上海市延安中学高三下学期4月英语周周练（十三）

二英语周周练

（十二）iWj2022/3/28略I.ListeningII.Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After readingthe passagesbelowjill in the blanksto makethe passagescoherent andgrammaticallycorrects orthe blankswith agiven word,fill in each blankwith theproper form of thegivenword;for theother blanks,use one word thatbest fitseach blank.AMost of us knowto staylow to the floorif weare caughtin afire,or headto thebasement ifatornados coming,or boardup thewindow in a hurricane.But,the massiveearthquake thathit Haitithismonth was a reminderthat weare far21expert inwhat todo when the groundbelow usshakes.If weare违in ahouse orbuilding,for example,our firstimpulse might be torun outside——but,counterintuitive反直觉的22it mightsound,experts warnagainst thatsince peopleare toooften killedby fallingdebris astheytry toescape.Given howmany ofus travelin quake-prone regionstoday,even folks23dont residein Californiashouldknow how to survivean earthquake.But there are twodifferent and24compete schools of thoughton thematter,both ofwhich areconsidered validbut perhapsnot alwaysin the samesituations.The mostconventional andwidely acceptedby thedisaster-response community,is the“drop,coverand hold on“approach,25urges peopleto takecover beneathsomething likea heavytable26avoidfalling objects.The second,newer methodis known as“the triangleof life,

9.It recommendslying downin胎儿的a fetalposition notunder butnext tofurniture;as roofs and wallcollapse atopthose sofas anddesks,buffer spacesare createdthat protectpeople from27crush.Over the past decade,an agreementhas beenreached28drop,cover andholdon“is amoreappropriate methodfor developedcountries like the U.S.,where improvedconstruction29reduce thelikelihood ofstructures collapsinggreatly.The triangleof lifeis thoughtto bemoreappropriate indeveloping nationslike Haiti,where poorbuilding codesmake findinga survivablevoid“inside acollapsed buildingmore importantthan protectingyourself fromfalling chandeliers.Ifyoure goingto playthe oddsdrop-and-cover30be thebest wayto go,but alot ofemergency responders9might saytriangle-of-life becausethey arethe oneswho see the fatalities in buildingsthat docollapse.BHungry StudentsGet HealthyChoicesIt is a well-known scientificfact thatteenagers eat50percent more than the average person.Well,actually threemeals aday justisnt enough31satisfy theirendless hunger.Recently TongjiUniversity hasdecided tokeep itscanteens open3211p.m.and theserve healthymealsat affordableprices.Fu Qinjun,the directorof theuniversitys foodservices,33quote assaying,Students arcusually hungryafter studyinglate into the night,but ourcanteens used to stopservice after7p.m.Thars34they turnedturned tooutside vendorsbut thequality andsafety of the foodis notgoodenough.^^This isgood newsfor thestudents nowhave healthylate-night choicesfor theirdiet instead ofrelying onfast foodand thesnacks availableat conveniencestores.Those foodstend tocontain alot ofsalt,fat andsugar,which setoff pleasurereceptors inour brainsbut arebasically unhealthyfootprint ofallof ourfashion habits.Whats more,borrowed clothesoften comewrapped uplike new,contributing topackagingwaste.Most rental services areshipped incardboard boxes,which have a shockinglylow recyclingrateand requireenergy andwater evenwhen they are.Then there is thetissue paperthat is notrecyclable.Plus,returns aresent backin plasticbags.For avidrenters,free laundryservice isone of the benefits.But theway weclean ourclothes alsohasa majorenvironmental impact,even athome:Americans emit40million tonnesof carbon dioxideequivalents eachyear in high-heat washingmachines,about thesame amountof carbonemitted by thecommerce giantAmazon.Industrial drycleaningrequires moreenergy thanour ownlaundry rooms,as itsfacilitiesare packedwith allsorts ofenergy-consuming equipment.As fastfashion isinfamous for its water pollution,labor abuses and textilewaste,!remain convincedthatrenting is a stepin theright direction,and anurgently neededone.The reasonfor myconfidenceFashion,s biggestenvironmental crimelies inoveqDroduction.Sharing clothesthrough rentalplatformspresents asimple andobvious solution.V.Translation.这Directions:Translate the following sentencesinto English,using the words givenin thebrackets.87款手机不增加新功能的话有可能会没销路.这位篮坛老将在最后几秒的绝杀稳定了chance88该队的胜局thus.传说中医安全可靠，可追溯到三千多年前，是中国古代人民的智慧结晶89represent.除夕之夜十二点的钟声一响，乡村四处燃放起了烟花爆竹以迎接新年的到来90firecrackerImmediately高三英语周周练

（十三）答案2022/3/28IL GrammarandVocabularySectionAAB

36.eaten

37.that

38.looking

39.with

40.so thatSectionB41-45DBFGA46-50JHIECIII.Reading ComprehensionSectionA51-55ACABD56-60AADBB61-65ACDDCA66-68DAC B69-72CBAB C73-76CBDB D77-81DBCAA82-85CFAE分IVSummary Writing

102.Also,the clothingleaves behindthe biggestcarbon footprint.Let alonethe wrappingmaterials分free laundryservice,waterpollution,labor abusesor textilewaste.So,it isnta goodway.6分V.Translation15=3+3+4+5分）分）分）分）when eatin excessand canmake usfat.If you,reaboarding student,you probablyknow aboutfat becauseyou havelikely puton alittleweight sinceyou startedschool.In NorthAmerica,this phenomenonis calledthe FreshmanFifteen.Itrefers to the fact37many studentsgain up to fifteenpounds duringthe firstyear theyare awayfromhome.Without mom38look afterthem,they tendto eatmore thanthey should.For youngpeople,though,having ahealthy appetiteis agood thing.Your bodykeeps growinguntilabout theage oftwenty-one,so you need toeat.However,its importantto learnhow toeatwell.So,kudos赞誉to TongjiUniversity forhelping itsstudents fill their bottomlesspits39healthyfood.And nowmaybe theuniversity willkeep itsgym openlate atnight too40students canwork offsomeof thoseextra calories!Section BDirections:Fz//ineachbank with a properword chosenfrom thebox.Each wordcan onlybe usedonce.Note that there isonewordmore thanyou need.Youngsters9job preferencesand prospectsare mismatchedTheworld ofwork ischanging.Are peopleready for the newjob outlookAsurvey of15-year-oldsacross41countries bythe OECD,a clubof mostlyrich countries,found thatteenagers mayhaveunrealistic expectationsabout the kind ofwork that will beavailable.Four of the fivemost popularchoices weretraditional professionalroles:doctors,teachers,businessmanagers andlawyers.Teenagers41around the most popularjobs,with thetop tenbeing chosenby47%of boysand53%of girls.Those shareswere significantlyhigher thanwhen thesurvey wasconductedback in

2000.The rationalefor thisselection waspartly42to wishfulthinking on the partof thosesurveyeddesigners,actors andmusical performerswere threeof thetop15jobs.Youth mustbe alloweda bitofhope.When Bartlebywasateenager,his ambitionswere toplay cricketfor England and becomeprimeminister;neither ambitionwas achieved,which isa luckyescape forthe countryon both

43.白田枝末Furthermore,teenagers canhardly beexpected to have an44knowledge of the minutiae节of labour-market trends.They willhave encountereddoctors andteachers in their dailylives.Otherpopular professions,such aslawyers andpolice officers,will befamiliar fromfilms andsocial media.Butmany peopleend upin jobsthey wouldnot haveheard ofin theirschool years.You45for whatisavailable.Some parts of the OECD surveyare

46.Even thoughtop performersin mathsor scienceare evenlymatchedamong malesand females,a gendergap persistsin termsof47,More boysthan girlsexpect toworkin scienceor engineering-theaveragegap acrosstheOECDis more than tenpercentage points.Things areeven worsein technology.In Britainonly onein fivecomputer-science universitystudentsisawoman-a bigproblem ata timewhentheWorld EconomicForum predictsthat technologywillcreate more than aquarter ofall jobsin newly48professions.But womenare49in someimportantfields oftechnology;they haveonly12%of jobsin cloudcomputing,for example.Any economistwill recognizethis asan inefficientuse ofresources.Wherever theroot of theproblem lies——be itthe educationsystem,government policyor50recruiting practices—it needsto beidentifiedand fixed.IILReading ComprehensionSectionADirections:77/^each blankin the following passage,there arefour wordsor phrasesmarked A,B,Cand D.Fill ineach blankwith theword orphrase thatbest fitsthe context.Email isone of the intemefsoldest apps-from thedays beforewe usedtheword“app”even—anddespite itsdrawbacks,most ofus stilluse itevery day.Typically,the appswe downloadin2020have been51for meredays ormonths.We areusedto thepang ofregret whenreally usefulsoftware suddenlywinks outof existence.How hasemail remaineda（）（）n52for nearlyyearsYes.it ishelpful thatemail isbased ona n53communications mediumthatstretches back to someof thefirst examplesof writtenlanguage.But that isnt thefull story.First,email managedto survivemassive upheavalsin theway weuse computers.In theearly1970s,when emailwas born,it wasalmost54a toolfor researchers,university studentsand engineers.Youwould send,receive andstore youremail ona work computer.With the55of personalcomputers in the1980sand90s,email becamesomething youkept on your ownprivate machinesor disks——almost likestoringold lettersin ashoebox.Now we have comefull circle.Most ofus storeour personalmail in thecloud,which is56like storingit onsomebody elsesworkcomputer.It isextremely rareto seeapps makethe leapfrom oneplatform toanother likeemail did.They tendto57in thejourney fromweb tomobile,or fromone gamesystem toanother.（垃圾邮件）As wellas58dramatic techchanges,email dealtwith anothermajor hurdle:spam.Inthe1990sandearly2000s,peoples inboxeswere59with somuch junkthat it was impossibleto findthestuff youwanted.You had to installanother program-a spamfilter~~just touse youremail program.Butin theage ofcloud mail,anti-spam systemshave becomeso goodthat it is60to seeone of those quaint（标榜）old subjectlines toutingVl@grs@!or pronto getaround wordfilters.（吸弓And yet,61its heroictriumph overtech obsolescenceand spamemail isntexactly alluring|人的）.We useit mostlyfor official62,automated remindersand shoppingreceipts,along withtheoccasional bitof personalnews.Though emailcommunication ispractically instantaneous,it feels

63.Why emailwhen yocould textPerhapsthatisthe point.Email isnta brand-new wayto64nor isit juicedup withmemes andhottakes.But weare stillopening Gmailor Hotmailevery daybecause itworks andeverybody has it.Under（数据传递的协议）the hood,email usesprotocol thatkeeps tryingto senddata,over andover,hoping thatit can outlastnetwork problems.lt doesntgive up.And somehow,by tryingreally earnestly,it has65thecomputers where itwasborn and the spammerswho triedto defeatit.

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58.A.bringing aboutB.conflicting withC.struggling with

59.B.insteadofC.regardless ofD.thanks toSectionBDirections:Read thefollowing twopassages.Each passageis followedby severalquestions orunfinishedstatements.For eachof themthere arefour choicesmarked A,B,C andD.Choose theone thatfits bestaccordingto theinformation givenin thepassage youhave justread.（）AWhen Ire-entered thefull-time workforcea fewyears agoafter adecade ofsolitaryself-employment,there was one thingI waslooking forwardtothemost:the opportunitytohaveworkfriends onceagain.lt wasntuntil Ientered the corporate worldthat I realized,for meat least,being friendswithcolleagues didntemerge asa priorityat alLThisis surprisingwhen youconsider theprevailingemphasis byscholars andtrainers andmanagers on the importanceof cultivatingclose interpersonal（同事的）relationships at work.So muchresearch hasexplored theway inwhich tiescan helpovercomea rangeof workplaceissues affectingproductivityand thequality ofwork outputsuch asteam-based conflict,jealousy,undermining,anger,and more.Perhaps myexpectations oflunches,water-cooler gossipand caring,deep-and-meaningfulconversations werea legacyof thelast timeI wasin thatkind ofoffice environment.Whereas now,as Inearthe end of myfourth decade.Irealizework can be fullyfunctional andentirely fulfillingwithoutneeding to be bestmates withthe peoplesitting nextto you.In anacademic analysisjust publishedin theprofoundly-respected Journalof Management,researchers havelooked atthe conceptof indifferent relationships^.Ifs asimple termthat encapsulates（概括）the factthat relationshipsat workcan reasonablybe non-intimate,inconsequential,unimportantand even,dare Isay it,disposable orsubstitutable.Indifferent relationshipsare neitherpositive nornegative.The limitedresearch conductedthus farindicatestheyre especiallydominant among those whovalue independenceover cooperation,andharmony overconfrontation.Indifference is also thepreferred optionamong thosewho aresociallylazy.Maintaining relationshipsover thelong termtakes effort.For someofus,too mucheffort.As notedabove,indifferent relationshipsmay not always be themosthelpful approachin resolvingsomeof theissues thatpop upatwork.But there are nonethelessseveral empiricallyproven benefits.One（产出）.ofthoseis efficiency.Less timechatting andsocializing meansmore timeworking andchurningThe otheris sclf-cstccm.As humanbeings,wc9rc primedto compareourselves to each otherin whatisan anxiety-inducing phenomenon.Apparently,we lookdown onacquaintances moreso thanfriends.Since theformer ismost commonamongthoseinclined towardsindifferentrelationships,theirpredominance canbolster individuals5sense of self-worth.Ego aside,a thirdadvantage is that theemotional neutralityof indifferentrelationships has beenfound toenhance criticalevaluation,to strengthenones focuson taskresolution,and togain greateraccess to valuableinformation.None ofthat mightbe asfun asafter-work socializingbut,hey,r11take itanyway.

66.What didthe authorrealize whenhe re-entered thecorporate worldA.Making newfriends withhis workmateswas notas easyas hehad anticipated.B.cultivating positiveinterpersonal relationshipshelped himexpel solitaryfeelings.C.Working inthecorporateworld requiresmore interpersonalskills thanself-employment.D.Building closerelationships withhis colleagueswas notas importantas hehad expected.

67.What dowelearn frommany studiesabout collegialrelationshipsA.Inharmonious relationshipshave anadverse effecton productivity.B.Harmonious relationshipsare whatmany companiesaim tocultivate.C.Close collegialrelationships contributevery littleto productquality.D.Conflicting relationshipsintheworkplace existalmost everywhere.

68.What doesthe authorsay aboutpeoplewho aresocially lazyA.They feeluncomfortable whenengaging insocial interactions.B.They oftenfind themselvesin confrontationwith theircolleagues.C.They areunwilling to make effortsto maintainWorkplace relationships.D.They lackbasic communicationskills indealing withinterpersonal issues.BAmerican farmershave beencomplaining oflabor shortagesfor severalyears now.Given amulti-year declinein illegalimmigration,and asimilarly sustainedpickup inthe U.S.job market,thecomplaints areunlikely tostop withoutan overhaulof immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create amore straightforwardagricultural-workers visathat wouldenable foreignworkersto staylonger inthe U.S.and changejobs withinthe industryhave sofar failedin Congress.Ifthis doesntchange,American businesses,communities andconsumed willbethelosers.Perhaps halfof U.S.farm laborersare undocumentedimmigrants.As fewersuch workerenter theU.S.,the characteristicsofthe agricultural workforceare changing.Todays farmlaborers,while stillpredominantlyborn inMexico,are morelikely to be settled,rather thanmigrating,and morelikely tobemarried thansingle.They arealso aging.At thestart of this century,about one-third ofcrop workerswereover theage of

35.Now,morethanhalf are.And croppicking ishard onolder bodies.One oft-debated curefor this labor shortage remainsas implausibleasithas beenall along:Native U.S.workers wontbereturning tothe farm.Machanization isnot theanswer either——not yetat least.Production ofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeansand wheathasbeenlargely mechanized,but manyhigh-value,labor-intensive crops,such asstrawberries,need labor.Even dairyfarms,where robotsdo asmall shareof milking,havealong wayto gobeforetheyareautomated.As aresult,farms havegrown increasinglyreliant ontemporary guestworkers using the H-2A visatofillthegaps intheagriculturalworkforce.Starting around2012,requests forthe visasrosesharply;from2011to2016the numberof visasissued morethan doubled.The H-2A visahas nonumerical cap,unlike the H-2B visafor nonagriculturalwork,which is limitedto66,000annually.Even so,employers frequentlycomplain theyarent allottedall theworkers theyneed.The processis cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable.One surveyfound thatbureaucratic delaysledH-2A workerto arriveon thejob anaverage of22days late.And theshortage iscompounded byfederalimmigration raids,which removesome workersand driveothers underground.In a2012survey,71percent oftree-fruit growersand nearly80percent ofraisin andberry growerssaidthey wereshort oflabor.Some westerngrowers haveresponded bymoving operationstoMexico.From1998-2000,

14.5percent ofthe fruitAmericans consumedwas imported.Little moretan adecadelater,the shareof importedfruit hadincreased to

25.8percent.In effect,the U.S.can importfood oritcanimport theworkers whopick it.

69.What problemshould beaddressed accordingtothefirst twoparagraphsA.Discrimination againstforeign workers intheU.S.B.Biased lawsin favorof someAmericanbusinesses.C.Flaws in U.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.D.Decline ofjob opportunitiesin U.S.agriculture.

70.What isthe much-argued solution tothelaborshortageinU.S.farmingA.To attractyounger laborersto farmwork.B.To getnative U.S.workers backto farming.C.To usemore robotsto growhigh-value crops.D.To strengthenfinancial supportfor farmers.

71.Agricultural employerscomplain about theH-2A visaforits.A.slow grantingprocedures B.limit onduration ofstayC.tightened requirementsD.control of annual admissions

72.Which ofthefollowingcould bethe besttitleforthistext A.U.S.Agriculture inDecline B.Import Foodor LaborC.America Savedby MexicoD.Manpower vs.AutomationCA groupof labourMPs,among themYvette Cooper,are bringinginthenew yearwithacall toinstitutea UKtown of culture“award.The proposalis thatit shouldsit alongsidethe existingcity ofculturetitle,which washeld byHull in2017and hasbeen awardedto Coventryfor

2021.Cooper andhercolleagues argue that thesuccess ofthe crownfor Hull,whereitbrought in£220mofinvestment and anavalanche of arts,ought nottobeconfined tocities.Britain town,it istrue,are notprevented fromapplying,but theygenerally lackthe resourcesto puttogether abit tobeat theirbigger competition.Atown of culture awardcould,it isargued,become anannual event,attracting fundingand creatingjobs.Some mightseethe proposal asa boobyprize forthe factthat Britainisnolonger beable toapplyfor themuch moreprestigious titleof European capital ofcultures sought-after awardbagged byGlasgowin1990and Liverpoolin

2008.A cynicmight speculatethat theUK isontheverge ofdisappearinginto anendless feverofself-celebration inits desperationto reinventitself forthepost-Brexit world:after town ofculture,who knowsthatwillfollow-village ofculture SuburbofcultureHamlet ofcultureIt isalso wiseto recallthat suchtitles arenotacure-all.A badlyrun“year ofculture^^washes inandout ofa placelikethetide,bringing prominencefor aspell butleaving nolasting benefits to thecommunity.The reallysuccessful holdersof suchtitles arethose thatdo agreat dealmorethanfill hotelbedroomsand bringinhigh-profile artsevents andgood pressfor ayear.They transformthe aspirationsofthe peoplewho livethere;they nudgethe self-image ofthe city into abolder andmore optimisticlight.lt ishard toget right,and requiresa remarkabledegree ofvision,as wellas cooperationbetween cityauthorities,the privatesector,community groupsand culturalorganisations.But itcanbedone:Glasgowsyear asEuropeancapitalofculturecan certainlybe seenasoneof complexseries offactors thathaveturned thecityintothe powerofart,music and theatre thatit remainstoday.A“town ofculture^^could benot just about the arts butabout honoringa townspeculiarities——helping sustainits highstreet,supporting localfacilities andabove allcelebrating itspeopleand turn it intoaction.

73.Copper andher colleaguearguethata“townofculture“award would.A.consolidate thetown citytiesinBritainB.promote cooperationamong BrainstownsC.increase theeconomic strengthof BrainstownsD.focus Brain9slimitedresources oncultural events

74.According toparagraph2,theproposalmightberegarded bysome as.A.a sensiblecompromise B.a self-deceiving attemptC.an eye-catching bonusD.an inaccessibletarget

75.The authorsuggests thata titleholder issuccessful onlyif it.A.endeavor tomaintain itsimage B.meets theaspirationC.brings itslocal artsto prominenceD.commits toits long-term growth

76.“Glasgow”is mentionedinParagraph3to present.A.a contrastingcase B.a supportingexample C.a backgroundstory D.a relatedtopic DOurworld nowmoves sofast thatwe seldomstop to see justhow farwe havecome injustafewyears.The latestiPhone6s,for example,has adual-cute processorand fitsnicely into your pocket.Bycomparison,you wouldexpect tofind atechnological specificationlike thisonyourstandard laptopin anofficeanywhere inthe world.Its nowonder shatnew applicationsfortheInternet of Things aremoving aheadfast whenalmostevery newdevice webuy hasa plugontheendofit ora wirelessconnection tothe internet.Soon,ourcurrent smartphonelifestyle willexpand tocreate ourownsmart homelifestyle too.All researchesagree thatclose to25billion devices,things andsensors willbe connectedby2020千禧一代which incidentallyisalsothe momentthat Millennialsare expectedtomakeup75percent ofouroverall workforce,andthefully connectedhome,become areality forlarge numbersof peopleworldwide.However,this isjust thetip ofthe proverbialiceberg assmart buildings and evencities increasinglybecomethe normas leadersand business owners beginto wakeup tothe massivesavings thattechnologycan deliverthrough connectedsensors andnew formsof automationcoupled withintelligentenergy andfacilities management.Online securitycameras,intelligent lightingandawealth ofsensors thatcontrol bothtemperatureand airquality areoffering anunprecedented levelof control,efficiency,and improvementsto whatwereonce classednecessary costswhen runninga businessor managinga largebuilding.We canexpect thatthe ever-growing listof devices,systems andenvironments remainconnected,always onlineand talkingtoeachother.The bigbenefit willnot onlybe inthe housingof thisenormousand rapidlygrowing amountof data,but willalso beintheability torun realtime dataanalyticsto extractactionable andongoing knowledge.The biggestand most exciting challengeof thistechnology ishowtocreatively leveragethisever-growing amountof datato delivercost savings,improvements andtangible benefitsto bothbusinessesand citizensof thesesmart cities.The goodnews isthat mostofthistechnology isalready invented.Lefs faceit,it wasnttoo longago（乌托邦式thattheidea ofworking from anywhere andat anytimewas someform ofa distant utopian的）dream,and yetnow wecan performalmost anyoffice-based taskfromanylocation inthe worldaslong aswehaveaccesstothe internet.Its timeto wakeuptothe fatthat makingsmart buildings,cities andhomes willdramaticallyimprove ourquality oflife inthe yearsahead.

77.What doesthe exampleof iPhone6s serveto showA.The hugecapacity ofthe smartphonespeople nowuse.B.The widespreaduse of smartphones allover the world.C.The hugeimpact of new technologyon peopleseveryday life.D.The rapidtechnological progressinavery shortperiod oftime.

78.What canwe expecttoseebytheyear2020A.Apps forthe internet ofThings.B.The popularizationofsmarthomes.C.The emergenceof Millennials.D.Total globalizationoftheworld.

79.What willbusinessownersdo whenthey becomeaware ofthe benefitsoftheinternetofThingsA.Employ fewerworkersintheir operations.B.Gain automaticcontrol of their businesses.C.Invest inmore smart buildings andcities.D.Embrace whatevernew technologythereis.8O.What isthemostexcitingchallenge whenwe possessmore andmore dataA.How toturnitto profitableuse.B.How todo realtime dataanalysis.C.How tolink theactionable systems.D.How todevise newways tostore it.

81.What doesthe authorthink aboutworking formanywhere andat anytimeA.It isfeasible witha connectiontotheinternet.B.It willthrive insmartbuildings,cities andhomes.C.It isstill adistantutopiandream forordinary workers.D.It willdeliver tangiblebenefitstoboth bossand worker.Section CDirections:Complete thefollowing passageby usingthe sentencesinthebox.Each sentencecan beusedonly one.Note thattherearetwo sentencesmorethanyouneed.A.Unfortunately,this Modernistinternet becameexploited forprofit.B.Architecture istheartand scienceof designingbuildingsandstructures.C.A newstyle of architecture,knownasModernism,emerged toreflect moreidealistic notionsfor thefuture.D.Mass-produced,low-cost highOrisesseemed tooffer asolutiontothe problemof housinga growingcitypopulation.E.The trendin architecturenow favorssmaller-scale buildingdesign thatreflects agrowing publicawarenessof environmentalissues suchas energyefficiency.F.But theeconomic depressionofthe1930sandWorld WarII preventedtheir ideas from beingrealizeduntil theeconomic conditionsimproved andwartorn citieshadtobe rebuilt.The useofanarchitectural stylecannot besaid tostart orfinish ona specificdate.But theorigins ofwhatis nowgenerally knownas modernarchitecture canbe tracedbacktothe socialand technologicalchangesof18th and19th centuries.Technological advancesenabled architectstocreatebuildings byusingthe latest materials and alsobroughtaboutthedecline ofrural industriesand anincrease inurban populations.Such rapidand（贫民窟）uncontrolled growthhelped turnedpartsofcities intoslums.By the1920s architectsthroughoutEurope werereacting againstthe conditionscreated byindustrialization.82By the1930s manybuildings arisingfrom thismovement weredesigned inthe InternationalStyle,featuring thebold useof newmaterialsandsimple forms.These werestripped ofunnecessary一decoration thatwould detractfrom theirprimary purposetobeused orlived in.WalterGropius,Charles Jeanneretand LudwigMies wereamong themost influentialarchitects whocontributedto thedevelopment ofModernism atthat time.83By the1950s,the InternationalStyle developedinto auniversalapproach tobuilding,which standardizedthe appearanceofnewbuildings acrosstheworld.84The rediscoveryof quick-and-easy-to-handle materialsandanimproved abilitytomanufacture standardizedbuilding sectionsin advancemeant thatbuilders couldmeet thebudgets of（交托任务的）commissioning authoritiesand handlea reneweddemand fordevelopment quicklyandcheaply.But thisled tomany badlydesigned buildings,which discreditedthe originalaims ofModernism.（理想破灭）Disillusionment atthe failureof manyofthepoor imitationsof Modernistarchitecturehas ledto internetin variousstyles andideasfrothepastand present.Preserving historicbuildings,isgrowingly common.The architecturalstyle usuallyreferred toas High-Tech isalso emerging.85Like theModernists,people todayrecognize thata well-designed environmentimproves thequality oflife whichisnot necessarilyachieved byadopting onewell-defined styleofarchitecture.IVSummary Writing（）Directions:7e^thefollowingpassage.Summarize themain ideaandthemain pointsofthe passageinno morethan60words.Use yourown wordsas faras possible.How sustainableis rentingclothes（投身的人）For themillions ofconverts toclothing rental platforms,trying outthelatesttrendswithout destroyingthe planetisabig attraction.!recently leaseda goldskirt anda reddress fora datenight-thekindof wear-it-once stylesoften documentedon Instagramand thenthrown away——withoutany ofthe guiltI usuallyfeel whenbuying fastfashion.Over thesummer,quite afew clothingretailers announcedtheir ownrentalservices.They areregardedby industryanalysts asan attemptto appealto environmentallyconscious consumers.As rentalfashionbecomes abig business,itisworth askingJusthow sustainableis constantlyborrowing clothesTheshort answeristhatwe donot exactlyknow.Despite somerentalplatformsadvertisingthemselves asessentially green,there hasyet tobe anin-depth studyoftheiroperations.!have spottedanumber ofenvironmental problemsin thisbusiness model.Each itemof clothingborrowed mustbe rcturncd.That meansthe shippingimpact ofleasing yourwardrobecould beneck-and-neck withthat ofa fastfashion shopper.Transportation isnow thetopsource ofcarbondioxideemissions inthe UnitedStates,and onlineshopping isparty toblame forthis.Aquarter ofall carbonfootprint emissionscome fromtrucks doinglast-mile deliveries,taking packagesorderedonline froma warehousetoyourfront door.And secondonly tothe manufactureoftheclothingitself,consumer transportationleaves behindthe largestcarbon。