怎样写好英语四六级句子

怎样写好英语句子

（一）我们在前面曾提过学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题第

一、英语底子太薄第

二、词汇量太小，且对己学词汇记忆不清第

三、表达思想不清楚下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析1）Some oneconsider thatfresh waterwill nottouch itsend.（96年1月，2分）2）One manslife lackof money,he willimpossible tolive on.（95年1月，5分）3）As isknow,that thereare muchfake commoditiesin todayssociety.（97年12月，6分）这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中

5、6分的例句具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如man canlivehappiness，Man isiron,and foodis steel/,Women arehalf sidesky.止匕夕卜，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是这些严重地影响了思想的表达考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量大学英语

四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点下面我们就来看看但是，如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢？下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法

1.重复中心思想回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果（例1）A senseof humoris reallyone of the keysto happiness.It giveszestto lifeto makeit worthliving.（例2）With all these benefits,it isno wonderthat sportsand gameshavenow becomemore popularwith peoplethan ever.

2.作出结论文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点（例1）In conclusion,a goodteacher-student relationshipcan bemutualbeneficial.The studentsgain knowledgeeagerly andenjoyably,and theteacher gainssatisfactionfrom hisjob.（例2）On thewhole thereare moreadvantages thandisadvantages in the useofTV.Yet differentpeople mayhave differentattitude towardTV.But wemust realizethattelevision initself isneither goodnor bad.Its valueto peopleand societydependson howwe lookat it.

3.应用引语用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力（例1）If youhave anythingto do,try todo ityourself,for thatis thesafestway topermanentsuccess.Remember thefamous saying.God helpsthose whohelp themselves.〃（例2）If westick tostudies dayafter day,there isnothing thatcan，t be achieved.As anold sayinggoes:Constant droppingof waterwears awaya stone.

4.用反问结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考（例1）Therefore,listening skillsmust beconsciously improved.Since itis suchan important meansof learningand communication,why shouldwe notdevelop this abilityas faras possible（例2）So,what canwe benefitfrom wealthif wedo nothave health

5.提出展望或期望表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动（例1）I amsure thatChinese willbecome one of themost importantlanguagesin theworld in the nextcentury.As Chinawill openfurther to the outsideworld thelanguageis sureto bespread worldwidely.（例2）If everyonehas developedgood manners,people willform amore harmoniousrelation.If everyonebehaves consideratelytowards othersand socialethics peoplewilllive ina betterworld.With thegeneral moodof societyimproved,there wi11beaprogressof civilization.以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定平铺直叙的记叙文，往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick orhold to the topic）,这就是段落的统一性（unity）其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness oradequateness）再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅smooth,这就是连贯性coherence下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明

1.统一性一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的请看下例Joe and I decidedto take the long trip wedalways wantedacross thecountry.We werelike youngkids buyingour camperand stockingit withall thenecessities oflife.Bella bakesthe bestrhubarb pie.We startedout inearly springfrom Minneapolisandheaded westacross thenorthern partof thecountry.We bothenjoyed thosepeoplewe metat thetrailer park.Joe receiveda watchat his retirement dinner.To oursurprise,we foundthat weliked thewarm southernregions verymuch,and sowe decidedto stayherein NewMexico.本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea中心思想是takethelongtripacrossthe country文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakesthe bestrhubarbpie,这一段是讲的是Joe andI,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的还有，Joe receiveda watchathisretirementdinner这一句更是与主题句不相关考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences不相关语句而丢分，值得引起注意再看一个例子My nameis Roseanna,andIlike tokeep physicallyfit.I used to weightwo hundredpounds,but Ijoined theYMCA foran exerciseclass anddiet program.In oneyear Ilosteighty pounds.I feelmuch betterand neverwant tohave thatmuch weighton myfive-feetframe again.I boughttwo newsuitcases lastweek.Every dayI practicejogging threemiles,swimming fifteenlaps,lifting twenty-pound weightsand playingtennis for onehour.My motherwas a premature baby.本段的controlling idea是like todeep physicallyfit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I boughttwo newsuitcases lastweek,另一个是Mymother was aprematurebaby从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevantsentenceso卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了

1.含有否定意义的词汇和短语以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词介词against,beyond,but,except,without,...形容词和动词absent,deny,differ,different,fail,free,ignore,miss,refuse,the last,usedto,reluctant,lack,want,...短语keep...from,protect...from,pre vent...from,let alone,at aloss,in vain,insteadof,outof thequestion,rather than,too...to,by nomeans,anything but,...我们看以下例句1Women failto getthe equalrights insome countries.在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利2This isby nomeans thebest wayto solvethe problemof energycrisis.这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法3We shouldprotect treesfrom beingdestroyed.我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏4In oldChina wecould notmake anail,let alonemakemachines.在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了

2.含有半否定意义的词语barely,hardly,few,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,not all,not everyone,noteverything,...M有半否定的意义例句1We couldhardly seeany freshvegetables inwinter onmarket severalyears ago.几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜2These youngpeople knowlittle abouthow tochoose goodbooks toread.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读

3.不含否定意义的否定结构有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如cannot but,cant help,no sooner...than,not...until,in notime,none otherthan,nothing but,等等彳列句1We cantbut facethe reality.我们只有面对现实2These oldbuildings willbe replacedby modernapartment buildingsin notime.这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替

4.否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装例如:1On noaccount shouldwe followblindly.我们决不应当盲从2No wherehas theworld everseen suchgreat enthusiasmfor learningas inourcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情

五、含有it的结构考生病句:

1.As isknown toall ofus thatscience andtechnology playan importantrole in thedevelopment ofsociety.

2.It isknown tous,practice makesperfect.正确表达:

1.It isknown toall ofus thatscience andtechnology playanimportantrole inthedevelopment ofsociety.或:As isknown toall ofus,science...

2.It isknown tous thatpractice makesperfect.或:As isknown tous,practice...评议与分析例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子，例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as,则后面不能用that,因为as是关系代词，代表practice makesperfect oIt在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用

1.作形式主语It isnecessary forus tomaster aforeign languageskillfully.It makesdifference whetherwecould purifythe airor not.2,作形式宾语We findit ratherdifficult toprevent peoplefrom doingthat.Modern sciencehas madeitpossible forbabies togrow healthilyand forpeople tolive longer.

3.引导强调句It isonly bythis waythat wecan achievesuccess.It wasthen thatpeople beganto realizetheimportance ofcontrolling population.从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之其实，只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩怎样写好英语段落

（二）段落发展的手段及结尾段的写法在上一讲我们讲了主题句，推展句的写法；这一讲我们要进一步来谈一谈段落发展的几种手段以及结尾段的写法段落发展的几种手段

1.列举法（detai1s）作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行Yesterday wasoneofthose awfuldays forme wheneverything Idid wentwrong.First,I didn，t hearmy alarmclock andarrived latefor work.Then,I didn，t readmydiary properlyand forgotto getto animportant meetingwith my boss.During thecoffeebreak,I droppedmy coffeecup andspoilt mynew skirt.At lunchtime,I leftmy purseon a busand lostallthemoney thatwas init.After lunch,mybosswas angrybecauseI hadn，t goneto themeeting.Then Ididn，t noticea signonadoor thatsaid〃Wet Paint〃and soI spoiltmy jackettoo.When Igot homeI couldn，t get into myflat becauseI hadleftmy keyin myoffice.So Ibroke awindow togetinand cutmy hand.根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything Idid wentwrong,作者列举了8点内容，分别由first,then,during thecoffee break,after lunchtime等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯常用于列举法的过渡连接词有:foronething,for another,finally,besides,moreover,one another,still another,first,second,also等

2.举例法（example）作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落There aremany different forms of exercises tosuit differenttastes.For example,those whoenjoy competitivesports maytake upball games.For anotherexample,if theyprefer toexercise alone,they canhave arun ortake awalk inthe morningorintheevening.Besides,people cango swimminginthesummer andgo skatingin thewinter.In short,no matterwhat theirinterests are,people canalways findmore thanonesports thatare suitableto them.本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组differentformsofexercises,这三个例子分别由连接词for example,for anotherexample和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容举例法中常用的连接词有for exampleinstance,one exampleis,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition等

3.叙述法narration叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如In the flat opposite,a womanheard thenoise outside.When shelooked outthroughthe window,she discoveredthat herneighbor wasthreatened bysomeone.She immediatelycalledthe policestation.In answertothecall,a patrolpolice cararrived atthe sceneofthe crimequickly.Three policemenwent insidetheflatat once,and othersguardedoutside thebuilding toprevent anyonefrom escaping.这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有first,an thebeginning,to startwith,after that,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等

4.对比法或比较法comparisoncontrast将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如The heartof anelectronic computerlies inits vacuumtubes,or transistors.Itselectronic circuitswork a thousand times faster thanthe nicercells inthe humanbrain.A problemthat mighttake ahuman beinga longtime tosolve can be solvedby acomputerin oneminute.在这段文字上，作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较，〃一athousandtimesfasterthan--〃；而后，又将这一概念具体到了〃a problem”上，通过对比使读者从〃--a longtime--in oneminute〃上有更加直观的认识常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有than,compared with等

5.分类法classification在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如Ever sincehumans havelived onthe earth,they havemade useof various formsof communication.Generally,this expressionof thoughtsand feelingshas beenin theform of oral speech.When thereisalanguage barrier,communication isaccomplishedthrough sign language inwhich motionsstand forletters,words andideas.Tourists andthepeople unableto hearor speakhave hadto resortto thisformofexpression.Manyof thesesymbols ofwhole wordsare veryvivid andexact andcanbeused internationally;spelling,however,cannot.Body languagetransmits ideasor thoughtsby certainactions,either intentionallyor unintentionally.A nodsignifies approval,while shakingthe headindicatesa negativereaction.Other formsof nonlinguisticlanguage canbe foundinsignal flags,Morse code,and picturesigns.在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的〃variousformsof communication”,作者将其分为oralspeech,signlanguage,body language及other formsof nonlinguisticlanguage,并逐力口阐述采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分

6.因果分析法cause andeffect在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法例如The roleof womenin todayssociety ischanging.One reasonis thatwomen havebegun to assertthemselves asindependent peoplethrough thewomens movement.Also,womenare awareofthealternatives tostaying athome.Another reasonis thatincreasing numbersof women whoenter newfields andinterests serveas rolemodels forother women.Moreover,men arebecoming moreconscious ofthe abilitiesofwomenand havebeguntoview theirindependencepositively.本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释常用于因果分析法的连接词有because,so,asaresult等

7.定义法definition在科普文章的写作中，定义法是必不可少的通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识Automation refers totheintroduction ofelectronic controland automationoperationof productivemachinery.It reducesthe humanfactors,mental andphysical,in production,and isdesigned tomake possiblethe manufactureof moregoods withfewerworkers.The developmentof automationin Americanindustry hasbeen calledthe“SecondIndustrial Revolution”.这一段文字使我们了解了automation和Second IndustrialRevolution”两个概念，分别由refersto和been called”引出常出现在定义法中的词语有refer to,mean,call等

8.重复法repetition句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力比如Since thattime,which isfar enoughaway fromnow,I haveoften thoughtthat fewpeopleknow whatsecrecy thereis inthe young,under terror.I wasin mortalterrorof theyoung manwho wantedmy heartand liver;I wasin mortalterror ofmy interlocutorwiththe ironleg;I wasin mortalterror ofmyself,from whoman awfulpromise hadbeenextracted;一该段中反复应用了I wasin mortalterror of…我经常处于恐怖之中以上，我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色结尾段我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。