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Is What You See,WhatYouGet GeospatialVisualizationsAddress Scaleand UsabilityAashishChaudharyand JeffBaumes7Unlimited geospatialinformation nowis ateveryone sfingertips withtheproliferation ofGPS-embedded mobiledevices andlarge onlinegeospatialdatabases.To fullyunderstand thesedata andmake wisedecisions,more peopleareturning toinformatics andgeospatial visualization,which areused tosolvemany real-world problems.To effectivelygather informationfrom data,it scritical to address scalabilityandintuitive userinteractions andvisualizations.New geospatialanalysis andvisualizationtechniques arebeing usedin fieldssuch asvideo analysisfor nationaldefense,urban planningand hydrology.Why HavingData Isnt GoodEnough AnymorePeople are realizingthat dataare onlyuseful ifthey canfind therelevant piecesofdata tomake betterdecisions.This hasbroad applicability,from findinga movietowatch toelected officialsdeciding howmuch fundingto allocatefor anagingbridge.Information caneasily beobtained,but howcan itbe sorted,organized,made senseof andacted onThe fieldof informaticssolves this研究人员正在狂热地工作的新途径检索的关键思想和事实从这些类型的散乱数据来源例如,谷歌新闻等服务使用电脑,不断地读的新闻文章和帖子,然后自动排序的普及,组织他们的话题,或组织他们的基础上计算机所认为重要的是观众研究人员等场所的加利福尼亚大学,尔湾,和桑迪亚国家实验室正在调查方法整理大量文献利用强大的超级计算机另一个障碍是庞大的数据很难使用信息技术,只能在有限大小的数据脸谱网和推特,谷歌数据中心,不断地处理大量的信息提供及时和相关的信息和广告的每个人目前登录推测一个视频显示不重叠(顶部工轮廓颜色代表如何关闭每个视频匹配直询不同的观1:点(底部)地方的视频在彼此顶部堆栈中,只显示最强的比赛结果信息是一个关键的工具,但这不足以发现这些见解,解释数据地理空间可视化的差距桥梁从计算机处理人类理解如果信息是比较,寻找路径在森林,可视化是想创造一个视觉地图的路径,这样一个人可以轻松浏览森林今天大多数人都熟悉基本的地理空间可视化等天气图和网站的驾车路线新闻媒体开始测试复杂的地理空间可视化等在线交互式地图浏览帮助政治家的立场问题,民意测验和分局报告在选举的时候人们刚刚开始看到的影响,设计良好的地理空间可视化对他们的理解的世界现实世界中的地理空间可视化人们一直在寻找资料,几十年来,但相关的信息,伴随数据已经改变,近年来1999年底,公司发布了一个新的软件套件,地理信息系统,可以使用的数据从各种来源中提供了一个易于使用的界面,可视化的二维和三维数据在一个地理背景,谷歌地球发射和空间可2005视化提供给广大公众地理空间可视化是变得越来越重要,将继续增长,因为它允许人们看总体数据,而不只是一个方面这使更好地了解和理解,因为它把数据背景与环境以下三起案件表明地理空间可视化使用在现实世界的情景、城市规划1利用规划地理模型和可视化工具探索可能的情景和沟通的设计决策团队成员或一般公众例如,城市规划者可以看存在地下水和地形的周边拓扑才决定建立一个新的郊区这是有关地区的凤凰,例如,当地下存在水和接近小丘或可确定适宜的位置建设,推测:视频从同一地点有部分可见类似一个堆叠卡每个视频是概述的颜色代表的程度,2它匹配直询寻找一个三维房屋模型及其周围提供了完全不同的角度比只看房屋模型本身这也可以帮助提供明确的解决问题的方法,如改变海拔建筑基地,让它更好城市规划是一种新兴的计算机仿真应用城市的快速增长的地方压力自然资源持续增长水的管理,特别是,成为一个关键问题东谷论坛是一个区域合作水商东凤凰,这是设计一个水管理计划在未来年该地区水100资源来自科罗多河,盐河工程,地下水,和其他地方和区域水资源这些资源的直接影响和间接的地方和全球因素如人口,气候,地形,等为了更好地理解之间的关系,水资源和各种因素,亚利桑那州水资源部分析水文数据的地区使用美国地质调查软件,模拟地下水资源现状的地区为更好的决策和有效的水管理,全面科学认识的输入,输出和不确定性是必要的这些不确定性包括当地的因素,如干旱和城市增长看数字或二维图形理解之间的复杂关系的输入,输出和其他因素是不够的在大多数情况下整合地理空间可视化与数值模拟,例如,产生的视觉效果,准确地代表了模型输入和输出的方式,以前未曾提出这种可视化,双水表面定位面到面从不同模拟轮廓线在上面在这个早期的原型,一个简单的问题论证地理空间平面可移动垂直交互集为地理背景这架飞机包括一个多分辨率地图与透明度因为这些水层绘制在地理坐标,它完全匹配的空间平面这使研究人员能够迅速看到水供应各种地点、图像和视频分析2国防高级研究项目局启动了一个项目,图像和视频检索和分析工具(病毒),了解大型视频收藏该项目的核心要求是添加视频分析能力,执行以下・过滤和优先考虑大量存档和视频流的基础上的事件・目前的高价值的情报内容清楚、直观的视频分析・减少工作量的同时,提高分析质量和准确情报产量可视化是一个不可分割的组成部分的病毒系统,它使用地理空间元数据描述和视频显示结果从数据库中检索分析师可能想看看检索结果集从一个特定的位置或在一个特定的时间范围结果是短片段包含对象的利益和其最近的轨迹通过嵌入这些成果在更大的时空背景,分析师可以决定是否检索结果是重要的、科学可视化3美国陆军工程兵团的研究机构,研究开发中心的工程师,正在扩展功能的计算模型生成器(中巴)环境领域的仿真模型对沿海生态系统,重点是乞沙比克和特拉华海湾中巴环境包括了一套应用程序提供必要的能力来定义一个模型(包括几何和属性信息),适用于水文模拟他们的模拟是用来确定的影响,环境条件,诸如人类活动,对水机构()()推测:谷歌地球是用来显示乞沙比克湾的相对盐份顶部和氧份底部的内容(高3浓度的红色区域1一个目标是可视化仿真数据后处理,由招商银行工具时空信息,例如,包括氧含量和盐度资料绘图数据在地理背景让用户或分析家认为该地点是附近的某些特点,给数据的方向和规模,可以很容易地理解图显示了氧和盐含量的切萨皮克湾,那里的红色显示高浓度和低浓度的3蓝色显示展望未来:可视化,可以理解在各级将是关键的政治,经济,国家安全,城市规划和无数的其他领域随着信息变得越来越复杂,这将是困难的计算机提取和显示这些见解的方式可以理解更多的研究,必须在新的地理空间分析和可视化能力之前我们淹没在我们自己的数据和它更重要的是教育人们如何使用和解释的丰富的分析工具已经提供,超出基本路线图高中,大学和媒体应该把信封新类型的视觉效果和动画显示数据丰富的方式价格解释这些新的意见将偿还的时候,观众深入了解真正的问题,否则隐藏的简单总结进步不是有限数量的现有资料,但它的消费能力challenge bytaking largeamounts ofdata andprocessing theminto meaningful,truthful insights.In informaticstwo mainchallenges arisewhen computerstry tocondense/information downto meaningfulconcepts:disorganization andsize.Someinformation isavailable inneat,organized tables,ready forusers topull outtheneeded pieces,but mostis scatteredacross andhidden innews articles,blog postsandpoorly organizedlists.Researchers arefeverishly workingon newways toretrieve keyideas andfactsfrom thesetypes ofmessy datasources.For example,services such as GoogleNewsuse computersthat constantlyread newsarticles andposts worldwide,and thenautomaticallyrank themby popularity,group themby topic,or organizethembased onwhat thecomputer thinksis importantto viewers.Researchers atplacessuch asthe Universityof California,Irvine,and SandiaNational Laboratoriesareinvestigating thenext approachesto sortthrough largeamounts ofdocumentsusing powerfulsupercomputers.zThe otherobstacle isthe sheervolume ofdata.It sdifficult to use informaticstechniquesthat onlywork ondata oflimited size.Facebook,Google andTwitterhave datacenters thatconstantly processhuge quantitiesof informationto delivertimelyand relevantinformation andadvertisements toeach personcurrentlylogged on..Figure
1.A collectionof videosare displayedwithout overlaptop.Theoutline colorrepresents howclose eachvideo matchesa query.An alternateviewbottom placesthe videoson topof eachother in a stack,showing onlythestrongest matchresultInformatics isa keytool,but its notenough tosimply findthese insightsthatexplain the data.Geospatial visualizationbridges thegap fromcomputernumber-crunching tohuman understanding.If informaticsis comparedto findingthepaths in a forest,visualization islike creatinga visualmap ofthose pathsso apersoncan navigatethrough theforest withease.Most peopletoday arefamiliar withbasic geospatialvisualizations such asweather mapsand Websites fordriving directions.The newsmedia arestarting totestmore-complex geospatialvisualizations such as onlineinteractive mapsto help,navigate politiciansstances onissues,exit pollsand precinctreports duringelectiontimes.Peoplearejust beginningto see the impact that well-designed geospatialvisualizationshave ontheir understandingof theworld..Geospatial Visualizationin theReal WorldPeoplehave beenlooking atdata fordecades,but therelevant informationthataccompanies thedata haschanged inrecent years.In late1999,Esri releasedanew softwaresuite,ArcGIS,that coulduse datafrom varioussources.ArcGISprovides aneasy-to-use interfacefor visualizing2-D and3-D data ina geospatialcontext.In2005Google Earthlaunched andmade geospatialvisualization availableztothe generalpublic.Geospatial visualizationis becomingmore significantand willcontinue togrowas itallows peopleto look at thetotality of thedata,not justone aspect.Thisenables betterunderstanding andcomprehension,because itputs thedata incontextwith theirsurroundings.The followingthree casesdemonstrate geospatialvisualizationuse inreal-world scenarios:
1.Urban PlanningPlannersuse geomodelingand geovisualizationtools toexplore possiblescenariosand communicatetheir designdecisions toteam membersor thegeneralpublic.For example,urban plannersmay lookat thepresence ofundergroundwater andthe terrains surroundingtopology beforedeciding tobuild anewsuburb.This isrelevant forareas aroundPhoenix,for example,where undergroundwaterpresence andproximity toa knollor hillcan determine the suitabilityof alocationfor construction.
2.Figure Videosfrom thesame locationare partiallyvisible,resembling astackof cards.Each videois outlinedby thecolor representingthe degreetowhich it matches thequery.Looking ata3-D modelof ahouse withits surroundingsgives acompletelydifferent perspectivethan justlooking atthe modelof ahouse byitself.This alsocanhelp provideclear solutionsto problems,suchaschanging theelevation of abuilding sbase tomake itstand better.Urban planningis oneof theemerging applicationsof computer-generatedsimulation.Cities rapidgrowth placesa strainon naturalresources that sustaingrowth.Water management,in particular,becomes acritical issue.The EastValley WaterForum isa regionalcooperative ofwater providerseastof Phoenix,and its designinga water-management planfor thenext100years.Water resources in thisregion comefrom theColorado River,the SaltRiver Project,groundwater,and otherlocal andregional water resources.These resourcesareaffected directlyand indirectlyby localand globalfactors suchas population,weather,topography,etc.To bestunderstand therelationship amongwaterresourcesand variousfactors,the ArizonaDepartment ofWater Resourcesanalyzes hydrologicdata in the regionusingU.S.Geological SurveyMODFLOW software,which simulatesthe statusofunderground waterresourcesinthe region.For betterdecision makingandeffective watermanagement,a comprehensivescientific understandingof theinputs,outputs anduncertainties isneeded.These uncertaintiesinclude localfactorssuchasdrought andurban growth.Looking atnumbers or2-D graphsto understandthe complexrelationshipbetween input,output andother factorsis insufficientin mostcases.Integratinggeospatial visualizationswith MODFLOWsimulations,for example,creates visuals7that accuratelyrepresent themodel inputsand outputsin waysthat havent beenpreviouslypresented.For suchvisualizations,two watersurfaces arepositionedside-by-side—coming fromtwo differentsimulations—with contourlines drawnontop.In thisearly prototype,a simplesolution—providing ageospatial planethatcan bemoved vertically—brings thedataset intoageospatialcontext.This planeincludesa multi-resolution mapwith transparency.Because thesewater layersaredrawn in geospatial coordinates,itmatchesexactly withthe geospatialplane.Thisenables researchersto quicklyseethewater suppliesof variouslocations.
2.Image andVideo AnalysisDefenseAdvanced ResearchProjects Agencylaunched aprogram,Video andImageRetrieval ndAnalysis ToolVIRAT,for understandinglarge videocollections.The projects corerequirement is toaddvideo-analysis capabilitiesthat performthefollowing:•Filter andprioritize massiveamounts ofarchived andstreaming videobasedon events.•Present high-value intelligencecontent clearlyand intuitivelyto videoanalysts.•Reduce analystworkload whileincreasing qualityand accuracyof intelligenceyield.Visualization isan integralcomponent ofthe VIRATsystem,which usesgeospatialmetadata andvideo descriptorsto displayresults retrievedfrom adatabase.Analysts maywant tolookatretrieval resultsets froma specificlocation orduringa specifictime range.The resultsare shortclips containingthe objectofinterest andits recenttrajectory.By embeddingthese resultsinalargerspatiotemporal context,analysts candetermine whethera retrievedresult isimportant.
3.Scientific VisualizationU.S.Army Corpsof Engineersresearch organization,the EngineerResearch andDevelopmentCenter,is workingto extendthe functionalityoftheComputationalModel BuilderCMB environmentinthearea ofsimulation modelsfor coastalsystems,with anemphasis onthe Chesapeakeand Delawarebays.The CMBenvironment consistsofasuite ofapplications thatprovide thecapabilitiesnecessary todefine amodel consistingof geometryand attributeinformationthatssuitable forhydrological simulation.Their simulationsare usedtodeterminetheimpactthatenvironmental conditions,suchashuman activities,have onbodies ofwater.Figure
3.Google Earthwas usedto displayChesapeake Bays relativesalttop andoxygen bottomcontent higher concentrations inred.One goalistovisualize simulationdata post-processed byCMB tools.Spatiotemporal information,for example,is includedin oxygencontent andsalinitydata.Drawing dataingeospatialcontext letsusers oranalysts seewhich locationsarenear certainfeatures,giving thedata orientationand scalethat caneasily beunderstood.Figure3shows theoxygen andsalt contentof ChesapeakeBay,wherered showshigherconcentrationsand blueshows lowerconcentrations.Moving ForwardVisualizationsthat canbe understoodat alllevels will be keyin politics,economics,national security,urban planningand countlessother fields.Asinformation becomesincreasingly complex,it willbe harderfor computerstoextract anddisplay thoseinsights inways peoplecan understand.More researchmust bedone innew geospatialanalysis andvisualizationcapabilities beforewe drownin ourown data.And its evenmore importanttoeducate peoplein howtouseand interpretthe wealthof analysistools alreadyavailable,extending beyondthe basicroad map.High schools,colleges andthe mediashould pushthe envelopewith newtypesof visualsand animationsthat showdatainricher ways.The priceof explainingthesenew viewswillberepaid whenaudiences gaindeeper insightsinto therealissues otherwisehidden bysimple summaries.Progress isnt limitedby thevolumeof availableinformation,but bythe abilityto consumeit.翻译你所看到的,你得到了什么?地理空间可视化的处理规模和可用性作者和包密斯杰夫AashishChaudhary•无限的空间信息现在就在每个人的指尖,其与扩散的嵌入式移动设备和大型网上地理GPS空间数据库充分了解这些数据和作出明智的决定,更多的人正在转向信息和空间可视化,这可以用来解决许多实际的问题有效地收集信息的数据,这是至关重要的解决可扩展性和直观的用户交互与可视化新的地理空间分析和可视化技术被用于视频分析等领域的国防,城市规划和水文学为什么有数据质量不够理想?人们认识到,数据是唯一有用的,如果他们可以找到相关的数据块作出更好的决定这一具有广泛的适用性,从电影看当选官员决定多少资金分配的老化的桥信息可以很容易得至」,I但它如何分类,组织,意识和行动?信息学领域的解决这一挑战,以大量数据和加工成有意义的,真实的见解在信息论中,主要的挑战时产生尝试压缩信息到有意义的概念混乱和大小有些信息可整齐,组织表,准备用户拉出所需,但大部分是分散在隐藏在新闻文章,博客文章和缺乏组织的名单。
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