部门——从可口可乐这么大公司到迈阿密夫妻餐厅经营者----美元疲软消息对她们来说可是再好但是了Man.European.ma.vie.th.U.S,a.a.arrogan.superpowe.tha.ha.becom.hostil.t.for eigners.部分欧洲人视美国为一个傲慢超级大国，并且认为美国对外国人怀有敌意Bu.nothin,make,peopl.thin.mor.warml.o.th.U.S.tha..wea.dollar.但当大家想起美国时，没有什么比疲软美元更带劲了Throug.April,th.tota.numbe.o.visitor.fro.abroad wa.u.

6..percen.fro.las.year.Shoul.th.tren.continue.th.numbe.o.tourist.thi.yea.wil.finall.to.th.,peak.整个月游客总数比去年同期增长了假如这种趋势延续下去，今天游客人数将最终.峰

46.8%,值还多・・・th,U Sth.wa.man.American,vie.Mexico-a..chea.plac.t.vacation.sho.an.party.al.whil.ignorin.th.fac.tha.th.poore.local.can.affor.t.joi.th.merrymaking.部分欧洲人现在看待美国方法恰似美国人看待墨西哥同样-----一个便宜度假、购物和举行派对的场合，她们所有忽略了那些更贫穷本土居民不能承担这种寻欢作乐费用Th.mone.tourist.spen.help.decreas.ou.chroni.trad-deficit.S.d.exports,whic.thank.i.par.t.th.wea.dollar.soare.l.percen.betwee.Ma..an.Ma..Fo.firs.fiv.month.o..th.trad.defici.actuall.fel..percen.fro..游客消费帮助减缓了我们长期以来贸易赤字出口也是如此，部分由于疲软美国月---月.5,5出口额飙升了•相比,前个月贸易赤字居然下降了11%57%oIf youown sharesin largeAmerican corporations,you rea winnerintheweak-dollar gamble.假如你持有美国大公司股票，那么你会是疲软美元投机中赢家Last weekCoca-Cola sstick bubbledtoafive-year highafter itreported afantastic quarter.上周可口可乐公布了令人振奋一季数据后，其股价攀升至五年来新高Foreign salesaccounted for65percent ofCoke sbeverage business,Other Americancompaniesprofiting fromthis trendinclude McDonaldsand IBM.海外销售占据可口可乐饮料业务65%其它美国公司，包含麦当劳和在这种趋势下也赢得了利润IBMAmerican tourists,however,shouldn texpect anyrelief soon.然而，美国游客不应当盼望任何快速改善The dollarlost strengththe waymany marriaqe:break up-slowly,and thenall atonce.美元疲软过程就如同婚姻破裂过程----所有是缓慢，然后才是快速And currenciesdont turnonadime.货币不会立即升值So ifyou wantto avoidthe paininflicted bythe increasinglypathetic dollar;cancel that所以假如你想避免不断惨淡美元带来痛summer vacationto Englandand lookto NewEngland.苦，那就取消去英格兰暑期度假计划，该去新英格兰州吧在那儿，美元还是有点尊严There,the dollaris stilltreated witha littlerespect.What.ho.fo..amon.th.ver.rich..S

7..millio.diamon.ring..tri.t.Tanzani.t.hun.wil.对于富豪来说什么事最热门？价值万美元钻戒去坦桑animals.Oh.an.incom.inequality..,730尼亚狩猎噢，尚有收入不均衡Sure,some leftishbillionaires likeGeorge Soroshavebeenrailing againstincome inequalityforyears.当然左翼百万符文乔治-索罗斯数年以来一直反对收入不均衡But increasingly,centrist andright-wing billionairesare startingto worryaboutincome inequalityand thefate ofthe middleclass.但是越来越多中间派和右翼亿万富翁所有开始紧张收入不均衡和中产阶级命运了L December.Mortime.Zuckerma.wrot..colum.i.U..New..Worl.Report,whic.h.own s.在月，莫蒂默-朱克曼在她旗下《美国新闻和世界报道》上写上了一篇专栏文章12“Ou.nation.cor.bargai.wit.th.middl.clas.i.disintegrating,.lamente.MUX.th.117th-riches.ma.i.America.uMos.o.ou.economi.gain.hav.gon.t.peopl.a.th.ver.to.o.th.incom.ladder.“我们国家中产阶级关键竞争力正在崩溃，”这位在美国排名第位富豪这么哀叹“我们117大部分经济效益所有归于收入阶梯最上层人了Average incomeforahousehold ofpeople ofworking age,by contrast,has fallenfive yearsina row.He notedthat“Tens of millions ofAmericans livein fearthatamajor healthproblem相比之下，工薪阶层平均收入却连续五年下降”她注意到can reducethem tobankruptcy/“数以千万计美国人胆怯一个关键健康问题就会导致她们破产”classAmericans.小威尔伯-罗斯回应了朱克曼杜宇美国中产阶级痛苦狰扎感到愤怒“It san outragethat anyAmerican slife expectancyshould beshortened simplybecausethe companythey workedfor wentbankrupt andended health-care coverage,“said theformerchairman ofthe InternationalSteel Group,“这应当让我们愤怒，所有美国人平均寿命所有被缩短了，仅仅是由于她们所供职公司破产了，健康保险被终止了”这位国际钢铁集团前任主席说What shappening Thevery richare justas trendyas youandI,and canbe sowhen itcomesto politicsand policy.发生了什么？巨富们当谈到政治和政策时候就像你我同样适应时尚Given therecent changeof controlin Congress,popularity ofmeasures likeincreasing theminimumwage,and effortsby CaliforniaJgovernor tooffer universalhealth care,these guysdon,t needtheirownpersonal weathermento knowwhich waythe windblows.只要看一下国会最近全力变更，像提高最低工资等政策受欢迎限度，和加州州长所致力于全民保健项目，这些人不需耍私人天气预报员就可以知道风向如何了”（有钱有势人）It spossible thatplutocrats areexpressing solidaritywiththestruggling middle（没收性）class aspart ofan effortto insulatethemselves fromconfiscatory taxpolicies.这群有钱有势人也许是通过表达对中产阶级挣扎同情，进而逃避没收性税务政策,.kee.plutocrat,u.a.night.The.ca.Iiv.wit.that.但是收入不均衡会导致对富人征收更多税款盼望并不会让有钱有势人晚上难以入眠她们承受得了No,what theyfear wasthatthepolitical challengesof sustainingsupport forglobal economicintegrationwill bemore difficultintheUnitedStatesbecause of what hashappened tothe不，她们真正胆怯是由于在收入分派和经济安distribution ofincome andeconomic insecurity.全面出现问题，美国连续支持全球经济一体化所带来政治挑战In otherwords,if middle-class Americanscontinue tostruggle financiallyas theultrawealthygrow everwealthier,it willbe increasinglydifficulttomaintain politicalsupport forthe freeflowof goods,services,and capitalacross borders.换句话说，假如美国中产阶级连续在财政上陷入困境，同时巨富们变得越来越富有，那么要取得政治上连续支持产品、服务和资金跨国性自由流动将会日益困难And whentheUnitedStates placesobstacles inthe wayof foreigninvestors andforeign goods,当美国对其它国家投资者和商品设立障碍时，its likelyto encouragereciprocal actionabroad.也在刺激其它国家采用相应方法For peoplewho buyand sellcompanies,or whoallocate capitalto marketsall aroundthe对于在全球买卖公司或调动资金人来说，这才是真正恶梦world,thatsthereal nightmare.（骗Amitai Etzioniisnot surprised bythe latestheadings aboutscheming corporatecrooks子）.并没有对最新相关行骗团伙诡计报纸标题感到惊奇Amitai EtzioniAsa visitingprofessor atthe HarvardBusiness Schoolin1989,he endedhis worktheredisgusted withhis studentsoverwhelming lostfor money.作为年哈佛大学商学院访问学者，她在结束工作时对于她学生对金钱绝大欲望感到厌恶1989“They r.taugh.tha.profiJ.al.tha.matters,.h.says.u,.eve.offe.ethic.course.a.all.n“她们被教育金钱就是一切她说，“很对学校甚至不提供任何伦理学课程”Etzioni expressedhis frustrationabout theinterests ofhis graduatestudents.说她对她研究生们爱好所在感到沮丧Etzioni“By andlarge,I clearlyhad notfound away tohelp classesfull ofMBAs seethat thereis moretolife thanmoney,power,fame andself-interest//H.wrot.a.th.time.Toda.h.stil.take.th.blam.fo.no.educatin.thes.business-leaders-to-be..u.reall.lik..faile.them,.h.says,uI..wa.,bette,teache.mayb-.coul.hav.reache,them“很长时间，很显著我找不到一个方法让一个班学员结识生活不但是金钱，全力，名声和私立”她那时候写道现在她仍然自责MBA当初没有好好教导这群“未来商业领袖”“我真认为我让她们失望了她说:“假如我当初是个更加好老师，或许就可以影响她们”Etzioni wasa respectedethics expertwhen hearrived at Harvard.初到哈佛时候，是一位受人尊敬伦理学专家EtzioniHe hopedhis workattheuniversity wouldgive himinsight intohow questionsof morality她盼望她在哈佛工作可以帮她弄明白could beappliedtoplaces whereself-interest flourished.如何让道德问题应用于充满私立地方What hefound wasntencouraging.她研究结果很难让人兴奋Those wouldbe executiveshad,says Etzioni,little interestin conceptsof ethicsand moralityinthe boardroom—and theirprofessor wasmet withblank stareswhen heurged hisstudents说，那些未来经理们对于董事会里伦理和道to seebusiness innew anddifferentways.Etzioni德概念没有什么爱好------------------------------------------------------------------------------当她尝试促进她学生用一个新，不同样方法看待商业时候，专家看到是空洞眼神Etzioni seesthe experienceatHarvardas aneye-opening oneand saysthere smuch aboutbusiness schools thathedlike tochange.把在哈佛经历看作开了一次眼界，并称她认为商学院需要作出很多改变EtzioniIo.

0.th.facult.teachin,busines.ar.ba.new.themselves,.Etzion.says.Fro.offerin.classe.tha.teac.student.ho.t.legall.manipulat.contracts.t.reinforcin.th.notio.o.profi.ove.communit.interests.Etzion.ha.see..Io.that Jef.hi.shakin.hi.head.“很多教商业教职人员自身就是坏消息”说从提供专家学生如何合法操作协议，到Etzioni强化利润高于公众利益观念看到了很多让她摇头叹息事情EtzioniAnd becauseofwhathesseen taughtin businessschools,hesnotsurprisedbythelatestrash ofcorporate scandals.由于她目睹了商学院所专家内容，所以在看到公司一连串最新丑闻时，她一点也不认为奇怪“In manyways thingshave gota lotworse atbusinessschools,I suspect,says Etzioni.“从很多方面来说，我怀疑商学院里情形变更糟了说EtzioniEtzioni isstill teachingthe sociologyof rightand wrongand stillcalling forethicalbusiness leadership.仍然在专家相关是和非社会学，仍然在奔走号召复合伦理商业领导学Etzioni“Peopl.wit.poo.motive,wil.al way.exist..H.says.uhos.peopl.opportunity/“怀有不良动机人总会存在”她说“有时候环境限制了那些人，有时候环境给那些人发明了生命”Etzioni saysthe boomingeconomy ofthelastdecade enabledthose individualswith poor说，最近十年经济高速发展让那些心怀不motives toget richbefore gettingin trouble.Etzioni轨人在遇上麻烦之前发了财His hopenow:thatthecries forreform willprovide morefertile soilfor hislong-standingmessages aboutbusiness ethics.她现在盼望对改革呼吁会让她一直提出商业伦理信息可以得到肥沃土壤L.pureLbiologica.sense.fea.begin,wit.th.body\syste.fo.reactin.t.thing.tha.ca.har,u.--th,so-calle.fight-or-fligh.response.从纯生物角度来说，恐惊始于人体系统对会伤害我们事情反映----即所谓“战斗或逃脱”反映A.anima.tha.can\detec.dange.canasta.alive,.say Josep.LeDoux.Lik.a nimals.human.evolve,wit.a.elaborat.mechanis.fo.abou.potentia.thre ats.“不能觉察到危险动物无法生存像动物同样，人类进化过程中Jesep.LeDoux形成了一个精致机制，以解决潜在威胁信息神经A.it.cor.i..cluste.O.neuron.7E.dee.i.th.brai.know.a.th.amygdaL^^^.该机制关键是大脑内部一束被称为扁桃核神经元“没有措施解决不拟定问题，”金伯利汤普森说，她是一个研究儿童健康问题非赚钱性组织“孩子危险”主席“这意味着你选择很关键，但这也意味着假如你选择真很关键话，你也没有措施知道”A reportinthejournal Pediatricsexplained thatnervous parentshave moreto fearfrom fire,car accidentsand drowningthan fromtoxic chemicalexposure.一份发表在学术期刊《儿科》上报告解释了不安父母们对火灾、车祸和溺水恐慌要更甚于接触有毒化学物质对此我认为“嗯，T.whic..say.Well.obviously.Bu.sue.concret.hazard.ar.besid.th.point,很显著但是这些具体危险并非关键J（地质断fo.mor.tha.l.years..stil.haven,bolte.ou,bookcase.t.th.livin.roo.wall.正式父母们不能----也许永远也不能——量化危险会忽然发生这正是我已经把所有包装袋上涂有也许致癌物质微波食品所有扔掉因素，但是尽管我住在一个距离大地质断层几街区远地方已经了，我仍然没把我们书架固定在客厅墙上2023

二、Crippling health care bills,long emergency-room waitsandtheinability tofind aprimary carephysicianjust scratchthe surfaceoftheproblems thatpatients facedaily.问题重重医疗保障费用，急诊室前排起长队，和无法找到初级护理医生，这些仅是天天要面对的问题中一部分Primary careshould bethe backboneof anyhealthcaresystem.初级护理应当是所有医疗保障体系支柱LeDou.studie.th.wa.animal.an.human,respon.t.threat.t.understan.ho.w.for.memorie.o.significan.event,i-ou.lives.研究了动物和人类对危险反映方法，以了解我们对于生活中关键事件是如Ledoux何形成记忆Th.amygdal.receive,inpu.fro.man.part.o.th.brain Jncludin.region,responsibl.fo.retrievin.memories.扁桃核从大脑很多部位中接受输入信息、，包含负责回收记忆部位Usin.thi.information.th.amygdal.appraise..situatio...thin.thi.chargin.do.want.t.bit.m..an.trigger.,respons.b.radiatin.nerv.signal.througho u.th.body.使用该信息，扁桃核对情景进行分析---我认为这只充满袭击性狗想咬我---进而通过体内神经信号辐射启动效应Thes.signal,produc.th.familia.sign.o.distress.trembling,perspiratio.an.fast-movin.feet.jus.t.nam.three.这些信号产生和危险相同信号颤动、流汗和快步逃跑，这仅是其中三种反映Thi.fea.mechanis.i.critica.t.th.surviva.o.al.animals,bu.n.on.ca.sa.fo.sur.whethe.beast.othe.tha.human.kno.theyY.afraid.恐惊机制对所有动物生存所有是至关关键，但是没有些人敢肯定地说除了人以外，动物是否感受到了恐惊Tha Js.a.LeDou.says.,,i.yo.pu.tha.systejnt..brai.tha.ha.consciousness.the.yo.ge.th.feelin.o.fear.n正如所言“假如你把该机制放进一个有知觉大脑中，你就会有恐惊感觉”LedouxHumans.say.Edwar.M.Hallowell,hav.th.abilit.t.cal.u.image.o.ba.thing.tha.happened.th.pas.an.t.anticipat.futur.events.说人类拥有回想过去发生不好事情图像和估计未来能力Combin.thes.highe.though.processe.wit.OIL hardwire.danger-把这些detectio.systems,an.yo.ge..near-universa.huma.phenomenon,worry.高级思维过程和我们固有危险探测系统结合在一起，你将会取得一个几乎是人类所共有现象担忧That1,no.necessariL.ba.thing.say.Hallowell,Whe.use.properly,worr.i.ajncredibLdevice,.h.says.说，这未必是件坏事“假如使用合适，担忧式中难以置信设计”她说HallowellAfte.alLJittLhealth.worryinJ.okaj.iJead.t.constructiv.actio.-Jik.havin..docto.loo.a.tha.weir.spo.o.you.back.毕竟，稍许健康担忧是未尝不可，假如担忧可以带来建设性行为----如让医生检查一下你背上奇怪斑点

1..righ.wa.t.worry.但是坚持认为，担忧存在着一个对的模式HallowellNeve.d.i.alone.ge.th.fact.an.the.mak..plan,,h.says.“永远不要只是担忧，要获取事实，然后指定计划”她说Mos.o.u.hav.survive.-recession.s.wer.familia.wit.th.belt-tightenin.strategic,neede.t.surviv..slump.我们中大多数所有有从衰退中熬过来精力，所以我们所有熟知度过低潮所需要节省政策

1.bee.difficul.t.ge.fact.abou.ho.w.shoul.respond.不幸是，我们中仅有少数人有解决恐怖主义危险经验，所以要获取我们应当如何应对的信息变得十分困难That*.wh.Hallowel.believe J.wa.oka.fo.peopLtJndulg.som.extrem.wor rie.las..（抗炭疽菌药品这就是为什么fal.b.askin.doctor.fo.Cipr.an,buyin.ga.masks.认为在去年秋天时候，大家向医生获取抗炭疽菌药品和购置防毒面具并Hallowell由此深陷于某种极度担忧中行为是可以了解Countries withappropriate primary care resourcesscore highlywhen itcomes tohealthoutcomes andcost.有充足初级护理资源国家在健康水平和费用支出上所有取得甚佳评价Th.U.S.take.th.opposit.approac.b.emphasizin.th.specialis.rathe.tha.th.primar.car.physician.美国却反其道而行之，重视专科医生而非初级护理医生（老年医保受惠人）.A recentstudy analyzedthe providerswho treatMedicare beneficiaries最近一项研究分析了负责诊疗老年医保受惠人医生Th.startlin.findin.wa.tha.th.averag.Medicar.patien.sa..tota.o.seve.doctors—tw.primar.car.physician.an.fiv.specialists—.guar ante,bette.care.这项令人震惊研究发现，老年医保受惠人平均天天要看七名医生----包含两名初级护理医生和五名专科医生和公众想法刚好相反，更多医生给你看病并不能保证更加好医疗服务Actually,increasing fragmentationof careresults ina correspondingrise incost andmedicalerrors.事实上，医疗服务日益分化导致是费用上升和误诊数量增多Ho.di.w.Ie.primar.car.sli.s.far.Th.ke.i.ho.doctor,ar.paid.Mos.physician.ar.pai.w heneve.the.perfor..medica.service.我们怎么会使初级护理如此严重地滑坡呢？关键是医生收入大部分医生收入起源于她们所提供医疗服务（返The morea physiciandoes,regardless ofquality oroutcome,the betterhesreimbursed还费用）.医生做越多，不管质量或结果如何，她取得返还费用就越高Moreover,the amounta physicianreceives leansheavily towardmedical orsurgicalprocedures.此外，医生收入在很大限度上受到医疗或外壳手术影响A specialistwho performsa procedureina30-minute visitcanbepaid threetimes morethana primarycare physicianusing thatsame30minutes todiscuss apatient sdisease.一名专科医生耗时分钟进行某个手术，其收入要比比一名初级护理医生花同样多时间去讨30论一个病人病情收入高倍3Combine thisfact withannual governmentthreats toindiscriminately cutreimbursements,physicians arefaced withno choicebut toincrease quantityto boostincome.再加上政府每十二个月所有威胁要一视同仁地减少医疗返还费用，初级护理医生没有选择余地，只好通过提高数量以增长收入Primary care physicians whorefuse tocompromise qualityare eitherdriven outof businessorto cash-only practices,further contributingtothedecline ofprimarycare.对于拒绝牺牲质量初级护理而言,要么被迫停业，要么就只从事能赚钱业务，这使得初级护理质量进一步下滑Medica.student.ar.no.blin.t-.ho.heavil.th.reimbursemen.dec.i.stacke.agains.primar.care.Th.recen.number.sho.tha.sine.

1997.newl.graduat e.U.S.medica.student,wh.choos.primar.car.a..caree.hav.decline,b.50%.医学院学生对此并非一无所知她们看到了费用返还体制是如何严重地弄虚作假，不利于初级护理最近数据表白，自年以来，美国医学院毕业生选择初级护理作为职业人数下降了199750%oThis trendresults inemergency roomsbeing overwhelmedwith patientswithoutregular doctors.这么趋势导致急诊室里人满为患，挤满了那些无法找到一般医生病人How dowe fixthis problem我们怎么解决这个问题Lstart.wit.reformin.th.physicia.reimbursemen.system.Remov.th.pressur.fo.pri mar.car.佳士physician,t.squeez.i.mor.patient.pe.hour.an.rewar.the.fo.optimall.O也.managin.thei.disease.an.practicin.evidence-base,medicine.一方面需要改革医生费用返还体制卸下初级护理医生每小时看更多病人压力，对于优化病患管理和机遇病症用药给奖励Make primarycare moreattractive tomedical studentsby forgivingstudent loansfor thosewhochoose primarycare asa careerand reconcilingthe markeddifference betweenspecialistand primarycarephysiciansalaries.通过减免从事初级护理医学院学生学费贷款，使初级护理对医学院学生更有吸引力，消除去专科医生和初级护理医生薪水之间巨大差异We.

7.millio.Bab.Boomer,wil.becom.eligibl.fo.Medicare.我们对初级护理需求从未像现在这么迫切过在几年之内，第一波万婴儿潮一代将被纳7600入老年人医保在未来十年期间Patients olderthan85,who needchronic caremost,will riseby50%this decade.年纪大于岁最需要长期看护病人数量将会增长8550%o届时谁去诊疗她们？Who willbe thereto treatthemThere arefew moresobering onlineactivities thanentering datainto collegetuitioncalculatorsand gaspingas theWeb spitsbackasix-figure sum.在大学学费计算器里输入数据，然后对着网络吐出来六位数倒抽一口气，很少有其它在线活动比这种活动更让人清醒了But economistssay familiesabout togo intodebt tofund fouryears ofpartying,as wellasstudying,can consolethemselves withthe knowledgethat collegeis an investment that,unlike manybank stocks,should yieldhuge dividends.但是经济学家们认为，计划举债资助四年聚会和学习家庭可以这么抚慰自己大学是不同样于很多银行股票投资，它应当产生巨额红利A studyby twoHarvard economistsnotes thatthe labor-market premiumto skill”—or theamountcollege graduatesearned thafs greaterthan whathigh-school graduate（报earned—decreased formuch ofthe20th century,but hascome backwithavengeance复性地）since the1980s.两位哈佛经济学家在进行一项研究发现“劳动力市场对及恩那个溢价现象”----换种说法就是大学毕业生收入高于高中毕业生----在世纪大部分时间所有有所下降，但是自从世纪202080年代出现了报复性增长L.Th.typica.full-tim.year-roun.U.S.worke.wit..four-yea,colleg.degre.earne,$50,

900.

62.mor.tha.th.$31,

50.earne.b..worke.wit.onl..high-schoo.diploma.,，经典拥有四年大学学位全职美国工人平均收入为美元，比高汉字凭工人平均收入50900美元多了3150062%o,.com.dow.merel.t.dollar.an.cents.毫无疑问，上大学从经济上来说是明智选择但是学费奇怪改变说明，选择上哪种大学并不只是金钱问题Does goingto ColumbiaUniversity tuition,room andboard$49,260in-08yield a40%greater returnthan attendingthe Universityof Coloradoat Boulderas anout-of-statestudent$35,542上哥伦比亚大学学费，食宿费在--达成了美元比起非本地学生报读科罗拉多大学博49260德尔分销费用为美元回报率高吗？3554240%stat.studen.a.th.Universit.o.Colorad.a.Boulde.yiel.twic.th.amoun.o.incom.a.bein.a,in-stat.studen.$17,

380.there.No.likely.不太也许一名报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分校非本地学生收入会是本地学生费用为美17380元两倍吗？不太也许,.evaluatin.colleg.a.a.investment.bu.rathe.a..consume.product—lik..ca.o.clothe.o..house.An.wit.sue.purchases,pric.i.onl.on.o.man.crucia.factor.t.consider.不，在消费主义时代，大部分买家不会把大学看做一个投资，而是一个消费品----就像汽车、衣服或住房同样购置这些商品，价格仅是需要考虑很多关键因素中一个As withautomobiles,consumers intoday scollege marketplacehave vastchoices,andpeople searchfortheone thatgives themthe mostcomfort andsatisfaction inline withtheirbudgets.正如汽车同样，在今天大学市场，消费者有很多选择，大家在寻求复合预算条件最舒适和满意学校This accountsforthewillingness ofpeople topay morefor differenttypes ofexperiencessuch asattending aprivate liberal-arts collegeor goingto anout-of-state publicschool thathasa greatmarine-biology program.这解释了为什么大家乐意为不同样体验付出更高费用（比如报读私立学校文生院或报读一家有很好海洋生物学课程外州公立大学）And justas twoauto purchasersmight spendan equalamountofmoney onvery differentcars,college students（or,more accurately,theirparents）often showa willingnessto payessentiallythe sameprice forvastly differentproducts.正如两名购车人会为完全不同样汽车付同样价钱同样，大学生（或更对的地说，她们父母）经常乐意为完全不同样产品支付差不多价钱So whichisitIs collegeaninvestmentproduct likea stockoraconsumerproduct likecar那这是哪一个到底大学是像股票同样投资产品还是像汽车同样消费品In keepingwiththeautomotive worlds hottestconsumer trend,maybe its bestto（混合动力汽车）;characterize itasahybrid anexpensive consumerproduct that,over time,will payrich dividends.为了追上汽车最炙手可热消费者趋势，或许最佳是把大学看做混合动力汽车；一个消费品,但随着时间流逝，会带来丰厚回报（海龟）For hundredsofmillionsof years,turtles havestruggled outofthesea tolay theireggson sandybeaches,long beforethere werenature documentariesto celebratethem,orGPS satellitesand marinebiologists totrack them,or volunteersto hand-carry thehatchlings（幼龟）down tothewaters edgelest theybecome disorientedby headlightsand crawltowardsa motelparking lotinstead.在数亿年前时间里，海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵，时间远远遭遇自然纪录片赞扬，或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家追踪，又或志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线影响迷失方向，爬向汽车旅馆停车场。