《现代英语词汇学》复习1

英语词汇学复习的内容:,

一、考试题形式分为.选择题（分）I20完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合，即知识点等l-9cahpters.填空分）n co考定义概念1-1Ochapters（分）习语英译汉in.20教材中汉语部分习语的特点idioms:（分）论述题IV.10第三章为主树形图（依据上下义关系作图）（分）V.20弟

一、八早

二、教材内容简介陆国强编著《现代英语词汇学》（新版），上海外语教育出版社年月第,20037一章词的概述；第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；第三章词的理据；第四章词的语义特征；第五章词义的变化；第六章词的语义分类；第七章词的联想与搭配；第八章英语习语；第九章美国英语；第十章词的使用和理解；第十一章词汇衔接；第十二章词汇衔接和语篇连贯教学内容是词形结构构词法，词法特点及分类，词义转换，英文习语，美式英语，词汇及文学风格，英语词汇学，词汇学研究方法及其新的发展方向等方面的理论与研究动态《现代英语词汇学教材》以现代语言理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识本课程可以使学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力本课程特别强调和重视研究生广泛阅读英语词汇学、语言学、语义学、词源学方面的书籍，以教师精讲、学生宽学为目的本课程的教学目的，在于指导学生用现代语义学和语法学的有关理论分析研究现代英语词汇现象，揭示现代英语词汇规律要求学生通过英汉词汇的对比研究，探讨英语词汇教学规律，指导英语语言实践，不断提高对现代英语词汇的理解，应用和研究能力主要参考书汪榕培，《英语词汇学研究》，上海外语教育出版社年月第一版,20004识记复合法的概念领会复合词与自由词组的区别运用能用该构词方法构词转类法

3.识记转类法的概念短语动词转名词的两种方法形容词转名词中的完全转类和部分转类领会名词、动词、形容词三类词互相转类后的语义特色运用能用该构词方法构词4识记拼缀法的概念以及构成模式运用能在阅读中辨认和理解拼缀词截短法

5.识记截短法的概念和构成模式运用能辨认和正确使用截短词首字母缩略法

6.识记首字母缩略法的概念和构成方法领会两种首字母缩略词的区别运用能辨认和正确运用缩略词逆生法

7.识记逆生法的概念逆生法的构成方法和文体特色运用能正确运用逆生词专用名词普通化

8.识记转化为普通词的主要集中专用名词，以及转化的主要方式领会由专用名词转化的普通词的形式与意义之间的联系它们的修辞特色问题在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种？答案有七种1Affixation2Compounding3conversion4shortening5clipping6acronymy7blending有三种最常用affixation,compounding andconversion问题由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种？答案:Extension问题由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式？答案:Narrowing问题:又被称为什么？它分为哪两类？Affixation答案:Affixation is also known as derivationAffixationfalls intotwo subclasses:prefixation andsuffixation要点有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别a-,non,ir:negative prefixes既属于也属于de-,dis-negative,reversative prefixesmal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorative prefixessuper,sur-,extra:prefixes ofdegree orsizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixes oforientation andattitudetrans-,fore-tele-:locative prefixesfore-,post-:prefixes oftime andorderbi-,uni-,semi-:number prefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneous prefixessuffixation:l.Nou.suffixe.1Denominal nouns2Deverbal nouns3De-adjective nouns:ity,-ness,4Noun andadjective suffixes注意的名词角军释.Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping要点复合词分为哪三类lsolid2hyphenated3open简答题what are the characteristics of compoundsWhat arethe difference between compoundsand freephrases答案1phonetic features2Semantic features3Grammatical features最常见的三种词性1Noun compound2Adjective compounds3verb compounds问在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性，哪两种不具有多产性？在形容性复合词当中，哪三类有多产性？动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？*名词解释:ConversionConversio.i.th.formatio.o.ne.word.b.convertin.word.o.on.clas.t.anothe.class.Functional shift=conversion选择或填空要点Zero-derivation Adjective to noun:1full conversion2partial conversion问题形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案由Adjectivetoverbs:1Transitive2Intransitive简答题形容词变动词的三种类别问题请你举出由变为的一个例子？conjunction noun答案选择或填空Ifs andbuts blendingare alsocalled blendsor portmanteauwords要点问题分为哪四类合成词？blendingl.hea..tai.

2.hea..hea.

3.hea..wor.

4.wor..tai.问题绝大多数都是什么词性？blending答案:nouns问题Th.overwhelmin.majorit.o.blend.ar.nouns.ver.fe.ar.verb.an.adjective.ar.eve.fewer.截短法分为哪四类？clipping答案There arefour commontypes ofclipping:1Front clipping2Back clipping要注意的例子有一个特殊变3Front andback clipping4Phrase clippingclipping化:截短之后在中间加一个还有拼写发生变化，比如说fridgerefrigerator i,g d,问题什么是cokecoca colaacronymyAcronymy is the processof formingnew wordsby joiningthe initialletters ofneames ofsocialand politicalorganizations orspecial nounphrases andtechnical termsAcronymy包含两类加加不发音.出.、人.

1.

62111.

0882018.形成新的发音.有四大类

2.acronym e.g.CORE.TEF.Words from proper namesl.Name.o.peopl.e.g.bobb..Name.o.people

2.Name.o.place,e.g.champagne.rugb.问题以下的词采用哪种构词法？

3.Name.o.book.e.g.utopia

4.Tradename.e.g.caba.先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词.这种构词被称e.g.diagnosi.—diagnos..作.backformatio.它的构词法满足哪一种词法属于中的bloomers Wordsfrompropernames Namesofpeople这种构词法是由哪一种构成的属于中的采用哪VJ-day:Initialisms AcronymsPop:一种构词法构成的clipping名词动词Sitcom:blending FORTRAN:head+head Bath bathe和存在一种什么关系？重点句BathbatheConversionConversion is also known as问题:这类词构成的词是什么词？答案functional shift.Noun+v-ing,compounding问题它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案:Record-breaking,Adjectives compounds问题请说出中多产性强的有几类？答案有三类Adjectives compounds1n+v-ing问题:是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案2n+a3n+v-ed up-bringing nouncompoundsadv+v-ing问题复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么？答案区别也就是复合词的特点1Phonetic features2Semantic features3Grammatical features问题:它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词？red meat,green horn,答案也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义Semantic features问题:又被称作什么法？Compounding答案composition问题由或构成的词被称作什么？compounding composition答案compounds问题复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？答案分为三类solid,hyphenated,opensolid:blackail,blackmarkethyphenated:brother-in-law,open:green horn,green hand问题当形容词转为动词时分为几类:Adjectives toverbs答案有三类1Both transitiveand intransitive2Only transitive3Only intransitive问题由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性？答案:ver.t.nou.e.g.catc.问题形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别？答案分为两类

1.ful.conversio.e.g.blac..whit.

2.partia.conversio.e.g.th.ric..th.poo.问题名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案1Concrete2abstract可力口-.变成具体名词e.g.hos..es加可变成抽象名词friend:-ship问题只作了角星A wordis unityof sound and meaningtrue orfalse答案:可从的四个特点看出trueword问题Mos.loane.word.ar.borrowe.fro.foreig.language.withou.an.chang.i.soun.an.spelling,tru.o.false.答案true外来词分为四类1Denizense.g.cu.fro.cupp..por.for.portu.2Aliens e.g.garag..deco.3Translation-loansc.g.lon.tim.n.sc.4Semantic.loans.e.g.drea.判断对错题

1.Conversio.mean.transfe.o..wor.fro.on.clas.t.anthe..tru.o.fals.答案true

2.The relationshipbetween a word symboland itsmeaning ismostly arbitraryandconventional.true orfalse.答案true

3.a wordused indifferent contextsmay contrastwith differentantonyms.true orfalse答案true

4.a.allomorp.i.an.o.th.varian.form.o.morphemes.tru.o.fals..答题false重点句A word which hasmore thanone meaningcan havemore thanone antonym..在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念E.g.fas.fas选择题Chinese isour nativelanguage,but wecan notsay theChinese isour.amother tongueb答案不存在first languagec motherlanguage dofficial languageC motherlanguage的一种说法问题以下的哪一个词is notan expressionused byAmericanA tubeB barC MailboxD Congress答案:只有英国人把地铁叫美国人把它叫作问题tubetube,subway,underground它是合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一种构词法？‘smog smoke,fog答案A clippingBcompounding Cblending Dbackformation Cblending问题以下的词哪些属于Asimpl.wor.B.compoun.wor.C.derive.wor.D.shortene.form.是一个e.g.goldmin.compoun.wor..bikeshortened formprocess derived word:cess不可分割的它是一个前缀bound root,pro supermarketderived wordlanguage simpleworddriverderivedworddormshortened form,clippingmodernize derivationblackboard compoundbus shortenedformomnibus What is the differencebetweencontent words and functional words,illustrate yourpointwith examples注意答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明复习要考虑的题What is the differencebetween denotativemeaning andconnotativcmeaning论述题What arethe fundamentalfeatures of the basic word stockof the Englishvocabulary答题时先答名词解释再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明basic word stock关键答好第一个特点它又分为五个特点All nationalcharacter,Means ofword-buildinglaffixation30-40%2compounding28-30%3conversion26%4shortening8-10%5blending1-5%AffixationTwo subclasses:1prefixation2suffixation

1.Prefixation9groups lnegativeprefixes:dis-,in-,il,ir,non-,un-..Eg.Disloyal,injustice,illegaljrresistible,non-smoker,unwillin.2reversative prefixes:de-,dis,un,..Eg.Decompose,disunite,unwra.3pejorative prefixes:mal-,mis,pseudo-Eg.maltreat,mistrust,pseudo-friend4degree orsize:extra-,micro-,mini-,over-,sub-,super-,under-Eg.extra-strong,microsoft,miniskirt,overweight,subway,superman,underdeveloped5orientation andattitude:anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-..Eg.anti-government.contraflow.counteract.pro-student.6locative:extra-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-Eg.extraordinary,forehead,inter-city,intra-party,telecommunicate,trans-world7time andorder:ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-Eg.ex-president,foretell,post-war,pre-prepared,reconsider8number:bi-,multi-poly-,semi-hemi-,tri-,uni-mono-Eg.bilingual,multi-purpose,polysyllable,semi-naked,hemisphere,tricycle,uniform,monologue9miscellaneous:auto-,pan-,vice-Eg.automobile,pan-European,vice-chairman

2.Suffixation4groupsl.Noun suffixes1Denominal nounsa.Concrete:-eerrerress ette,-let,-sterrEg.engineer,teenager,hostess,cigarette,booklet gangster9b.Abstract:-dom,-ery-ry,-hood,ismrshipEg.officialdom,slavery,adulthood,terrorism,friend-ship2Dcvcrbal nounsa.Denoting people:-ant,-ee entrerorrEg.informant,trainee,respondent,dependentb.Denoting action,result,process,state:-ance,-ation-ition,-tionrsion,nce,-ment,-ingEg.attendance,protection,decision,persistence,savings,statement3De-adjective nouns:-ity,-ness,Eg.popularity,largeness

2.Adjective suffixes1Denominal suffixes:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-yEg.simple-minded,successful,childish,priceless,nameless,girl-like,friendly,smoky,bloody2Deverbal suffixes:-able-ible,-iveEg.washable,active3Ad verbsuffixes:-lywardsrwiseEg.calmly,naturally,homewards,clockwise4Verb suffixes:-ate,-en,-fy,-ify,-ize-ise词素构词综Eg.originate,darken,heighten,strengthen,solidify,beautify,modernize合练习问题Which of the followingwords isnot formedthrough clippingAdorm BMotel Cgent Dzoo答案:Motel:blending问题Old English has vocabularyof abouthow manywords答案:50,000to60,000问题词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素分为哪两类？答案粘着词素分为和选择题或填空Bound rootaffixesBeside.Frenc.words.Englis.als.absorbe.a.man.a,2,

50.word.i.th.Middl.Englis.Period.Dutc..A wordis asymbol thatB.A isused bysame communityBrepresents somethingelse in the worldCboth simpleand complexin natureDShow differentideas indifferent soundsPronounsand numeralsenjoy nationwideuse andstability,but haslimited Productivity问题以下的这些词是粘着词素吗，以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？1heart andsoul Adverbialin nature2father-male parentconceptual meaning3City-brednoun+v-ed4Lip-reading-lip readbackformation5headache compoundn+v下划线的这一部分是什么6antecedentbound morphemes前缀7previewprefix:8receivebound root9called inflectional affixes第三章词的理据；识记拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据、词源理据第四章领会词义的理据与“约定俗成”的关系第五章词的语义特征；1What iscomponential analysisp3182On whatbasis aresemantic featuresestablished3What arethe differencebetween dynamicverbs andstative verbs320-3214What arethedifferencebetween dynamicadjectives andstative adjectives320-321第六章词义的变化；词义变化的种类

1.识记词义的扩大、词义的缩小、词义的升华、词义的降格的基本概念领会四种变化方式在英语词汇发展中的作用词义变化的原因

2.领会词义演变的语言外部原因历史原因、阶级原因、心理原因语言内部原因缩略、借用和类推Change ofMeaningLPolysemyTh.sam.wor.ma.hav.tw.o.mor.differen.meanings.Thi.i.know.a.“polesemy”.suc..wor.i.polesemic”•Polesem.ca.aris.i..numbe.o.ways.Word.hav..numbe.o.differen.aspect.accordin.t.th.context.i.whic.the.ar.used.Som.o.thes.aspect.ar.pureLephemeraLother.ma.develo.int.permanen.shade.o.meanin.and.a.th.ga.betwee.the.widens.w.ma.eventuall.com.t.regar.the.a.differen.sense.o.th.sam.term.Shifts in application areparticularly noticeablein theuse of adjectives sincetheseare aptB.Specializatio.i..socia.milieuPolesem.ofte.arise.throug..kin.o.verba.shorthand.Fo..lawyer.action.wil.naturall.mea.“lega.action”.fo.th.soldie.i.wil.mea..militar.operation.withou.an.nee.fo..qualifyin.epithet.I.thi.wa.th.sam.wor.ma.acquir..numbe.o.specialize.senses.onl.on.o.whic.wil.b.applicabl.i..give.milieu..wor.ca.b.give.on.o.mor.figurativ.sense.withou.Iosin.it.origina.meaning.ol.an.ne.wil.liv.o.sid.b.sid.a.lon.a.ther.i.n.possibilit.o.confusio.betwee.them.Polesem.tha.i.base.o.metaphor.ca.b.exemplifie.b.th.followin.phrases.th.be.o..river.th.roc.o..gun..saddl.i.th.mountains..shee.o.paper.iro.o.water.etc.

2.Primar.an.derivativ.derived.meaningThe primarymeaning refers to whata wordoriginally meantand thederivativemeaning refers to themeaning springingfrom theoriginal meaningA.importan.proces.b.whic.word.exten.thei.meanin.i.calle.radiation.Th.primar.o.centra.meanin.appear.a.th.for.o..hu.an.secondar.meaning.radiat.ou.fro.i.lik.th.spoke.o..wheel.Eac.o.th.secondar.meaning.i.independen.o.al.th.rest.an.ma.b.trace.王文斌，《英语词汇语义学》，浙江教育出版社年月第一版,20016汪榕培、卢晓娟编著《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，年月199710第版.1汪榕培主编《英语词汇学高级教程》，上海外语教育出版社,年月200211张韵斐《英语词汇学,北京师范大学出版社.汪榕培《英语词汇学教程读本》上海外语教育出版社.

1.Carter.R.

1987.Vocabulary.Applie.Linguisti.Perspectives.London.Alle..Unwin.

2.Carter.R..M.McCarthy.

1988.Vocabluar.an.Languag.Teaching.Harlow.Longman.教学手段采用多媒体教学本课程要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论，能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题通过学习，学生应该掌握以下具体方面的知识

三、复习内容部分Introduction这门课算哪一种学科的分支Lexicolog..Lexicolog.Lbranc.O.linguistics.和那些重要的学科建立了联系Lexicology lMorphology2Semantics3Stylistics4Etymology5Lexicography研究的两大方法lexicology历时语言学1Diachronic approach:共时语言学2Synchronic approach:纵观历时语言学的方法论,.词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模egwif.woma式？.的词义的变化是Woma Narrowin.o.specializatio.第一章词的概述；识记词的定义

1.声音与意义

2.识记声音与意义的关系声音与拼写

3.识记读音与拼写不一致的原因词汇

4.识记词汇的含义词汇的分类

5.识记词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点领会基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性What isword词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释1A wordisaminimal freeform of a language;2A soundunity ora givensound;3a unitof meaning;

4..for.tha.ca.functio.alon.i..sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类classification ofaword词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1simple words2complex words单音节词例子多音节词例子e.g.Ma.an.fin.ar.simple e.g.Management.misfortune.blackmai.可以次划分为和可以次划分为和management manage-ment misfortunemis-fortune次划分为和blackmail blackmailWhat isthe relationshipbetween sound and meaning2The relationshipbetween themis conventional.3In differentlanguages thesame conceptcan berepresented bydifferent sounds.What isrelationshipbetween soundand formlTh.writte.for.o..naturaJanguag.i.th.writte.recor.o.th.ora.form.Naturall.th.writte.for.shoul.agre.wit.th.ora.form.suc.a.Englis.language.2Thi.i.fairl.tru.o.Englis.i.it.earlies.stag.i.e.Ol.Englis.3Wit.th.developmen.o.th.language.mor.an.mor.difference.occu.betwee.th.two.What arethe greatchanges thatcauses illogicalrelationship orirregularity betweensoundand form1The internalreason forthis isthat the English alphabetwas adoptedfrom theRomans,which doesnot havea separateletter torepresent eachsound inthe languageso that someletters mustdo doubleduty orwork togetherin combination.

2.Anothe.reaso.i.tha.th.pronunciatio.ha.change.mor.rapidl.tha.spellin.ove.th.years.an.i.som.case.th.tw.hav.draw.fa.apart.3A thirdreason isthatsome of thedifferences werecreated bythe early scribes.4Finally comesthe borrowing,which isan importantchannel ofenriching theEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词1influenced byRomans2Pronunciation changed3earlyscribes4borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音，拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulu.L.,fiest.Sp.,eurek.Gr.kimon.Jap外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是不一致soundandform Whatis vocabularyVocabularyrefersto the totalnumber of the wordsin a language,but itcan standfor all thewords usedin aparticular historicalperiod.Vocabulary alsoreferstoallthe words ofa givendialect,givenbook,.givc.disciplin.an.th.word.posscssc.b.a.individua.pcrson.本课的一个重点Classification ofWordsWhat isthe classificationof wordsHow toclassify wordsin linguisticsThreecriteria:1By useof frequency2By notion3By origin可划分为By useof frequency1The basicword stock2Nonbasic wordvocabulary可戈分为标©口.@匚@氐By notionU1Content word2Functional word20001€1・1口0\¥.@.110廿01^.\¥0口..20111©

11.\¥011,的另1」称尸11116011@.\¥01@匚@氐1010\¥・@.11^

1.\¥0出5・0・£0匚\¥

01110.尸1111的另称11011@.\¥0]1According toStuart Robertson,et al1957,*the ninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock1All nationalcharacter2Stability3Productivity4Polysemy5Collocability要把握住的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词All nationalcharacter稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man.woma..fire.wate.•••e.g.machine,video.telephon.•••e.g.bow.chario..knigh.Stability isrelative,not absolute.根据词的划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作use frequencyNone basicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？

1.Terminolog.e.g.sonata.algebr.

2.Jargo.e.g.Botto.lin..Jargo..

3.Slan.e.g.smoky.bea..Slan..

4.Argo.e.g.persuade.

5.Dialecta.word.e.g.statio..Aus..ranc..blui..ScotE.blood

6.Archaism.e.g.wil.will.

7.Neologism.e.g.emai..Neologism..是的表达方式，但是二者之间存在着beaver girlslang StylisticdifferenceWhich constitutesthe largernumber amongEnglish vocabulary,content words orfunctional wordsAnswer:Content wordsWhatis native wordsAnswer:1By origin,English wordscan beclassified intonativewordsand borrowedwords.2Native words are wordsbrought toBritain inthe fifthcentury bythe Germantribes:theAngles,the Saxons,and theJutes,thus knowas Anglo-Saxon words.3Words ofAnglo-Saxon originarc smallin number,amounting toroughly50,000to60,000,but theyform the mainstream ofthe basicwordstockand standat thecore ofthelanguage什么叫borrowed wordsAnswer:1words takenover fromforeign languagesare knowasborrowed wordsor loanwordsorborrowings insimple terms.4It isestimated thatEnglish borrowingsconstitute80percent ofthe modernEnglishvocabulary5The Englishlanguage hasvast debts.In anydictionary some80%oftheentries areborrowed.什么叫DenizensDenizen.ar.word.borrowe.earl.i.th.pas.an.no.ar.wel.assimilate.int.th.Englis.language.

1.othe.word.the.hav.com.t.confor.t.th.Englis.wa.o.pronunciatio.an.spelling.sue.a.por.fro.portu.L.的例子都要记Denizens Portfrom portusL,cup fromcuppa L,shift fromskiptaON,shirt fromskyrta ON,change fromchangier F,pork frompore F.什么叫Translation-loans Translation-loans arewordsandexpressions formedform theexisting materialin theEnglishlanguage butmodeled onthe patternstaken fromanother language,such as6long什么叫time nosee fromhaojiumeijian ChSemantic-loans wordsof thiscategory arenot borrowedwith referenceto theform,But theirmeaning areborrowed,in otherwords,Englishhasborrowed anew meaningfor anexisting wordin thelanguage,such asthe worddream,which originallymeant joyand music\and itsmodemmeaning wasborrowed laterfrom theNorse.英语词汇的形成与发展

16.印欧语系的谱系关系2识记印欧语系的主要分支以及分支的主要现代语言3英语词汇发展的历史回顾4识记英语词汇发展的三个历史阶段古英语词汇、中古英语词汇和现代5英语词汇及其特点当代英语词汇发展的状况6识记当代英语词汇发展的现状a领会词汇发展的主要原因7词汇发展的方式8识记英语词汇发展的三个主要方式创造新词、旧词新义、借用外来语词领会各种方式在现代英语词汇发展中的地位和作用The development oftheEnglish vocabularyTheIndo-European LanguageFamilyI.i.assume.tha.th.worl.ha.approximatel.3,000som.pu.i.5,000language.,whic.ca.b.groupe.int.roughl.

30.1anguag.familie.o.th.basi.o.similaritie.i.thei.basi.wor.stoc.an.gramma..重点语系划分的标准Whatisthe criteriato dividelanguage families重点选择题内容The Balto-Slavic comprisessuch modernlanguages asPrussian.Lithuania..Polis.,Czech.Bulgaria.,Slovenia.an.Russian.两大分支Indo-European

1.Eastern set

2.Wes ternsetEastern set:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,Armenian andAlbanianWestern set:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.In thewestern Set,Greek isthe modernlanguage derivedfrom Hellenic.Celtic:Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThe fiveRomance languages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,Roumanian allbelong to theItalic.The Germanicfamily consists ofthefour NorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegia.Jcelandic.Danis.an.Swedis.,whic.ar.generall.know.a.Scandinavia.languages.The.ther.i.German.Dutc.,Flemis.an.English.Wit.Vikings.invasion.man.Scandinavia.word.cam.int.th.Englis.language.I.i.estimate.tha.a.leas.

90.word.o.Scandinavia.origi.hav.survive.i.moder.English.Ol.Englis.ha..vocabular.o.abou.50,

00.t.60,

00.words.I.wa..highLinflecte.languag.jus.lik.moder.German.重,点句古英语最Modern Englishbegan with the establishmentof printingin England大的模糊性的概念来自于scripts古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了early scripts真正达到统一是在什么时期？Sound andform.Sound andform reachedtheir concordinModem English period如果从词汇变化的角度而言,又可以细划分Moder.Englis..earl.perio..moder.period.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期重要的选择或填空内容Early modernEnglish appearedintheRenaissance有什么样的外来语的进入？Modern Englishperiod现代英语时期，英The Latinwords swarmedinto English in earlymodem Englishperiod语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是colonizationThe richnessof Modern English invocabulary alsoarises fromColonizationThe Englishlanguage hasevolved froma synthetic language tothe重要选择或填空内容present analyticlanguage Growthof Present-day EnglishVocabularyThree mainsources ofnew words:lThe rapiddevelopmentofmodern scienceand technology2Social,economic andpolitical changes;3The influenceof othercultures andlanguageModes ofVocabulary Development1creation2semantic change3borrowing还包括外来词的2Semantic changeSemantic loans外来词可以被称作Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer borrowed因此又可以被称作.重点句恢words,borrowed wordsarc alsoknown asloaned words.复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Revivin.archai.o.obsolet.word.als.contribute.t.th.growt.o.Englis.vocabular.thoug.quit.insignificant.Thi.i.especiall.tru.o.America.English.英语从发展到是在英语的哪一个阶段syntheticlanguagepresent analyticallanguage完成的？答案:Modern Englishperiod文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段？答案:Early ModernEnglishperiod在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddle Englishperiod出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？easel,port,freight,答案Middle English,Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了个词汇,这2500种语言是什么？答案Dutch据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少？答案他们的来源是50,000to60,000Anglo_Saxon tongue第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如Mao jackets,black belt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的注意第二章出大题的Present-day EnglishVocabulary内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成和最大的存在于哪一个方面？答案Old EnglishMiddle Englishstriking distinctionOldEnglish wasalanguageof fullendings,Middle Englishwas oneof leveledendings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响？答案Greek,Roman culture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段？答案:ModernEnglish十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry答案Printing这导致出现出现soundandform concord,standardization.第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；词的结构词素

1.morpheme识记词素的概念词素变体

2.识记词素变体的概念词素的分类

3.领会词素、自由词素、自由词根、黏附词素、黏附词根、词缀、派生词缀、屈折词缀、前缀和后缀之间的相互关系词根和词干

4.领会词根和词干的区别运用运用本章所学的知识分析英语词的结构The smallestunit intheEnglishlanguage refersto morphemesThe minimal freeform intheEnglishlanguage refersto wordInthe pluralform changing,someofthe wordswill takeinternal vowelchange,thisinternal vowelchange iscalled allomorphs复数没有变，还是复标没有变，还是因此，这种变化被称作Deer deer,sheep sheep,zero derivation名词解释Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningful unitsinalanguage areknownasmorphemes.In otherwords,the morphemesisthesmallest functioningunit incomposition of wordsAllomorphs:The alternativemorphs areknownasallomorphs,简答题答简答题时，名词解释what arethe typesof morphemes答案Free morphemesand bound morphemesFree morphemes:l.Fre.morpheme.ar.independen.o.othe.morpheme.an.ar.considere.t.b.free.2Thes.morpheme.hav.complet.meaning.i.themselve.an.ca.b.use.a.fre.grammatica.unit.i.sentences.3They areidentical withroot words,as eachof themconsists ofa singlefree rootwords,as eachof themconsistsofa singlefree root4free morphemesare free roots.boundmorphemes:1Moiphemes which cannot occuras separatewordsarebound..2The.ar.boun.t.othe.morpheme.t.for.words.分为两类3Bound morphemesinclude twotypes:bound rootand affixaffix inflectionalandderivational affixes.Inflectiona.affixe..Affixe.attache.t.th.en.o.word.t.indicat.grammatica.relationship.ar.inflectional.thu.know.a.inflectiona.morphemes.Derivationa.affixes.lderivationa.affixe.ar.affixe.adde.t.othe.morpheme.t.creat.no.wor ds.2Derivationa.affixe.ca.b.furthe.divide.int.prefixe.an.suffixes.root:1a root isthebasic formofawordwhich cannot befurther analyzedwithout totallossof identity.3the root,whether freeor bound,generally carriesthemaincomponent ofmeaning inaword4a9rootisthat partofawordform thatremains whenall inflectionaland derivationalaffixeshave beenremoved5ste..l..ste.ma.consis.o..singl.roo.morphem.a.i.iro.o.o.tw.roo.morpheme.a.i..compoun.lik.handcuff.2It can be aroot morphemeplus oneor moreaffixational morphemesas inmouthful,underestimate.

3.Therefore..ste.ca.b.define.a..for.t.whic.affixe.o.an.kin.ca.b.added.问题,有一个最大的区另」在哪里.答Stc.roo I^..ste.ca.b.define.a..for.t.whic.affixe.o.an.kin.ca.b.added.问题请加以区别下面两个词的特征:请加以理论的分析？nation,dietBoth nationand dietbelongtoroots,nation isfreeroot,whichcanfunction alonein asentence,Nation asa freeroot,has completemeaning,when bothprefixes andsuffixes attachedto itareremoved,nation asa freeroot,still remainsDietisabound root,whichcannot functionalone grammatically,diet carriesthefundamental meaningofwords,diet hasto combinewiththeother morphemesto createnewwords,for example,dictionary,contradiction.问题分析下面一句T

1.Inflectional affixesAttachedtotheend ofwords toindicate grammaticalrelationshipsNumber smalland stableEasiestto learn

2.Derivational affixesTocreate newwords1prefixes beforethe word词的构成方式2suffixes aftertheword词缀法

1.识记词缀法、前缀法、后缀法的概念前后缀的特点运用能用前缀和后缀构词复合法

2.。