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语法精讲强化系列
一、动词的时态和语态考纲解读^动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点,考生应熟记各种时态的基本概念并掌握其用法,另外还应特别注意以下几点把握各种时态的特点,注意易混淆时态间的差异;准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义,捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息;要克服汉语式的思维,排除误导,培养发散性思维二Q考题链接;I.用所给词的正确形式填空L2019•全国卷I1am writinEwriteto apply tobe avolunteer ofyour team,having heardthat aChinese PaintingExhibition will be heldholdin thislocalcity.
2.2019•北京高考For the past20years,I havelivedlive bythese words.
3.2018•全国卷DITrue toa gorillasunaggressive nature,the hugeanimalmeantmeanme noreal harm.He wasjust saying:Tm kingof thisforest,and hereis yourreminder!
4.2017-全国卷II Later,engineers managedmanage toconstructrailways in a systemof deeptunnels(隧道),which becameknown asthe典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*What willyou bedoing atthis time next Monday—Could Iuse yourcar tomorrow morning—Sure.Iwritea reportat home.解题关键由题干中的关键信息词tomorrowmorning可知,双方在谈论明天早晨的事情,所以答语应用将来进行时,表示“明天早晨我将在家写报告〃答案判定will bewriting用所给词的适当形式填空
1.2019•江苏高考Li Jiangand SuHua arediscussingdiscuss whatto wearwhenreceiving theBritish studentsnext month.
2.2019•全国卷IHToday$8or$10seems asmall amountof money,but atthattime theseamounts wereforbiddingforbid tomost citizens.考点3完成时态
1.现在完成时⑴表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语already,so far,never,just,before,recently等*Nowadays thecost ofa newcar hasfallen inreal termsso thatit ischeaperthan everto ownone.⑵表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态常与since,for+时间段以及so far,now,today,this weekmonth,year,for along time,in thepast/last fewyears,these days等连用*Beijing SanlianTaofen Bookstorehas devoteditself toproviding thebestservice forreaders for20years.⑶现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作*Please return the bookto mewhen youhave finishedit.【点津】
(1)注意牢记以下固定句型
①It is/has been+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已经……”*lt is/has beenten yearssince Igraduated fromuniversity.
②This/lt/That isthe first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事〃,that从句中要用现在完成时*This isthe firsttime thatI have been here.⑵注意避免思维定势一看到for+时间段,就用动词的现在完成时态一定要看语境强调的是“该动作曾经做过多长时间〃(一般过去时),还是“该动作已经做完多长时间〃(现在完成时)*Yang Zhenninglived in America formany years and nowhe livesin China.杨振宁在美国定居多年,现在他生活在中国*Dashan haslived in China formany years.大山已经在中国住了许多年【辨析】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别一般过
①强调动作发生在过去某一时间,不强调对现在造成的影响去时或结果
②与表示过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间连用
①表示过去动作与现在有关系,主要强调对现在造成的影响或结果现在完
②可与today,this week,since等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用,成时但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用*They havegone to Paris so far.他们目前已经去巴黎了(说明他们现在不在这里)*They wenttoParislast year.他们去年去过巴黎(只说明去过,不表明是否现在仍在那里)典例剖析2019-全国卷I lnrecent yearssome Inuitpeople inNunavut reportincreasesin bearsightings aroundhuman settlements,leading toa beliefthatpopulations areincreasing.解题关键根据句中时间状语In recentyears可知应用现在完成时答案判定have reported
2.过去完成时⑴表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作,强调过去的过去〃之意常与by,before等介词短语或状语从句连用或用于有上下文暗示的句子中*Some scientistsclaimed that they hadfound someevidence toprove theexistenceof aliens.
(2)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示原本(事实上未能*We hadexpected thatyou wouldbe ableto win the match.【点津】注意固定句型
①This/lt/That was the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事“,that从句中要用过去完成时*This wasthe firsttime thatI hadbeen here.©hardly...when...和no sooner...than...两个句型中,主句均用过去完成时典例剖植用所给词的适当形式填空*Hardly hadthe matchstarted when we arrived.2019•天津高考1hope tosend Petera giftto congratulatehim onhismarriage,but Icouldnt manageit.解题关键根据语境可知此处表示“本来希望做某事,但没有做成应用过去完成时答案判定had hoped
3.将来完成时⑴将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成其构成是“will havedone常用的时间状语为by+将来的某个时间〃*By thistime ofnext year;all ofus will havebeecollege students.⑵表示某种状况将一直持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间典例剖植用所给词的适当形式填空*By thistimenext week,I will have workedfor thispany for24years.2019-北京卷By thetime thesesolutions〃bee widelyavailable,scammersmove ontocleverer means.解题关键根据题干中的时间状语By thetime thesesolutionsbee widelyavailable可知此处表示到将来某一时间为止这种情况将会已经发生完,应用将来完成时答案判定:willhavemoved用所给词的适当形式填空
1.2019,全国卷口1love inghere andseeing myfamily andall thefriends Ihavemademake overthe years.
2.2019,天津高考1took notesduring themeeting,but I havent hadhaveachance towrite theminto areport sofar.
3.2019•天津高考But Idid notfind myresults tobe asgood as I hadhopedhopethey wouldbe.
4.2019,江苏高考They aretrying tomake surethat5G terminalswill havebeeninstalledinstall by2022for theBeijing WinterOlympics.考点4现在完成进行时和过去将来时
1.现在完成进行时⑴常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作*1have beenlearning Englishsince Iwas8years oldand I still loveit.⑵表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作*He has been sayingthat tentimes.【辨析】现在完成时与现在完成进行时现在完成表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成,体现动作时的结果———————————————————————.—.■——现在完成表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行,甚至仍将进行时继续下去He hascleaned the window.(动作已完成)典例剖桐用所给词的适当形式填空He hasbeen cleaningthewindow.(正在进行甚至仍将继续)(2019•全国卷II)For thepast twoyears,Gordons students(study)ways tokillbacteria inzero gravity,and theythink they/re closetoasolution(解决方案).解题关键根据句中时间状语For thepast twoyears可知此处表示该动作到现在已经持续了两年而且会持续下去,应用现在完成进行时答案判定have beenstudying
2.过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来〃的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*The managersaid that the shopswould soonclose.(2019•江苏高考)By theday ofthe show,more than300people hadsaidtheyattend.解题关键根据语境可知此处表示在过去看来将要做的事,应用过去将来时答案判定would attend用所给词的适当形式填空
1.2019•北京高考A retiredengineer,76yearold Wilsonhas beenofferingofferfree ridesto collegestudents for thepasteight years.
2.2019•天津高考lt,safascinating book,but littledid Iknow howit wouldtouchtouchmy lifeand thelives ofothers.
3.2019•全国卷HIBut the phrase pennypapern caughtthe publicsfancy,and soon there wouldbebe papersthat didindeed sellfor onlya penny.考点5被动语态被动语态的用法如下
1.不知道或不必指出动作的执行者时puters arewidely usedin transport.计算机被广泛运用于交通领域
2.强调动作的承受者时A thirdring willbe builtaround thiscity.这座城市将建一条三环路
3.Much hasbeen saidbut littlehasbeendone aboutthe issue.关于这件事,说得太多,做得太少
4.出于修辞的需要,使用被动语态可以使句子更加简练、匀称The planwas supportedby thosewho wishedto havemore chancesto speakEnglish.这项计划受到那些希望有更多机会说英语的人的支持
5.科技文献、新闻报道中常使用被动语态The planwas celebratedon March14,
1988.这个计划是在1988年3月14日庆祝的
6.用于一些固定句式中It ishoped that...希望It issupposed that...据推测说典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空It isknown that...据说2019-全国卷III0nthelast dayof ourweeklong stay,we inviteto attend aprivateconcert ona beautifulfarm on the NorthShore underthe stars,listening tomusicians andmeeting interestinglocals.解题关键根据语境可知此处应用一般过去时,且根据空格后的toattend可知此处主语we与invite之间为被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态答案判定:were invited用所给词的适当形式填空
1.2019•全国卷IHln theircages themonkeys wereprovidedprovide withtouchscreens.
2.2019•天津高考People canbe givengivethe informationearlier andtakesteps toimprove theirhealth beforeits toolate.
3.2019,天津高考Now over25,000stuffed animalshave beendonateddonate toagencies worldwide.学生用书P126基础题组^I.单句语法填空
1.On Oct23,President XiJinping announcedannouncetheopening oftheHong KongZhuhaiMacaoBridge HZMBat aceremony inZhuhai,GuangdongProvince.
2.This isTeds photo.We misshim alot.He waskilledkillwhen tryingtosave achild inan earthquake.
3.I wonderwhy Jennyhasnt writtenwritetous recently.We shouldhaveheard from her bynow.
4.By theend oflast year;another newbridge hadbeen pletedaleteinBeijing.
5.My unclesaid that he wouldtelephone butIhaventheardhearfrom himsofar.
6.—Can Ihelp you,sir—Yes,I boughtthis radioyesterday,but itdoesnt workwork,n.完成句子
1.On thefirst dayof mynew term,I stoodattheclassroom doorfeelingalittle nervous.新学期的第一天,我站在教室门口感觉有点紧张
2.The researchon pollutionsuHHests/has su骸ested/su骸nsted thathumanactivities areto blame.关于污染的研究表明,人类活动该负主要责任
3.The oldteacher declaredthat she had noplanato retirefromher20yearold work.那位老教师宣布她没有从她做了20年的工作上退休的计划
4.Soon I will graduatefrom universitvandbee amember ofthe pany.不久我将会大学毕业并成为这家公司的一员
5.We havecollected2million yuanforthepoor childrensofar.迄今为止我们已为贫穷儿童筹集了二百万元
6.The studentsfeel thatthey belong to thesame vroupasyou.这些学生感觉他们和你属于同一个小组
7.He saidthat hewas losinghis memoryashe grewold.他说,随着他变老,他正在失去他的记忆力==语篇题组^♦
1.语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
11.edita photocaption when I saw thephrase“Smith Tube.n.单句改错
5.(2018•全国卷n)l didntrealize howright myparents areuntil Ienteredhigh school.(are改为were)
6.(2018•全国卷HI)lt wasMonday morning,and thewriting classhad justbegin.(begin改为begun)解题思路^
1.根据时间状语、标志词等判断不同时态有其特定的时间状语或标志词如一般现在时常有every day,often,sometimes等;一般过去时常有yesterday,last year,in1990,the other day,ago等;现在进行时中常有look,listen等;现在完成时常有since1988,in thelast/past fewyears等只要找出这些时间状语或标志词,确定时态就容易了
2.根据已知动词的时态形式来判断在主从复合句中,要学会根据已知的动词形式来判断所要填的动词形式此外,还要特别注意以下两点⑴在含有宾语从句的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词是现在时态,可以根据需要选择从句谓语动词的时态;如果主句谓语动词是过去时态,宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要用过去的某种时态;但若从句表示的是客观真理,则谓语动词的时态用一般现在时⑵在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中,从句谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作said hiskids favoritepart ofthe eventwasthesnow conee truck.I walkedoverto
2.student photographerwho wrotethe captionand askedwhether Mr Smithhad onechild ormany.The photographerwanted toknow why,The wordkid neededanapostrophe,I replied,“and whereI putthat punctuationmark wouldchangethe sizeof MrSmiths family.〃“Wow,the photographersaid.One punctuationmark canmake abig
3.differ.This exchangeisnt madeup.And thefact thatit happenedinthesamemonth asNational Punctuation Day—which isSept.
244.emphasizetheimportance ofproper useof punctuation.For National Punctuation Day,my goalis
5.promoteproper useof mas,semicolons andso on
6.my goodexample.Iwilluse punctuationin alltext
7.message,neverleaving outperiods onTwitter.Jeff Rubin,who foundedNational PunctuationDay in2004,wrote thathestarted NationalPunctuationDaybecause ofconcern about
8.declinelanguage skills.He notedthat almost60percent ofining collegefreshmenneeded remedial补救的English classes
9.urgent.Information likethat is
10.our angershould befocused.So classroomis agreat placeto celebrateNationalPunctuationDay.【文章大意】一位学生摄影师在写照片标题时,因为没有加撇号造成歧义,本文作者以这个例子来说明准确使用标点的重要性
1.【解析】was editing考查动词时态句意我正在编辑照片标题,这时我看到了一句话##whenIsawthephrase可以得知当时正在做,用过去进行时故填was editing
2.【解析】the考查冠词句意我走到那个写照片标题的学生摄影师身边有定语从句限定,表示特指用定冠词the故填the
3.【解析】difference考查名词句意一个标点符号就能产生巨大的影响omake adifference有影响,起作用,冠词后用名词故填differenceo
4.【解析】emphasizes考查动词时态句意9月24日是国家标点日,它强调了正确使用标点的重要性主语是“国家标点日〃,客观事实用一般现在时,谓语动词用单数形式故填emphasizes
5.【解析】to promote考查非谓语动词句意我的目标是推广逗号、分号等的使用不定式作表语,解释或说明主语的具体内容,故填to promoteo
6.【解析】through/by考查介词句意我想通过这个例子推广大家对标点符号的正确使用through通过是介词,也可以byo故填through/byo
7.【解析】messageso考查名词句意我会在所有文本上用标点符号,不遗漏句号all修饰名词复数形式故填messages
8.【解析】declining考查动名词句意:Jeff Rubin担心语言技能下降所以开创了国家标点日concern aboutdoing,介词后用名词或动名词形式故填decliningo
9.【解析】urgentlyo考查副词句意他指出60%的大一新生急切需要补习英语课程副词修饰动词故填urgently
10.【解析】where考查关系副词句意这样的信息是我们应该感到愤怒的地方表语从句中缺少地点状语故填wheren.短文改错Istillremember amath lesson.My mathteacher copieda challengingproblemontheblackboard andasks thewhole classwhether therewould beonestudent whoknew whatto workit out.Several minutespassed,but thewholeclass wasin pletelysilence.As matter of fact,I cameacross theprobleminabook the otherday.However,I walkedto theblackboard andworkedit outin notime.What asurprising expressionon mymath teachersface!He feltvery happythathepraised meon public.Since then,math hasbeenbee one of myfavorite subject,and Ihave alsomade rapidprogress inmath.答案
1.【解析】第二句asks改为asked考查动词的时态and连接两个并列谓语动词,根据句中提示词copied可知,此处应用一般过去时,故将asks改为asked o
2.【解析】第二句what改为how考查名词性从句句意问全班同学是否有人知道怎样解出这道题从句中动词不定式不缺宾语,不能用what;根据句意,用how最合适,故将what改为how
3.【解析】第三句pletely改为plete考查形容词修饰名词silence应用形容词,o故将pletely改为plete
4.【解析】第四句as后加a考查固定搭配as amatteroffact是固定搭配,意为事实上故在as后加a
5.【解析】第五句However改为Therefore/Thuso考查副词本句及前一句句意事实上,几天前我在一本书上见过这道题因此,我走到黑板前并且立刻解出了这道题根据句意可知,上下文之间是因果关系,故将However改为Therefore或者Thus
6.【解析】第六句surprising改为surprised考查形容词修饰expression,look,voice等名词时,一般用过去分词形式的形容词,表示这些表情或声音的主人的主观感受故将surprising改为surprisedo
7.【解析】第七句very改为so考查固定句式句意老师非常高兴,当众表扬了我so...that...是固定句式,意为“如此……以至于……〃故将very改为s
8.【解析】第七句on改为in考查固定搭配in public是固定搭配,意为“公开地;当众〃故将on改为in
9.【解析】第八句删除been考查动词的语态主语math与谓语之间为主动关系,故删除been
10.【解析】第八句subject改为subjects考查名词单复数在oneof+〃.结构中,应用复数名词故将subject改为subjects
3.根据语境或上下文关系判断在做语法填空和短文改错时,我们首先要在理解大意的基础上确定基本时态,然后,再根据上下文相应的提示以及其他标志词做进一步判断二Q考点清单:考点1一般时态
1.一般现在时⑴表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如usually,often,always,sometimes,every day,from timeto time,once aweek,hardly,seldom,rarely等*0n Mondaymorning itusually takesme anhour todrive towork.⑵表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等*Water boilsat100centigrade degrees.⑶表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go,e,leave,start,stop,arrive,begin,return,open,close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词*The planetakes offat11:30and arrivesin Shanghaiat1:
20.⑷表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时,如see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,agree,believe,like,hate,want,think,belongto,seem等He likeshis bike,very much.All thestudents herebelong toNo.1Middle School.⑸在时间、条件等状语从句中常用现在时代替将来时典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*111call youas soonasIarrive there.(2019•北京高考)First celebratedin1970,the Daynow(include)events inmorethan190countries andregions.解题关键根据题干中时间状语now可知此处指的是现在这个节日的情况,应用一般现在时答案判定:includes
2.一般过去时⑴表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday,last year,in1995,theotherday等作时间状语*He workedvery hardlast year.2在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时*He said he wouldnot goif itrained.⑶表达原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时,know,think,expect等动词常用一般过去时典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*1didnt expectto meetyou here.(2019•浙江高考)One studyinAmericafound thatstudents gradesimprovea littleafter the school introduceduniforms.解题关键根据题中found可知,that引导的宾语从句应用过去的相应时态,根据句意可知此处应用一般过去时答案判定:improved
3.一般将来时⑴一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,即单纯的将来事实*lt isannounced thatNokia willmake aeback next year witha plantolaunch newsmartphones.⑵三类表示一般将来时的特殊结构
①be goingto do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事*What areyou goingto dotomorrow®be to dosth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事*We areto obeythese ruleswhenwego intothe library.
(3)be abouttodosth.表示即将要发生某事该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*The trainis aboutto leave.(2019•全国卷HI)As scheduled,it(hold)ontheplayground from5p.m.to8p.m.next Sunday.解题关键根据题中时间状语next Sunday可知此处表示在将来某时间要发生的情况,应用一般将来时,且为被动答案判定:willbeheldI.单句语法填空
1.(2019•全国卷HI)Our hostsshared manyof theirexperiences and()remended remendwonderful placesto eat,shop,and visit.
2.(2019•全国卷n)As weall know,friendship alwayses(e)first.
3.(2019•浙江高考)When everypupil inthe schoolwears theuniform,nobody hcs/willhave(have)to worryabout fashion(时尚).n.完成句子
1.(2019,江苏高考)A fewmonths afterhehadarrived inChina,MrSmithfellin lovewiththe peopleand culturethere.史密斯先生到中国几个月后,就喜欢上了那里的人和文化
2.(2019,江苏高考)More windpower stationswill springupto meetthedemand forclean energy.为了满足新能源的需求,更多的风力发电站将会涌现
3.(2019,浙江高考)First ofall,uniforms helptheschoollooksmart.首先,校服帮助学校看起来整洁
4.(2019•全国卷工)At present,these technologiesare stillexpensive,though.然而,目前这些技术仍然很昂贵
5.(2019・W匕京高考)Last weekI tookpart inafarmwork programmein thesuburbs.上周,我在郊区参加了一个农活活动考点2进行时态
1.现在进行时⑴表示说话时正在进行的动作、发生的事情或者表示现阶段(at present,this week等)正在进行的动作、发生的事情(说话时动作不一定进行或存在)Together withHangzhou andBeijing,many citiesinChinaare enteringanera withoutcash.⑵一些特定的表示位置移动的动词e,go,leave,get,start,open,arrive,begin,return等常用现在进行时表将来*Some ofthese aregetting scarcebecause peoplekill themfor variousreasons.⑶现在(或者过去)进行时态与always,constantly,often,forever,continually等副词连用表示说话者的“赞叹、厌烦、不满〃等感情色彩*The girlis alwaystalking aloudin publicplaces.⑷下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时
①表示心理状态、情感的动词like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等
②表示存在状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belongto等
③表示行为结果的动词allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,plete等
④表示感官的动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等【辨析】一般现在时与现在进行时一般现主要用于习惯性或经常性的动作,常伴随使用频度副词在时|usually,often,seldom等现在进主要用于表示目前或现阶段正在进行的动作,常跟时间状语行时|now,atpresent等连用典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*He usuallywrites alot ofletters,but heisn/t writingat present.2019•全国卷DISince youtake muchinterest inmusic,Iwrite toinvite youtoparticipate inthe festivalwith me.解题关键此题根据语境可知,写信人现在正在写信邀请对方一起参加节日答案判定:am writing
2.过去进行时⑴过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者发生的事情*What wereyou doingyesterday at7:00p.m.⑵表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行*1was watchingTV whensomeone knockedatthedoor.⑶过去进行时可以表示按计划、安排在过去将要发生的事用于e,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置移动的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去按照计划、安排将要发生的动作*Yesterday hesaid hewas leavingfor Canada.⑷过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与always,forever,continually等副词连用*They werealways quarrellingabout smallthings whenthey wereyoung.【辨析】一般过去时与过去进行时一般过表示一个完成的动作;亦可表示过去某个时刻发生的单纯动去时作(侧重说明事实)表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作;亦可表示过去某一时刻或某一段时过去进间发生的动作(强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景)或者不行时断反复进行的动作*1read a novel last night.(证明事实)典例剖析用所给词的适当形式填空*1was readinganovellastnight.(可能没看完)(2019•江苏高考)The taskwas sohard,and Steve,angry andupset,saidhe()quit.解题关键此题根据语境可知,任务很困难,Steve感到愤怒和沮丧,打算放弃,应用过去进行时表示计划或打算要做的事答案判定was quitting
3.将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,this evening,by thistime,in twodays,tomorrowevening等*This timenextweekIll belying onthe beach,enjoying thesunshine.【辨析】一般将来时与将来进行时表示对现在时.刻〃来说,将要发生的动作或将要存一般将来时在的状态将来进行时表示将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作*She issixteen,and willbe seventeennextyear.。
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