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初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词L名词的种类:专有名词普通名词可数名词不口]数名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:
1.规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加或-es现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下规贝例词I]1一般情况在词尾加・s map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishesleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,以-f或变-f和-fe为v再加-eshalf-halves3-fe结尾的词加-s chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities4-es以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词5toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys以y结尾的，力口-sNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,~加-estomato-tomatoes以辅音字piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,6母加-0结不少外来词加-ssolo-solos尾的名词两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-0结尾的名词加-s radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoostruth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,8以-th结尾的名词加-spath-paths,
2.不规则名词复数英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,Trees should not beplanted insummer./The boywas madefun ofby hisclassmates.Newspapers used项to besent hereby thelittle girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示如It isbelieved that...It isgenerally consideredthat...It issaid that...It iswell knownthat...It mustbe pointedout that...It issupposed that...It isreported that...It mustbe admittedthat...It ishoped that...下面主动形式常表示被动意义如The windowwants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worthreading twice.The doorwont shut./The playwont act.The clotheswashes well./The booksells well.The dishtastes delicious./Water feelsvery cold.F面词或短语没有被动态leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep upwith,consist of,have on,loseheart寺等七.情态动词情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或can not/cannot/cant doCan...do...Yes...can.许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜9No,.,.cant.测，用于否定句或疑问句中）could couldnt doMay...do...Yes,...may.may maynot doNo,...mustn,t/can,t.可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）Might...do...Yes,...mightmight might not doNo,...mightnot.必须，应该（表主观要求）Must...do...Yes,...must.must mustnot/mustn^do肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）No,...needn,t/don,t have to.只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时Do...have to do...have to dont haveto do态人称变化）Yes,...do.No,…dont.Ought...to do...ought not to/oughtn9tto应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用Yes,...ought.ought todoshouldNo,・・・oughtnt・将要，会Shall...do...用于一三人称征求对方意见用于Yes,...shall.shall shallnot/shant do二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、No,・..shant.威胁等应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含shouldnot/shouldn^doshould Should...do...有责备意味）will willnot/wont do意愿，决心Will...do...Yes,...will.请求，建议，用在问句中would比would not/wouldn^dowouldNo,.,.wont.较委婉Dare...do...dare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren^doYes,...dare.No,・..darent.需要Need...do...need neednot/needn^do必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）Yes...must.No,...neednt.Used...to do...used Yes,...used.not/usednt/usent toNo,...usednt.Did...use toused to过去常常（现在已不再）do do...didnt useto doYes,...did.No,・・・didnt・II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:以must为例must+do（be）是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+be doing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情l.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中He mustbe a man fromAmerica./He mustbe talkingwith hisfriend./He musthave alreadyarrived there.
2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握可用于肯定句和否定句He maynot be at home./They mighthave finishedtheir task.
3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can3语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中The weatherin thatcity couldbe coldnow.We couldhave walkedthere;it wasso near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can hebe in the officenow No,he cantbe there,fbr Isaw himin thelibrary justnow.（语气彳艮强，常用于疑问句和否定句中）HL情态动词注意点Lean和be ableto:都可以表示能力但be ableto可以表达“某事终于成功，而can无法表达此意Be ableto有更多的时态另外，两者不能重叠使用
2.used to和would:used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在
3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句其形式为needn,t/daren,t do；Need/dare...do...做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句其形式为needneeds/needed/daredares/dared to do,don5tdoesn5t/didn51need/dare to do八.非谓语动词L非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:构成非谓语形式特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构to doto bedonefor sb.todo具有名词，副词和形容词的作用不定式to bedoing toto have beensth.在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语have donedonedoing havingbeing donehaving现在分在非谓语done been done词具有副词和形容词的作用在句中分词前加not做定、表、宾补和状语过去分done词doing havingbeing donehaving具有名词的作用动名词sbs doingdonebeendone在句中做主、宾、定和表语n.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,只接不定式做宾语afford,determine,promise,happen的动词mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider只接动名词做宾语cant help,feel like,succeed in,be fbndof,object to,get downto,be engagedin,的动词或短语insist on,think of,be proudof,take pridein,set about,be afraid of,be tiredof,lookforward to,devote oneselfto,be worth,be busy,pay attentionto,stick tobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词两者意义基本相同多指一般或习惯行为都need,want,require接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用可以被动形式）意义相反stop todo停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret todo（指动作尚未发生）go ontodo（接着做另外件事）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发go ondoing（接着做同件事）生）意义不同try todo（设法，努力去做，尽力）mean todo（打算做，企图做）meantry doing（试试去做，看有何结果）doing（思识是，思味着）can^help todo（不能帮忙做）can9t helpdoing（忍不住要做）in.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourageI heardhim callme several主谓关系强调动作将发生或不定式times.have,notice,see,watch,hear,已经完成feel,let,makeI foundher listeningto the主谓关系强调动作正在进行，现在分词radio.尚未完成We foundthe villagegreatlynotice,see,watch,hear,find,动宾关系动作已经完成，多过去分词changed.keep,have,feel强调状态IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进1have a lot of papers totype.不定式行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语I have a lot ofpapersto betyped.动词之前发生动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall wego to the swimmingpool与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作the boilingwater/the boiledwater the现在分词同时发生developing country/the developedcountry与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语过去分词the fallingleaves/the fallenleaves动作之前，现已经完成v.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例My dreamis to become a teacher.多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助不定To obeythe lawis important,于it把不定式移到句子后面做表语有时可和主语交换位式（dream,business,wish,idea,置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语plan,duty,task做主语时常用）It isno usesaying thatagain and与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动名again.动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it词Teaching is my job.做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置无名词的性质，不能做主语但是有形容词的性质，可以The situationis encouraging.The做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,bookiswell written.常见分词有quite,rather等副词修饰分词astonishing,moving,tiring,现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，disappointing,puzzling,shocking,多表示主动，主语多为物过去分词一般表示被动或主语boring,amusing及其-ed形式所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致关系词先行词从句成分例句备注Do youknow the man whois talkingwithwho人主语your motherMr.Smith is the personwith whomI amwhom人宾语workingThe boywhom sheloved diedin the war..whom,which和I likethose bookswhose topicsare aboutthat在从句中做history.宾语时，常可以whose人，物定语The boywhose fatherworks abroadismy省略，但介词提deskmate.前时后面关系代关系词不能省略，也代词A plane is a machine that can fly.不可以用thatthat人，物主语，宾语She isthe popstar that I wantto seeverymuch.The bookwhich Igave youwas worth$
10.which物主语，宾语The picturewhich was about theaccident wasterrible.He issuch aperson asis respected by allofas做宾语一般不as人,物主语，宾语us.省略This isthe samepen asI lostyesterday.关系when时间时间状语I willnever forgetthe daywhen wemet可用on which副词there.where地点地点状语This isthe housewhere Iwas born.可用in whichI cant imaginethe reasonwhy he turnedwhy原因原因状语可用for whichdownmy offer.
11.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句
1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,
1.He toldme everythingthat hemuch,等不定代词时knows.
2.
2.All the books that you offeredhas先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,been givenout.some,few等修饰时
3.This isthe bestfilm thatI haveever
3.read.只用that的情况先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4.We talkedabout the persons andthingsthat weremembered.
4.
5.He isthe onlyman thatI wantto先行词既指人又指物时see.
5.
6.Who isthemanthat ismaking a先行词被the only,the very修饰时speech
6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时
1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，He has a son,who hasgone abroadfor用who/whom指人further study.
2.I likethepersonto whomthe teacher只用which,who,在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只is talking.whom的情况能用which指物，whom指人Those whorespect others are usually
3.respectedbyothers.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用whooIII.as与which的区别:定语从句区别例句He isnot such a foolas helooks.Dont read限制性定名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用such booksas youcant understand.语从句中as,不能用whichas和which都可以指代前面整个主句如果They won the game,as wehad expected.They非限制性有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，won the game,which wehadnt expected.定语从句也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的As iswell known,he is a famousfilm starin中从句只能放主句后，并无the1980s.“正如”的意思IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就The accidenthappened at the time限制性定语从不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写when Ileft.句时不用逗号分开对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，His mother,whom heloved deeply,非限制性定语较松散从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个died tenyears ago.从句插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略十.名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句Whether hewill comeor not doesnt在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，matter much.主语从句一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式Whoever comeshere will be welcome.主语，主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,as though,who,在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，whose,which,表语从句It looksas ifit isgoing tosnow.位于系动词之后how,when,where,why,what,He askedme whichteam couldwin the宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词whatever,game.whoever,wherever Youhave noidea howworried weare.放在名词之后news,problem,idea,同位语从The factthat helied againgreatlysuggestion,advice,thought,hope,句surprised us.fact等表明其具体内容卜一状语从句种类连接词注意点when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在till,by thetime,as soon as,hardly...when,no时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性时间状语sooner...than,the moment,the minute,的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性immediately,directly,instantly的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的地点状语where,whereverbecause语气取强，since较弱，表小人家都原因状语because,as,since,now that明了的原因，as又次之if,unless,once,in case,as longas,on condition从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般条件状语that时代替目的状so that,in order that,for fearthat so that和in orderthat后常接may,语should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so...that,such...thatthan,as...as,not so/as...as,the more...the more比较状语as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语方式状语as if,as though,as气though,although,even if,even though,as,noas在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；matter what,whatever,no matterwho,whoever,让步状语although和though用正常语序，可和yet连no matterwhich,whichever,no matterhow,用，但不可和but连用however,no matterwhen,whenever十二倒装句种类倒装条件例句here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等曷U词Out rushedthe children.开头的句子表示强调完全倒装表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Under the tree stoodtwo tablesand fourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meetingwere1,000students.never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,not until,notHardly did I know what hadhappened.等表示否定意义的副词放于句首Only thendid herealized theimportance ofonly和修饰的状语放于句首English.Not onlydoes heknow French,but alsohe isnotonly...but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒expert atit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装Neither doI knowit,nor doI careabout it.部分倒装so...that,such...that中的so或such及修饰的成So busyis hethat hecan notgo ona holiday.分放于句首时前倒后不倒as引导的让步状语Child ashe is,he haslearned alot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的He canplay thepiano.So cani.人或事用于表力、祝愿白寸祈使句中May yoube ingood health!省略if的虚拟条件Were Iyou,I wouldnotdoit inthis way.十三虚拟语气类别用法例句从句动词过去式（be用were）If hewere here,he would与现在事实相主句动词should/would/could/might+动词原help us.反形从句动词had+过去分词If I had beenfree,I would与过去事实相If引导的条主句动词should/would/could/might+have+have visitedyou.反过去分词件从句从句动词过去式/should+动词原形/If itshould rain与将来事实相tomorrow,we wouldnotwere+不定式反go camping.主句动词should/would/could/might+动词原形They aretalking asif theyasif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式had beenfriends foryears.其它状语从句Turn onthe lightso thatinorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/we cansee itclearly.might/would等+动词原形demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词He suggestedthat wenotchange ourmind.原形宾语从句wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和I wishI couldbeapopshould/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反singer.It isstrange thatsuch a在It isnecessary/important/strange that…，It issuggested/主语从句demanded/ordered/requested that...等从句中，谓语动词用person shouldbe ourfriends.should+动词原形It istime that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形Its hightime thatwe left.I would rather youstayed其它句型中wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式at homenow.If onlyour dreamhadIf only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望come true!十四重要句型
1.It wasnot untilmidnight thathe finishedhis task.
2.Not untilhe cameback fromabroad wasI ableto seehim again.
3.The harderyou work,the greaterprogress youwill make.
4.He walkedaround thehouse,gun inhand.
5.May yoube ingood health!
6.Wish youa pleasantjourney backhome!
7.The professorwasahumorous manwith bignose anddeep-set eyes.
8.What surprisedme mostwas hisimagination andpatience.
9.He layonthegrass,with hiseyes lookingat thesky andhis handsunder hishead.
10.Sitting underthe treeare Mr.Green andhis firstteacher.
11.On thewall hangtwo picturesof famousscientists.
12.Looking backupon thosepast years,he couldnthelp feelingvery proud.
13.No soonerHardlyhad hearrived atthe theatrethanwhen theplay started.
14.Young ashe is,he haslearned advancedmathematics.
15.How Iregret thehours wastedin the woods andfields!
16.There standsa beautifulvase in the cornerof theroom.
17.Ten milesnorth of the townlies apaper factory.
18.There goesthe bell.
19.Nowhere has the worldever seensuch abird ashere.
20.It isno usecrying forhelp.
21.If onlyI had been yourstudent in the middleschool!
22.It isbelieved thatsuchathing willnot happenagain.
23.Only whenhe explaineddidIrealize thereason forthis.
24.“He worksparticularly hard.”“So hedoes,and sodo you.”
25.Not onlyAlice butalso Jane and Maryare tiredof havingone examinationafter another.mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,policeclass,family,crowd,couple,group,government,部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可5population,team,public,party以作复数（成员）customs（海关）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks6复数形式表示特别含义（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,加-SEuropeans表示7“某国单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese人”以-man或-woman结尾的改为Englishmen,Frenchwomen-men,-womensons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy将主体名词变为复数friends合成名8无主体名词时将最后一部分变为词grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches复数将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsin.名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格所有格分两种一是名词词尾加飞构成，二是由介词of加名词构成前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西
1.飞所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加stheboys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加’the teachers9room,the twins,mother,复数名词不规则复数名词后加S thechildrens toys,womens rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加飞或者’Dickens,novels,Charless job,the Smithshouse表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均Japans andAmericas problems,Janes andMarys bikes须加S表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加Japan andAmericas problems,JaneandMarys fatherS表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles略
2.飞所有格的用法:1表示时间todays newspaper,five weeksholiday2表示自然现象the earthsatmosphere,thetree5s branches
26.Such wasAlbert Einstein,a simpleperson ofgreat achievements.十五动词搭配Ladd to增加，增进add...to把…加进…add up相加add up to总计，所有这一切说明1I dontthink thesefacts willanything.2Fifty newbooks havebeen thelibrary.3The musicour enjoymentof thefilm.4You musthave made a mistakewhen youthe billaddup to,added to,add to,added...up
2.break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体精神衰弱,分解，拆开break off暂停，中断break in强行进入，插话break into闯入break intopieces成为碎片break out爆发break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散break through突破1The criminalmanaged tobreak thepolice andran into thewoods.2When heheard thenews,he brokeand cried.3Dont breakwhile othersare speaking.4Why don*tyoubreak fora fewminutes andhave somecoffee5When doesschool break6After harvestwe breakthe soilwith atool pulledby twooxen.awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up
3.bring up抚养，呕吐，提出bring about造成bring out拿出，出版bring in引入，引进，挣钱bring back使回想起bring down使下降，使倒下1The shopkeeperbrought hisprice toonly five dollars.2The schoolhas broughtnew foreignteachers toteach oralEnglish.3The songbrought happymemories ofour schooldays.4Do youknowwhatbrought thismisunderstanding5The kindold managreed to bring theyoung orphan.6We decidedtobringthe matteratthenext meeting.7The windbrought alotoftrees lastnight.8Next monththey willbring anew editionofthe book.down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out
4.call on号召，拜访某人call at拜访、参观某地call for去叫某人，要求，需要call叩使回忆起，征召入伍call in召集，请某人来call out大喊，高叫call off取消,不举行1Doctors areoften calledin themiddle of thewar.2Please waitfor me at home.Ill callyou atyour houseat seventonight.3The trainscalls severalbig citiesbetween Beijingand Guangzhou.4He calledher name,but shedidnt answer.5The sportsmeet wascalled on account of the rain.in,for,at,out,off
5.come about发生，出现come down下跌,落,降，传下来come in进来come intosight/being/existence/use/notice/effectcome on来临/快点come out出版，结果是come along一道来，赶快come to达到an end/an agreement/a stop苏醒，合计，总共是come over走过来come up发芽，走近come across偶然碰到come back[U想起come from来自，源自1I comethebookI lentyou last month.2How didit comethat youboth gotlost Ithought youhad amap.3It suddenlycame to me whereIhadseen theboy before.4Come now,or elsewe shallbe late.5He cameme likea tiger.6The priceof petrolhas comesince thebeginning ofthis year.7The wordcame usemany yearsago.8When theexamination resultcame,he hadalready gota job.9The billcame over a thousanddollars.10I sowedthe seedsoveramonth ago,but theyhavent comeyet.for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up
6.cut across抄近路cut down砍倒,肖U减cut off切断,割掉，断绝关系cut up连根拔除，切碎through剪断,凿穿cut out删省掉，戒掉cut in插嘴1Dont cutthis tree.It will be veryshady insummer.2You mustcut thenumber ofcigarettes yousmoke,or itwill causeillness.3We decidedto cutthe moor旷野to thevillage.4Cutting thetree meanscutting thetree intopieces.5The electricitywas cutwhen thelady refusedto pay the bill.6We werehaving apleasant conversationwhen Tomcut.down,down,across,up,off,in
7.die ofdisease/hunger/grief/old age死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因die from死于意外事故、情形die away渐渐消逝die out绝种die down炉火渐熄die off逐一死去
8.fall behind落后fall overones feet跌跤fall down掉下，跌倒fall back撤退,后退1Babies oftenfall whenthey arelearning towalk.2Our teamseems to have fallenthe others.3As soonasthe enemies fell,the peoplereturned totheir village.4She fellthe benchand hadher legbroken.down,behind,back,over
9.go in for从事，喜爱，参加go through通过，经受go over复习，检查go up价格上涨，建造起来go after追捕，追赶go against违反go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧,说吧go away离开go by时间过去go down下沉，降低，日、月西沉go onwith继续进行go with相配，陪同go without没有,缺少go out夕卜出，熄灭go allout全力以赴go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应go backon背约，食言go beyond超出1Many newfactories have gone in the pastfew years.2Rents havegone greatlyrecently.3Many yearshavegonesince wefirst met.4Let*s continueour journeyuntil thesun goes.5His actionswent thewill of the people,6I can*tdoit,for itgoes myduty.7Over100students wentthis entranceexamination.8The bombwent andkilled tenpeople.9The buyerwent the car carefullybefore reachinga decision.10This tiedoesnt gomy blueshirt.11If youthink youcan solvethe problem,go.12Many studentswent playingbasketball.up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor
10.get down下来，记下，使沮丧get downto致力于，专心于get on进展，进步，穿上，上车get off脱下，下车get in收集，插话get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复get alongwith进展，相处get up起床get through打通电话，完成，通过get round消息传开get closeto sth.接近，几乎get intotroubleget toknowget back取回,收回1She spokeso fastthatIcouldnt getwhat hesaid.2We willfind waysto getdifficulties.3The storyhas got,and everyoneknows aboutit.4When Iget withthe report,Ell gotothecinema.5After adelicious mealthe twomen gotto business.6Dont alwaysget aword whenothersarespeaking.7It tookmealong time to getsuch anunpleasant experience.down,over,round,through,down,in,over
11.give away赠送，泄露,出卖give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布give off发出光、热、气体give into sb.屈服give up放弃，让座位1His accentat lastgave him.2The liquidgave astrong smell.3The headmastergave thenames of the prize-winners.4The soldiersgave thetown totheenemies.5Who willhelp me to givethe books6Dont believein thosewho givehis friends.7After along walk,my strengthgave.away,off,out,up,out,away,out
12.hand in交上，提交hand down流传,遗传
13.hang about闲逛hang up挂电话
14.hold back阻止,隐瞒hold up举起，使停顿hold on别挂电话，等，坚持hold out持续，坚持，伸出hold down控制，镇压1Im surehe isholding something.2She managedto holdher emotionuntil herguests hadleft.Then shecried.3Tell himto holda moment.1,11come soon.4Our foodsupply wonthold formore thana fewdays.5The trainwas heldasaresult of the floods.6These measureshelped tohold thecitys population.7Hold yourleft arm,please.back,back,on,out,up,down,up
15.keep upcourage,English,spirits保持,keep upwith总艮上keep offgrass不接近，离开keep awayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的keep out ofkeep torules,promise坚持，遵守keep on继续，坚持下来keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keep from克制,阻止1The angrylady toldthe strangersto keepfrom her.2I canhardly keepmy tearsafter hearinghis words.3Only pridekept herbursting intotears.4I canscarcely keepasking himwhat hehas done.5Dont touchme,screamed thewoman,*Keep!n6Keep untilyou succeed.7Keep yourcourage,and youllsucceed in the end.8The thickcoat cankeep thecold.9Always tryto keepthe ruleswhen youplay agame.10I cantkeep witheverything youredoing.away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up
16.knock at/on敲knock into撞到某人身上knock down撞倒knock outof把…敲出knock over撞倒knock off停止工作，休息1The boxersoon knockedhis opponent.2The officestuff knocksat sixevery day.3Try knockingthe windowand seeif thereis anyoneindoors.表示国家城市等地方的名3the countrysplan,the worldspopulation,Chinas industry词4表示工作群体the shipscrew,majority9s view,the teamsvictory5表示度量衡及价值a milesjourney,fivedollarsworth ofapples与人类活动有特殊关系的6the lifestime,the playsplot名词7某些固定词组a birdseye view,a stonesthrow,at oneswits end（不矢口所措）
3.of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西the legsofthechair,the coverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时the classroomsofthe first-year students用于名词化的词:thestruggle ofthe oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词a,an,定冠词the，和零冠词I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事,相当于a kindof Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boyis waitingfor you.3表示“每一”相当于every,one Westudy eighthours aday.4表力、相同相当于the sameWe arenearly ofan age.A Mr.Smith cameto visityou whenyou wereout Thatboy用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某5is rathera LeiFeng.名人有类似性质的人或事A coupleof,a bit,once upona time,in ahurry,have a6用于固定词组中walk,many atime用于quite,rather,many,half,what,7This roomis rathera bigone.such之后8用于soas,too,how+形容词之后She isas clevera girlas youcan wishto meet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horseisauseful animal.2用于世上独一无一的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the PacificOcean表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或3Would youmind openingthe door事4用于乐器前面play theviolin,play theguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级刖He isthe tallerofthetwo children.4He wasso absorbedin hisbook thathe knockedthe carparked there.down,off,on,into
17.leave for离开前往leave out删去，遗漏leave behind遗留，忘记拿走leave to留给，遗嘱赠于leave over遗留，乘『卜，延期1nWhose namehas beenleft”demanded theteacher.2When hedied,he leftall hisproperty hisniece.3He suddenlyrealized thathe hadleft hisumbrella.4Don*t leavethis matteruntil tomorrow.5Leave somemeat fortomorrow.6Those arequestions leftby history.out,to,behind,over,over,over
18.look up查找,向上看look through翻阅,浏览look on旁观look on...as看作look into调查look after/at/for照顾/看/寻找look about/around/round四下查看look downupon瞧不起look backupon回忆，回顾look ab.up anddown仔细打量某人look abin theface/eyes直视某人1I spenttwo hourslooking the students papers.2Look!There isa bighole infront.3He tookpart in thegame,and therest of us justlooked andcheered forhim.4The oldman looked upon thedays ofhis youth.5She wasso snobbish势利that shelookeduponall hisneighbours.6The policepromised tolook thecase assoonaspossible.7He lookedbut sawnobody,and helistened buthear nothing.through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round
19.make up编造，配制，打扮，组成make upfor弥补make into/of/from制成make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列清单make for走向，驶往，促使1Can youmake thislength ofcloth asuit2I askedthe driverif hewas makingLondon3My fathermadeacheck for metobuy thecamera.4We must make theloss nextweek./He triedhard tomake forthe damagehe haddone.5He madea story,which Ifound hardto believe.6Someone iscoming,but Ican*tmakewho itis.into,for,out,up/up,up,out
20.pass away去世pass by经过pass downon...to传给pass through经历pass over漠视，忽视1The oldclock has been passedtomefrom mygrandfathers grandfather.2The manpassed lastweek inpeace.3We arepassing difficulttimes.4The secretarypassed thedetails in thefirstpart ofhis report.down,away,through,over
21.pay back还钱，报复pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应pay off还清1How muchdid youpay thedictionary2You shouldpay themoney youborrowed fromme.3Ill payhim forall hiscrimes罪彳亍against me.4Some day,youll paywhat you have donetoday.5Has shepaythedebt yetfor,back,back,for,off
22.pick up拾起，获得information,接人，站起，收听，自然习得language/knowledge,恢复重获pickup healthpick out挑选,辨认,看出1I pickedthe informationwhile waitingin thequeue.2My friendhas arrangedto pickme at6:
00.3The patienthas pickedhealth duringthe lasttwo weeks.4She pickedthe mostexpensive pairof shoes.5I cantpick Johnin the crowd.6Can Ipick VOAwith thisshort-wave radio7He felldown suddenly,but pickedhimself quickly.up,up,up,out,out,up,uppick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词
23.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下put upwith忍受put out伸出，扑灭put off推迟put into放进，翻译put away放好，存钱put down记下,平息put on穿戴，上映，增力口put onweight/speedput forward提出，提前put through接通电话put aside放到一边put back放回1He puthalf hiswage everyweek.2The governmentsoon putthe revolt暴舌L.3Put yourwatch.Its slow.4He puthis handformeto shake.
5.Please putmetoExtension分机
2.6We putfor nightatthevillage inn.7He isvery proud,and heoften putairs.摆架子8We hada telephoneput in our office.9I cantput withyour laziness.away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up
24.pull down拆掉，推翻pull on匆匆穿上/off脱pull in进站pull out取出,火车离站pull down往下拉，拆毁pull over驶到一边pull through恢复健康，渡过难关，脱离险境pull up使停住1The trainslowly pulledand disappearedinthedistance.2All theold houseshere havenow beenpulled,and newones areto bebuilt.3The carpulled whenI blewthe horn.4The doctorthinks theman willpull.5The driverpulled atthe trafficlights.out,down,over,through,up
25.push over推倒，刮倒push aheadon,forward继续前进，坚持下去push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1Weve decidedto pushwith ourplan tobuild anew road2Many treeswere pushedinthehurricane.3They weredetermined topush thenew rulesat anycost..4Take care not topush thebaby.5They pushedthecrowdand atlast reachedus.on,over,through,over,through
26.run across偶然碰到run after追逐，追捕run away逃跑run for竞选run into偶然碰到困难遇见人，相撞run outof用完1If youdrive sofast,youll runsomeone someday.2I rana friendof mineintheexhibition.3Our waterhas run.Can youfill upsome morebottles4Why doyou alwaysrun adventure5He didn*t wantto runpresident thatyear.6In thatway youwill onlyrun difficulties.into,across/into,out,after,for,into
27.see off送行see through看透，识破see to照料，照管
28.send for派人去请send off送行send out发出光亮等send up发射
29.set up建立set off出发，触发，引起set out动身，着手todo,陈述set about开始着手doingset toworkn.开始做set back拨回，使推迟1I shallset mywatch byfive minutes.2We setreading thetext aloudimmediately thebell rang.3We set at daybreakyesterday andwe*vebeentravelling eversince then.4I setto advisehim notto drink.5What werethe reasonshe setin hisreport6The presidentsetaspecial groupof soldiersto guardhim.7The unpopularlaw seta seriesof protests.抗议back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off
31.think of想起think of…as把…看作think out想出think up想出think about考虑think over仔细考虑think wellof sb.对某人看法好
32.turn off/on打开turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻书页，翻转turn out证明为，结果，制造成品turn to转向，求助turn down调低，拒绝turn against变得敌视，反对turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turn back返回，转回去turn round转过身来turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turn in上缴turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1The childturned itsmother forcomfort.2Turn andlet mesee yourface.3However muchheturnedthe problemin mind,he couldfind nosatisfactory solution.4The Englishevening partyturned a great success.5The sightoftheaccident wastoo muchfor herto bear,and sheturned.6The footballstadium wasfull,and manypeople hadtobeturned.7The armyturned himonaccountof因为his poorhealth.8She turnedthe wholehouse inher searchfor hermissing purse.9Where didyour purseturn Ifound itinthesnow.10The villagerssuddenly turnedthe foreignerswho livednearby.11The factoryturns2000new carslast year.to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,outthe UnitedStates,the CommunistParty ofChina,用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的8the French名词前9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compasswas inventedin China.在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代10inthe1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hiredthecarby thehour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间12He pattedme onthe shoulder.的词组前III.零冠词的用法:专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名1Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air等名词前名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,I wantthis book,not thatone./Whose purseis this2every等限制3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日二餐刖March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln wasmade Presidentof America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词刖He likesplaying football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train,by air,by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband andwife,knife andfork,day andnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses areuseful animals.三.代词I.代词可以分为以下七大类:主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they人称代1词宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their物主代2词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,7不定代词other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点
1.one,some与any:Done可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为onessome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句One shouldlearn tothink ofothers.Have youany bookmarksNo,I donthave anybookmarks.I havesome questionsto ask.2some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等Would youlike somebananasCould yougive mesome money3some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个I haveread thisarticle insome magazine.Please correctthe mistakes,if any.4some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度There aresome3,000students inthis school.Do youfeel anybetter today
2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Each studenthas apocket dictionary./Each of us hasa dictionary./We eachhaveadictionary.Every studenthas strongand weakpoints./Every oneofushas strongand weakpoints.
3.none和no no等于not any,作定语none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以There isno waterinthe bottle.How muchwater isthere inthebottleNone.None ofthestudentsare isafraidofdifficulties.
4.other和another:1other泛指“另外的，另U的“常与其他词连用，如the otherday,every otherweek,some otherreason,no otherway,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others如He heldabookin onehand andhis notesintheother.Two studentsinourclass failed,but all the otherspassed theexam.2another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如I dontlike thisshirt,please showme anotherone.The trousersare toolong,please giveme anotherpair/some others.Some likefootball,while otherslike basketball.
5.all和both,neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All ofthe books arenotwritten inEnglish./Not allofthebooksarewritten inEnglish.Both ofus arenot teachers./Not bothofusare teachers./Either ofus isateacher.四.形容词和副词L形容词
1.形容词的位置1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复1nobody absent,everything possible合不定代词时the bestbook available,the onlysolution以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的2possible名词之后3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置the onlyperson awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge50meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a hugeroom simpleand beautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficult toget onwith2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前冠词指示代大小长短新旧温材料质的形容词不定代词序数词基数词性质状态颜色国籍产地形状度地词代词所有格名词theall bothsecond beautifullarge shortnew blacksilkChinesea thisone foursuchnext goodpoor squarecool yellowstoneLondonanother your3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+ed three-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearIL副词副词的分类:soon,now,early,finally,once,always,often,frequently,seldom,1时间副词5频度副词recently neverhere,nearby,outside,upwards,2地点副词6疑问副词how,where,when,whyabovehard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,how,when,where,why,whether,3方式副词7连接副词really however,meanwhilealmost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,4程度副词8关系副词when,where,whyratherIII.形容词和副词比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后力口-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most
1.同级比较时常常用as...as…以及not soas...as.・・如I amnot sogood aplayer asyou are.
2.可以修饰比较级的词有much,many,alot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,agreatdealo
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more...the more.句型如The harderyou work,the moreprogress youwillmake.
4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思如I havenever spenta moreworrying day.
5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型Our schoolis threetimes largerthan yours./Our schoolis fourtimes aslarge asyours./Our schoolis fourtimesthe sizeof yours.
6.表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级如favourite,excellent,extreme,perfecto五.介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词according to,because of,instead of,upto,due to,owing to,thanks to4双重介词from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between5分词转化成的介词considering（就而论），including形容词转化成的介6like,unlike,near,next,opposite词II.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的2表小时间的since,from某一点开始in指在段时间之后，after表示某具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一3表示时间的in,after段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在___b”的on,in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分表示“穿过”的through,through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与6across on有关表示“关于”的about,7about指涉及到,on指专门论述on8between与among的区另Ubetween表示在两者之间，among用于二者或二者以上的中间besides指“除了…还有再加上，except指“除了，减去什么”，不9besides与except的区另U放在句首with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，10表小用的in,with声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表小位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六.动词I.动词的时态
1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asks askedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will beasking should/would beasking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will haveasked should/would haveaskedhave/has beenshall/will havebeen should/would havebeen完成进行had beenaskingasking askingasking
2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词简言之，利用过去，说明现在如I havealready readthe novelwritten bythe world-famous writer.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过，，，“了”等词简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在如I readthe novellastmonth.（只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住）I livedin Beijingfor tenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时I haveread that book.我读过那本书了I havebeen readingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书
4.一般将来时的表达方式将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sisterwillbeten nextyear.Ifs going to clearup.含有“打算，计划，即将“做某事，或表Were goingtohavea party2be goingto+动词原形示很看可能要发生某事tonight.be+doing进行时表go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可He ismoving tothe south.3不将来用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Are theyleaving forEuropeI wasabout toleave whenthe bellbeabout to+动词原表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动rang.4形作，后面一般不跟时间状语The meetingis aboutto close.Were tomeet atthe schoolgate at5be to+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见noon.The meetingstarts atfive oclock.时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，The planeleaves atten this6一般现在时表示将来可用一般现在时表示将来evening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were beingasked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/hasbeen asked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/would beasked9将来完成时will/would havebeenasked含有情态动词5现在进行时am/is/are beingasked10can/must/may beasked的注被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词忌固定结构be事goingto,usedto,haveto,had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态如。
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