大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案

大学英语跨文化交际所有答案！!!是亚（口格式不是格式的！！CASE2^PDF Case1:An Interviewin IndiaCase analysis:The caseis aboutan interviewbetween an American programhost and an Indianinterviewee.They talkabout someaspects ofIndian culture and thechanges occurredthese years.The casereflectssome basiccultural elementspeople mayfind in all cultures:language,family pattern,marriage,weddingceremony,food and the way to eatfood,etc.From this case,guide the students inculture studyand culturecomparison.The studentsshould realizethat there are bothsimilarities anddifferences inculture.Culture isin fact verydynamic andpervasive.Case2:White DressCaseanalysis:The Indianwomen mightthink thewedding ceremonyis afuneral ifthey seethe westernbridein whitegown.The casereflects thesimiles andmetaphors in the text.Culture islike aniceberg:wecan identifythe colorof thedress wornby womenin different cultures,but we do notknow the valuesunderneath.Culture islike thewater afish swimsin:people weardress ofdifferent colorsfor differentcontextbut theyusually take it forgranted and never askwhy.Case3:The Frenchin NorthAmericaCase analysis:The Frenchwere ableto seeIndian behavioronly in the lightof theirown hierarchicalsocialsystem,where it is naturalfor thefew tocommand and the manyto obey.Social systemsthat workedonother principleswere literallyunimaginable.Case4:Coconut-skatingCase analysis:The casereflects thecharacteristics of culture.We cantell from the case that culture ispervasive and its learned.People mayinvent differentways forthings evenas simpleas the issue offloormoping.The Philippinewoman musthave learnedthis way of moppingfrom herown culture.Case5:A BlackGirls IdentityCaseanalysis:Although wemay saythat identitiesare constitutedby ourcommunication,it isobvious fromthe casethatwe cannotsimply chooseat anymoment whatour identitywill beregardless of the context.First,we oftendo notshare therecipe forcertain identitieswith otherseven ifwe belong to the sameethnicity,gender,or nationality.Understanding thiscan helpus avoidsome of the broadassumptions madeaboutgroups of people based on thereflective wayof thinking.Second,as welearned in the veryfirstchapter,all meaningin communication is tosome extentsituational.Thus,the contextmediates whatidentitieswe canchoose.Sometimes thingsone mayhave nocontrol over,such as age orskin color,areseen asessential partsof howone communicatesan identity.Case6:HippiesCase analysis:Hippies couldbe definedas asubgroup,as thehippies culturetends to be temporary.Inmodern Americansociety,hippies culturecould alsofind traits,but ithas widespread influenceon Americanvaluesystem.Case7:Kelly andKeiko are interacting abouta dinnerinvitation.Kelly,from the United States,possesses arelativelylow uncertaintyavoidance index,while Keiko,from Japan,comes from a culturewith arelatively highuncertaintyavoidance index.In thedialogue above,Keiko isconfused byKellys easygoingattitude towardthe eveningsplans.Comingfrom ahigh uncertainty-avoidant culture,Keiko wouldprefer toplan aheadto avoiduncertainty andprepareher scriptfor theevening.Kelly,on theother hand,is perfectly comfortable makingplans based on how theevening progresses.Without aplan,how willKeiko know how to actCase45:What IsValuedThis studentsdesire forprivacy andpersonal spacebecame obviousin a setting thatdenied herthe abilityto achieve eitherone.Things we value,such asprivacy,honesty,ambition,kindness,and soforth,arethings wehold asimportant anddesirable.Therefore,it is when weare unableto experiencethem thatwemost clearlyunderstand whatwevalue.Case46:How DoStudents LearnThe American teachercannot adaptto thetraditional Chinese wayoflearning and interpret thestudents,behaviors as a problem.In China,being modestis avirtue andnobody wants to bespecial andboasting,sostudents wouldrather keepsilent even though theyknow the right answer.Chinese people love keepingharmony,so they would notpoint outthe mistakesin theirclassmates composition,because this is seen asa disturbanceof harmony.Case47:Talk ornot TalkIfyou seean Americanfriend,you canjust say,“Hi,how areyou andkeep onwalking withoutevenslowing down,but withhis friendsfrom theMiddle Easthe needs to stopand talkfor awhile,no matterwherehe is and whatheis doing.Khalid explainedknew Johnhad beenin ahurry theother dayand Khaliddid not want to causehim to be late,so hethought itbest to avoid anyinteraction rather than eitherbe rudeto his friendor causeJohn problems.Coming from an individualisticperspective,the ideaof justbriefly greetinga friendfrom a group Ibelong toandcontinuing onwith myown plansseems likeno bigdeal.However,these connectionsare much morevital towho weare froma collectivistperspective,and it is important to maintain these connectionseven ifweare personallyinconvenience in the example,Khalid recognizedthe predicamentthat hewould faceif hemethis friendwhen he was withJohn,who wasin ahurry to get to a meeting,and wiselyavoided it.Wecannot alwaysavoid suchpredicaments,but ifwe understandwhat is involved in them,we can bettermanage themwhen theyhappen.Case48:Gift froma ChineseChinese peoplelovegiving gifts.Usually,the valueof the gift is an indicationof howimportant thereceiveris in the senderseyes.Most peoplegiving giftsare concernedabout whetherthe giftwill be seen asvaluableenough.An inexpensivegift meansa lossof face.Dongxie mayhave apractical reasonin givingthe ginsengtohis manager,but most Chinese willtakeitas somethingusual fora subordinateto dothis toa managerout of asign ofrespect.North Americancompanies dooccasionally receivegifts outof appreciationfor thefriendship andassistancethe managermay provide.Such giftsare treasured;however,thevalueusually isfairly small,a bottleofwine,a musicCD,a smallbook,or othertokens.Case49:Why IsHe AngryWasJose jealousJose hadalways been a supportivefriend,so thatidea didntfeel right.Maybe somethinghadhappened earlierin theday,bad newsfrom home,perhaps Jose had beenasked tocomment brieflyonsome ofhis curriculumideas since they hadfinished withAndys presentationearly.Jose had beenabithesitant,and when he hadcommented ona fewthings,Andy hadjumped inwith somevery direct,butinsightful questions.No doubttheywouldforce Joseto thinkthrough someof theissues beforehe hadtoactually givehis presentation,but ithad puthim on the spotin front of thewhole faculty.She knewFilipinoswere verysensitive aboutbeing puton thespot publiclylike that.Friends justdidnt dothat toeach other,even ifit would be helpfulin thelong run.Josehadobviously beendeeply hurtby whatwould seemlike abetrayalby Andy.Andy wasconfused because the ideaof jealousy,which fitthe situation,didnt seemto fithis perception ofJose asa friend.Jose wasdeeply hurtbecause Andyspublic questioningof himwas obviouslysomething afriendwould notdo;thus,the ascriptionof friendno longerfit.Margaret wasstarting to understand theproblembasedon the Australianand Filipinoidentities ofAndy andJose.The keyissue in this incidentis notwho was rightor wrong,but tosee thatfrom whateverposition weareindirect participantor third-partyzobserver,we useidentities friend,Jose,nationality,etc.in understandingthe actionsof thosearound us.Case50:Refuse toBe TreatedIn the casejust described,theU.S.American medicalteam systemfor makingsense of the situationdemandedthat peoplebe seen in orderof theseriousness of their injuriesor illness.Each personwasconsidered asworthwhile as the next,and soseriousness ofinjury appearedto bea naturalway todeterminewhowasseen first.However,the culturalsystem workingfor thoseontheVirgin Islandsdemandedthat eldersbe seenand treatedfirst.Their position,age,and wisdomdemanded respect.Foryounger members of thecommunity to go aheadof themin atime ofcrisis wasseen asextremelydisrespectful.The conflictcentered onefforts byeach sideto dowhat theyperceived asgood andmorallyresponsible.Because theU.S.Americans werein abetter positionto adaptthan anentire communitythathad justsuffered greatloss andwere underextreme stress,it wasgood that they werewilling to do so.Sadly,thisis not alwaysthecase.Case51:You DontNeed toShow Meto theDoor!TheAmericanwoman has been used to the Chinesewayof“show somebodyout”.In China,when aguestcalling athome ora cooperatorvisiting acompany,it ispolite to show the person outdespite thevisitorsrefusal.This is a wayto showcare andrespect.But in the United States,as“Time ismoney^^and thewomanindeed knows“her way out”,the Americanman takesthe womanswords seriouslyand does notgive ita secondthought.The Americansare directand the American cultureis low-context,so thisis thecause of misunderstanding.Case52:DoubtsThis case can reflect the problemsone mayencounter during intercultural adaptation.When anindividualenters a new culture,he mayfirst experienceexcitement.But latermore seriousproblems maycome to him.When facingthese problems,one mayfell anxiousand notknowhow to dealwith thepresent situation.Inthis case,although WuLian hasa goodcommand ofEnglish,she alsofaces a lot oflearning difficultiesdueto cultural differences.And besides,she alsomeets manydifficulties indaily life.All thesemake herfeeluncomfortable andstressed.The onlywayoutfor heris tolearn moreknowledge andskills toconquer thesehindrancesand becomesuccessful in intercultural adaptation.Case53:Practicing EnglishThis case can reflect segregation,which occursbecause the more politicallyand economicallypowerfulculture does not wantthe interculturalcontact.In this case,the Chinese girl wants to integratewith the twoWestern guys.However,the twoguys,who mayconsider themselves as themainstream culturewhich ismorepowerful,refuse to communicate friendlywith the Chinese girl.So the Chinesegirl is segregated.Case54:A FishoutofWaterThis casereflects thatthe boyis experiencingculture shock,which maybring himsome psychologicalsymptoms.Culture shockis virtuallya communicationproblem which involves thedepressed feelingsaccompanyinga lack of understanding of theverbal andnonverbal communicationof thehost culture,itscustoms,as wellas itsvalue systems.Culture shockhappens whenpeople haveto dealwith ahuge amountofnew perceptualstimuli that are difficultto understandandinterpretbecause the cultural contexthaschanged.In thiscase,when the American studentfeels thathis familiarcues fromhis native culture isremoved,he becomesto rejectthe newenvironment and he displayssome psychologicalsymptoms duetoculture shock.Case55:Missing China!This case can reflectreverse cultureshock.When peoplereturn homeafter anextended stayin aforeignculture,they experienceanother roundofcultureshock in their nativeculture and they mustproceedthrough thefour stagesof theU-curve patternonce again.In thiscase,John,whose comesfrom Canada,hasbeenliving in China forquite along timeandhehas gotfamiliar with theChineseculture.Therefore,when hereturns toCanada,he cannotadapt welltohisnativeculture.Case55:Off toa BadStartThis casereflects theimportance ofdeveloping somestrategies foravoiding cultureshock andengaging inintercultural adaptation.If wewant toovercome cultureshock effectivelyand adaptwell andappropriatelyto thenew culture,we mustacquire enoughknowledge and develop asmany sk川saspossible.In thiscase,David Hu,who comesfrom theEastern culture,doesnotknow thatWesterners emphasizeprivacy,so hisbehaviorsof curiosityjust irritatehis Westerncolleague.Therefore,we knowthat Davidneedstoimprovehis knowledgeof Westerncultureanddevelop somestrategies foravoiding cultureshock andengaging ininterculturaladaptation.Case56:Wow!The FirstWeek inCanadaThis case can reflect the initialperiod of interculturaladaptation,the honeymoonor initialeuphoria stage.In thisstage,people areusually fascinatedwith thenew cultureand by the excitementabout allthe newthingsthey encounterin thehost culture.Also people,during thisstage,may noteasily noticethe culturaldifferencesand thepotential problemsthat arisefrom thecultural differences.In thiscase,Zhangli is justexperiencing thehoneymoon stage.Case58Whats theMatter with the GiftThiscase can reflect therelationship conflictsin intercultural communication.Intercultural communicationcompetenceis anintegrated andcomplicated competence.In orderto haveintercultural communicationcompetence,we needto payattention toevery elementamong it.Relationship conflictis one of them.Somerelationship conflictsinvolve threatsto anestablished relationship.In thiscase,the womanin Nukualofabecamevery angryand shoutedthe authorout because of therare giftthe authorsent to her,infact,thewomans extremebehavior isbecause the authors behavior of sendingthegifthas putherself intoa positionofsuperiority over the woman,which is a reallythreat toestablished relationship—the womancan bea goodhelperand teacherof theauthor.The changein establishedrelationship madethe womanquite angry.Case60:Demographic Analysisin USA.Demographic analysisin thiscase can reflect thatUSA isa multiculturalsociety withcultural diversity.Multicultural societyrefers to the societywhere there is ethnicdiversity withinit.And thistendency ismoreand moreuniversal alloverthe world.The multiculturalsociety requiresa heightenedemphasis onintercultural competence.Case61:Not IntendedHumorThis case can reflectcontext playsa veryimportant rolein intercultural communication competence.Context refers to the actual settingwhen communicationoccurs.It can be veryvital componentinintercultural communication competence.A personsbehavior canbe proper in onecontext while the samebehaviorcannot beproperin another context,and it is quitecommon phenomenon.For example,in thiscase,certainly thereis exaggerationin thejoking sequence,but moreimportant thanthat forsomepurposes is that many of thethings that are eithernonsensical orwrong and,therefore,seenaslegitimatelylaughable areperfectly sensibleand sociallycorrect within the4tWhiteman^^culture beingreferenced.Theexample isthe systemsof sensesurrounding theuseof a personsfirst name.In short,it isa jokingconversationjust becausethe communicatordidnt payattention tosome usefuland importantcontextualcomponents.Case62:Johns ProblemThis case can reflect thatin orderto haveintercultural communication competence,we cannotjust know thecomponents amongit but also knowhowthecomponents worktogether,that isknow thedimensions ofzintercultural communicationcompetence.We shouldknowtheknowledge dimension,the affectivedimension,the psychomotordimension andsituational featuresdimension.In thiscase,John movedtoanother cityto work,he faceddifferent situationalfeatures,in orderto conductthe worksmoothly,heneeded to have thenew knowledge,affection andpsychomotor,which aredifferent frombefore.In thiscase,we cansense intercultural communicationcompetenceis alsodynamic andwe needto adaptto newenvironmentwith improvedintercultural communicationcompetence.Case63:Improved CommunicationThiscase can reflect we need some skills toimprove interculturalcompetence.The skillsinclude1Work toemphasizeareas ofsimilarity withothers.2Try toaccept differingopinions.3Make yourverbal messagesconsistentwith yournonverbal messages.4Avoid dominatingconversations.5Avoid beingsubmissive inconversationsand6Be anaffirmer.In thiscase,theauthorand hisfriend hadsome misunderstandingonthe Chinese man,but later,both theChinesemanandtheauthor tooksomesk川stomodify theircommunication,and thenthe effectiveand satisfiedintercultural communicationwas gained.Case64:Jane Martins ProblemThiscase can reflectinterculturalcompetenceis relativelycomplicated andintegrated competence,weshould take every element influencing intercultural communication into consideration inaccentualcommunication.In thiscase,Jane Martinis goodat trainingbut isnot familiarwith newenvironment-theKorean culture,which istotally differentfrom Americanculture.Her gender,age,lackofknowledge ontheKorean languageand culture canbebarriers to her effectiveintercultural communication and goodworkperformance.To JaneMartin,she neversensed it is anintercultural communication andneveraware of thefuture difficultiesshe willface.Without preparations,ifs hardtoherto do intercultural communication.Therefore,we shouldtakeeveryelementinfluencinginterculturalcommunicationinto considerationin咱们黑大的只考其中的十六个！accentual communication.JClean upthe Bathroom!Caseanalysis:Cultural differencesdecide the two studentsare goingtocommunicatein differentways.TheChinese studentwants the American studenttounderstandthe underlyingmeans ofhis words,but the Americanstudent isused to the directstyle ofcommunication.This isdecided byculture.In Chineseculture,people wanttosave faceof boththemselves and others,so theywould notexpress theirideas directly.However,in the UnitedStates,unless youexpress yourselfclearly and directly,the otherscannot understandyou.Case8:She HasThree HandsThiscase can reflect the different communication styles betweenChinese andCanadians.In westerncultures,communication isthe meansof transmittingideas.Western peopleusually communicatedirectly witheach other.That iswhy the Canadian in thiscasesays what isinhis minddirectly infrontof theChinese woman withouthidinganything.While Chineseculture stressesharmony andemphasizes therelationships betweenthe communicators.Chinesepeopleview communicationasaprocess whereall partiesare searchingto developand maintaina socialrelationship.So theChinesewomanin thiscase triesnot toargue with theCanadianface toface tokeep the“harmonious relationship,,between them.Case9:A Pieceof CakeThiscase wantsus torecognize somecomponents ofcommunication.Sender/source refersto the person whotransmitsa message.Receiver isany personwho noticesand givessome meaningtoamessage.Context referstoasetting or situationwithin whichcommunication takesplace.In thiscase,Marilyn andRichard aresimultaneouslythe sendersand receivers.And theirroom,where the communication eventhappens andwhichmakes thecouple feelcomfortable andrelaxed,is justthe context.Case10:The Placeto HaveLunchThis casereflects that communicationiscontextual,which meansthatcommunicationdoesnothappen inisolationand itmust happenwithin asettingorcontext.Whether thiscontext isquiet ornoisy isimportantto thesmoothness ofcommunication.When thecommunication eventis disturbedby noise,thecommunicationcan notgosmoothly.In thiscase,Case11:Making anAppointmentThis case can reflecthow cultureaffects itscommunication style.Each cultureencourages a particularcommunication styleexpected withinit.This impliesnot onlyusing correctsymbols,but alsoapplying theappropriatecommunicationstylefor theoccasion.Communication stylesinclude mannerisms,phrases,rituals,and communicationcustoms appropriatefor varioussituations ina culture.In thiscase,knowing thecommunicationstyle of theAmericanswhich ischaracterized bydirect,exacting andinstrumental,the exportermanagerfulfills hisjob successfully.Case12:Why DontYou Eatthe PizzaThiscase canreflect theproblems appearingduringinterculturalcommunicationand how ignoringculturaldifferences canaffect communication.In Malaysia,where mostpeople areMuslims,people thinkthe lefthand isused onlyfor cleaningthe bodyand thusit isdirty andcan not be usedtopass food.Knowing nothingabout theculturaldifference,theAmericanstudent putshimself inan embarrassingsituation.Case13:We andTheyThis casereflects thatin interculturalcommunication,people alwaysregard themselvesas thebest groupin theworld.This isactually inappropriateand should be avoided.Case14:Perception ofWarThis case canreflect different culturescan give different influences on humanperception.People can have very different perceptionseven onthe sameobject orphenomenon because they have differentcultures andare livinginthedifferent socialrealities.In thiscase,Jim andOlga havevery differentattitudes andperceptionstowards historicalevents becausetheir nations9different experiencesand histories.Case15:Observations ona SoldierThiscase canreflect thebasic modelof humanperception.Human beingis equippedto sense the outsidestimuliand perceive the outside world.And theperception followsa certainmodel——after beinggained throughthe fivebasicsenses,information isprocessed throughselection,organization andinterpretation.In thiscase,SherlockHolmes andMycroftdid observationsonthesoldier according to thebasic modelof humanperception.Theyselected someuseful informationwhich theygained fromoutside worldthrough theirfive basicsenses,organizedit ina reasonablelogic andthen attachedmeanings toit.Case16:Different Responsesto NoiseThiscase canreflect differentculturecangivedifferentinfluencesonhuman sensation.No twoof peoplecanassume thattheir sensationsare the same,especially whenthey comefrom different cultures.Different socialrealityand livingconditions canequip themwith differentwaytosensetheworld.So itis verycommon for themto havetotally differentsensations eventowards the same condition.In thiscase,the Germanprofessor andJapaneseprofessor havevery differentresponse to the noiseproduced bythesamemotor forthe heatingsystembecause of their cultures and livinghabits.Case17:What IsBlackThis casecanreflectwe have some barriersto accurateperception ininterculturalcommunication.We havetheability toperceivetheoutside world,but wecannot alwaysget theaccurate perceptions,especially whenwe dotheperception onother cultures,we oftengive the inaccurate and negative perceptions.In thiscase,ondiscussing theimpersonal color“black”,we giveso manybad andnegative meaningswhile blackpupils cangivesome objectivedescriptions andassociations aboutthe color.The barrierscan includeignoring details,over-generalizing,holding onto preconceptionsand stereotypesimposing consistency,preconnecting causes andeffects,preferring simpleexplanations,ignoring circumstances,crediting irrelevantinformation andfocusing onthenegative.Case18:Are PerceptionsAlways RightThiscasecanreflect ourperceptions onoutsideworldare not always right,especially whenwedoperceptions onother cultures.We usuallyperceive othersaccording toour ownculture.This can lead to ineffective interculturalcommunication.In thiscase Patand Chrisgave inaccurateandnegativeperceptions onAkira andMichiko justbecauseof theirIrresponsible judgmentandtheyalso gavecompletely positiveperceptions onMarie just becauseof theirsimple expectations.In ordertoavoidtheinaccurateperceptions,weneedsome skills,including increaseyourunderstandingof the perceptualprocess;increase yourobservational acuity;recognize theelements towhichyou attributemeaning;check yourperceptions;increase yourAwareness ofperceptual inaccuraciesandcompensate forthem increaseyour awarenessof othersperceptions ofyou;anddevelopsocial decentering,empathy,andother-orientation.Case20:一Chinese HospitalityOverdoneThis casereflects that sometimes peopleunconsciously assumethat people from another culture maybehave inaway which is similarto theirs.The Chineseusually attachalotof importanceto takingcare of their guests.Whenit comestoaforeign visitor,Chinese hospitalityis usuallymore thanwhat canbe understood by aWesterner,whois uncomfortable when heis alwayssurrounded bypeople attemptingto bekind.Concerning thiscase,Hong triedtorespect hertraditions andher friendby doingmore thanshe couldreally affordto dofor Joesvisit,having noideathat Joeended upfeeling frustrated.Case21:A DanishWoman inNew YorkThiscasecanreflect assumingsimilarity instead of difference.When communicatingwith people from anotherculture,one islikely toregard andtreat otherpeople as“his people“and toassume theremust beonly onewayof doingthings:that is“his way”.In thiscase,the Danishwoman assumesthat herbehaviorofleaving thebabyalone,which iscommon inDenmark,is alsoappropriate inNew York.Here,she assumeswhat issuitable inherown cultureis alsoindisputable inanotherculture.That iswhy thesmall conflicthappens.Case22:Ambiguous TimeThiscasecanreflect ethnocentrism.Cultures traintheir membersto usethe categoriesof theirown culturalexperienceswhen judgingthe experiencesof peoplefrom othercultures.They willbelieve thattheir cultureis thecenterof theworld andtheir standardshouldbethe rolemodel forthe restoftheworld.Concerning thiscase,somehow Chinesepeople havehabitually referred12:00a.m.as thetime aroundlunchtime,making12:00p.m.midnight.Fortunately,the waythey tellother timesare thesame asthat used intheStates,so there*s usuallynomisunderstanding between peoplefrom thetwocultures.However,thereisthis onedifference andFan learnsitby payinga finesince she may holdthat hercultureisthe centeroftheworld.Case23:Girl-nessThis casecanreflectoneofthe translationproblems:the lackof conceptualequivalence,which refersto abstractideasthat maynot exist inthesame fashionin differentlanguages.Different cultures may attachdifferentmeanings tothesamething orperson.Concerning thiscase,we shouldknow whatyoung femalescall themselvesis very differentin ChinafromtheStates.In China,girl*means someone who isyoung andsingle.In away,itmakes afemale soundmore desirableto be called agirl rather than a woman.For mostpeople,woman meanssomeonewho ismarried andwho probablyisnotyoung.In fact,most singleChinese females,such asuniversitystudents,would beinsulted tobecalledwomen.While inthe West,in formal,public settings,itiscustomary tocallany womanwho ispast pubertyawoman,even thoughshemaynotbelegally oldenough tovote,marry,purchase alcoholicbeverages,drive acar,or signa contract.This terminologybecame widespreadduring thewomensliberation movementinthe1960s”.The termgirlissometimes interpretedtobedemeaning ordisrespectful.Case24:An UnfairDecisionThis casereflects prejudice,which involvesan unfair,biased,or intolerantattitude towardsanother groupofpeople.In thiscase,Mr.Bias decidedto selectsomeone else,insteadof applicant fromthe countryLevadel,forthe position.That isjustbecausehe holdsprejudice towardspeoplefromthe countryLevadel.Case25:Success StoryOneofthe sources ofthe frustrationand misunderstandingsthat occurredinthiscase wasdifferent notionsofwhat wasverbally relevant.In thiscase,Mary wasexpecting amuchmoredirect responsetoher question.Ms.Goshima,however,was uncomfortablewiththe question andfelt herresponse shouldbe veryindirect andestablisha propersense ofmodesty beforerevealing theanswer tothequestion.If Maryhadbeenmore patient,she would have eventuallyheard theanswer toherquestion,but she was notreally payingattention whenit finallycamebecause shefelt thatMs.Goshimas commentswerent reallyrelevant toher query.Case26:Slogans andthe Importanceof LanguageTheintercultural encounterswe experienceare notonly influencedby languageand perceptualdifferences,andlanguage choicebasedonrestricted andelaborated socialsituations,butalsoon languageandhowitistranslatedfor membersof aculture.For manyreasons linguisticinterpretation andsemantics provide thesourceofnumerous misunderstandings.For instance,an insurancecompany discoveredthat firesinadvertently occurredbecausewarehouse employeesacted carelesslyaround emptybarrels ofgasoline,although theypreviously hadexercisedgreat cautionaround fulldrums ofgasoline.The termsfull andempty seemto maskthe realdangerin workingwith gasolinedrums.Empty drumsare extremelycombustible,while fulldrums posefar lessthreat.The linguisticperceptionofthe wordempty inthe generalculture signifiednull orvoid,but inthe workculture ofvolatileproducts likegasoline thesemantic interpretationwas disastrous.A storyis toldofaChristian Scientistwhorefused totake vitamins,sincetherecommender describedthem asmedicine.However,thesamepersongladly tookthe vitaminswhenhewas toldthey werefood.Case28:Two DifferentCommunication StylesThedialogue takesplace betweena youngcouple whohave beendating fora shorttime.The manisaU.S.student,andthewoman isfromanAsian culture.Note themisunderstanding thatresults asa consequenceof theuseof directand indirectmodes ofcommunication.In alllikelihood,Jim isnot goingto getmuch ofan answerfrom Michiko.She continuesthroughout thedialogueusing rathergeneral answersto Jimsvery specificanddirectquestionsabout herfeelings towardthe UnitedStates.Michiko mightbelieve thatJim isbeing fartoo directand invadingherprivacy.Besides,the factthat shehas traveledhalfway aroundtheworldshould lieindicative ofher desireto behere,right Theremust hesomething aboutthe UnitedStates thatattracted her.Michiko cannotpossibly saysomethingcritical aboutthe UnitedStates becauseshe wouldlose face,as wouldJim,asanative.She reliesonimprecise andindefinite answers.Case29:MisunderstandingIdioms aresimply statementsthatare not strictlytrue,but theirmeaning isunderstoodbyagroupofpeople.Ifyou askwhat happenedto Marthaand peoplesay,She kickedthe bucket,it doesnot meanthat sheliterally didthis;it meansshe died.Just likeinthecase mystudents frienddid notliterally meanthat Shangshould getoutof theapartment.Idioms arecommon inall cultures,but whenusedinintercultural settingsthey cancreate alotof confusion.One potentialarea ofmisunderstanding relatedto idiomsiswhento usethem andwith whom.Forexample,I would not usethe kickthe bucketidiom just any settingor withjustanyperson.If Iam talkingwithmy grandmotherand Iam goingto tellher aboutsomeonewhohas died,I mayuse what is oftenperceived asagentler idiomand saythe personhas passedaway.Understanding the context ofwhen anidiom isappropriateor sensibleis partofinterculturalknowledge.Case31:Going Outto EatIn the interaction,Jim isa studentata local university.He wasborn andraised intheUnitedStates.Akira isanexchange studentfrom Japan.Jim andAkira areeating dinnertogether inalocalrestaurant.They haveknowneach otherfor onlya shorttime.Not onlyis Jimsstyle ofcommunication overtlypersonal,but hesalso quitedirect.Jim istrying toinvolve Akiraintheconversation byrelating tohim hispersonal experiencesand preferences.Jimuses the first personI nofewer thaneleven timesand evenreferstoAkira asBuddy.Akira neverrefers tohimselfinthefirst person;Akira generallydefers toJim andsays little,even addressingJim asMr.Jim.As aforeigner,Akira probablysees Jimas sociallysuperior and usesaformal title.Moreover,ratherthantalking abouthispersonal preferences,Akira mentionsthat Japanesepeople enjoyrestaurants.Case32:What IsWrong withthe InteractionThiscasecanreflect different nonverbal communication patterns existinthe actual interculturalcommunication.Nonverbal communicationdiffers according to different cultures.People might have differentopinions abouttheproper space,time,body languageand paralanguage.If wedont payattention tointercultural nonverbalcommunication,we willhavesomemisunderstanding andconflict.In thiscase,Jim anAmerican,Mitsuko andAkiratwo Japanesebelongtototally differentcultures;they haveverydifferentopinions aboutthe spaceandbody languages.Therefore,Mitsuko andAkira feltuncomfortablewhenJim gavesome exaggeratedbodylanguage andkept closespace distancein communication.Case33:Are AmericansIndifferentThis casecanreflectdifferentnonverbal communicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcommunication,especially facialexpression differaccordingtodifferentcultures.Compared to mostChinese,Americans liketosmile alot and tohavecausal andrich facial expressions intheir dailylives,even thoughthey havesomemisfortune.In thiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinions aboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalcommunication,theAmericanlady talkedabout herfathers sicknessand deathinasmiling waytoshowshe stillhas theoptimisticway to treat thefuture life,whichismisunderstood asbeing indifferentand selfishbytheChinese.Case34:What IsSue9sProblemThiscasecanreflectnonverbal interculturalcommunication shouldbe accordingtothedifferent context,too.Context referstotheactual settingwhen communicationoccurs andis alsoimportant innonverbalcommunication.In thiscase,Sue knewhowtowai andshe knewthat bowingwas generallyimportant inthe Thaiculture,but,asis soeasy todoinanewenvironment,she forgottoconsiderthecontext.Relational hierarchyisveryimportantin Thailand.Sues deferentialactions mayhave appropriatein certainsettings,but givenher statusof eldervisitorsuch actionsdirected towardthe childrenwere extremelyconfusing anduncomfortable forthestudentsandteachers alike.Case35:A QuarrelThiscasecanreflectthedifferent useand understandingof silencecan influencetheactualinterculturalcommunication.Different culturemighthavedifferent interpretationstothesilence.The Easternculture usuallyattachesmore meaningsto silence,whilethemost westerncultures considersilence tobe absence ofcommunication andmost rudecommunicative behavior.In thiscase,Li Huawanted toprovidethe opportunity forthemto calmdown andthink aboutthe matterscarefully andso shekept silence,while thissilence wasmisunderstoodby Smithastheabsenceofcommunicationandhe mightthink LiHua lookeddown uponhim andbecameangrier.Case36:Dorft PutYour Handon MyArmThis casecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinions tospatial relations.Different cultureshave verydifferentopinions aboutan individuaPsunconsciously structuringthe microspaceimmediately surroundingthephysical body.Some culturescanhaverelatively closedistance whencommunicating whileotherculturescannot.Some westerncultures considerbody touchbetweenpeopleofthesame gendertobecultural tabooandasymbolof beinghomosexual.In thiscase,Sam isfrom westernculturesandknows thesocial tabooof bodytouch veryclearly,so hewouldnl letothers misunderstandMarks closebody distanceand touchwith him,eventhoughMarkfrom Chiledoesnl knowtheculturaltaboo atall.Case37:WhaVs wrongThiscasecanreflectdifferentgestures canrepresent differentmeanings indifferentculturesand misuseof somegesturescanleadtoineffectiveinterculturalcommunication.For example,the commonOK”gesture meansbeinggood andfriendly insome westerncountries such as USA,while inLatin Americait representsomething dirtyandobscene.Therefore,inthiscase,the gestureoftheAmerican politicianis reallya disasterand ithurt thepeoplein thisLatin Americancountry andalso madehimself tobe unwelcomeperson.Case38:An AmericanLibrarians PuzzleThiscasecanreflectthemeanings shownby facialexpressions andgestures differaccordingtodifferent culturesininterculturalcommunication.For example,the smileinChinacan conveylots ofmeaning,suchasbeing friendlyandattentive andnodding oneshead inChina isnotalwaysto say yes”,sometimes itisjustto sayImlistening.While inUSA,nodding oneshead andsmiling isusually tosayyes”and showagreement.Therefore,inthis case,theAmericanLibrarian misunderstood theChinesestudent ZhuXiaohuas facialexpression andgesture-nodding andsmiling andfelt quitepuzzled.Case39:Marriage andSocial StatusShaheedwas disappointed,but heunderstoodtheproblem andaccepted thesituation.However,in part becauseof differentworldviews,this storyreally bothers.many Americans.How manydifferences inworldviews didyourecognize inthis experienceI countat leastfive.For example,anAmericanwouldhavefelt thatthe hierarchicalnatureofthesituation thathelped toestablish theconcern inthefirstplace wasinherently wrong.Shaheed andthewoman wouldbeseenas equals.In addition,if therewere tobe anydifferences betweenthetwo,they shouldhavebeen determinedby achievement,not ascribedtotheindividuals bybirth.Third,the decisiontogowith whatiswanted bythe familiesor groupsinvolved isin linewith acollectivistic approachratherthanan individualisticapproach,which wouldhave encouragedeach persontodowhat wasbest forhim-or her-self.Fourth,Shaheedsmothers understandingofthemeaning ofbeing servedbananas attea dependedentirely onIhe contextratherthan theverbal message.Many Americanswho hearthis storyworry,about whetherShaheeds mothergot therightmessage.Finally,Americans wouldtend towanttodiscuss theissue more,asking,Why wontthis workandtrying toconvince theyoung womansmother thatitisokay.This orientationis groundedin usingcommunicationprimarily asan informationsource ratherthan asa sociallubricant,which Shaheedsmother didby not threateningthe faceoftheother personorthestatus quoofthecurrent relationship.Case40:How CanWe LendMoney toHerIt isnot unusualfor marriedcouples tocome intoconflict overmoney orhow theyrelate toin-laws,but inthis caseitis complicatedbecause thereare culturaldifferences inwhat isgood andbad andwhatismorally appropriateinthis situation.In Germanytherearestrong normsagainst borrowingunless youabsolutely haveto,and thenyouborrow froma bankand payit backas quicklyas youcan.Except forvery rareoccasions inwhich achild mustborrowfromaparent,you wouldnever borrowfrom familymembers,becausetheyhave enoughproblems oftheirown.In contrast,Lao borrowingnorms indicatethat borrowingisanatural andongoing partof life.No onehaseverything theyneed,so everyonewill needto borrowatsometime.Buddha hassaid,Do goodand goodwillbe doneto you,so loaningisanhonor.Finally,borrowing froman institutionis frownedupon becauseyou willnotget agood dealanditwill looklike yourfamily doesnot careabout you.Case41:Getting FrustratedJaywas frustratedin largepartbecausemanyofthe normshewasusedtodidnt applyinSaudi Arabia,and manySaudi normsdidnotmake sensetohim.Much ofthe businessdone inSaudi Arabiadependson baksheesh,a typeof kickbacktoamiddleman anditisa man,who facilitatescontacts betweenpotentialbusiness partners.The middlemanisdoinga serviceand expectstogetpaid forit.The morebaksheeshthe persongives,themorelikely itisthatthe personwill succeed,becausethemiddleman willbe suretotreathimvery well.Giving baksheeshisanorm inthe Saudibusiness community.In addition,Saudis believethat Godgaveus multifunctionalhands andthatthehand isour besttool foreating.However,they arealso concernedwithhygiene.They reservethe lefthand forcleaning themselvesandusetherighthand foreating.Saudis haveanumber ofnorms relatedto restrictingmale andfemale interactionthat,within thecontext oftheir religiousbeliefs,make perfectsense butwouldbevery inappropriatetomostWesterners.Case42:Wrong SignalNingTong wasnot observingthe houserules forwatching TV,which wasprobably whyhe eventuallystoppedsaying anythingintheargument.Usually,when aChinese choosesnot tosay anymore thingsinan argument,itwould meanone orboth ofthe following:thepersonfeels thathe/she iswrong;thepersonwantsto stop theargumentbynottalking anymore.The latterwould oftenmean toleranceas onehas toresist theimpulse ofreasoningwiththeother,especially whenone feelshe/she isright.When NingTong becamequite,hewashopingthat hissilence couldstop Tomsince Tomwouldnothave anythingto respondto.Tom wasclearly frustratedat notbeing ableto relaxand enjoysome programsconnected withwhatishappeningback home.Tom probablythought NingTongs decisiontostoparguing was“passive aggression,,---making theotherperson lookbad bypretending tobe mild-mannered oreven notinterested-yet notyielding inanargument.Case43:The ImprovementDoes NotWorkFollowing theirindividualistic orientations,Mr.Patterson andMr.Wyman wereperfectlycomfortablewiththeideaof creatingteam leaderswithintheindividual salesgroups.However,as ParkYoung Sammentions,doing soupsetthe harmonyofthegroups,whichinturn ledto poorperformance.IntheUnitedStates,workers areoftenmotivated bytheopportunityfor promotionand advancementas thisserves theindividualistic drivefor individualachievement.In collectivisticcultures,however,workers maybe motivatedby beingapartofacohesive andproductiveteam.Individualism andcollectivism areterms thatdescribe wholecultures.But culturesarenotpure.Members ofcollectivistculturesmaypractice individualistic tendencies whilemembersofindividualist culturesmay valuecollectivistideals.For example,Denmark isa countrywith bothcollectivistic andindividualistictendencies.InDenmark,individual freedomis nurturedthrough adevotion toestablished traditionsand customs.Regardingincome andsocial rank,Danes arestaunchly egalitarian.At thesame time,however,Danes considerthemselvesfree tobe nonconformistandtostand outfromthegroup.In thisway,Danes maybe atthe theoreticalmidpointof theindividualism andcollectivism culturalcontinuum.Case44:When ShallWe MeetFor DinnerUncertaintyavoidance orientationcanbeseeninthiscase.Inthedialogue presentedbelow,。