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定语从句详解及练习附答案第一部分:基础知识
(一).定语从句概述定语可以由形容词,代词,数词,名词,不定式,介词短语来充当如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,又可称为形容词性从句定语从句通常修饰某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的这一名词或代词叫先行词,它位于定语从句之前,定语从句在先行词后面,应尽量紧跟先行词定语从句的作用即在于对先行词进行限定说明或补充说明
(二).定语从句的引导词定语从句的引导词分为两类,关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose)和关系副词(when,where,why),引导词在先行词和定语从句之间,既起连接作用,即连接先行词和定语从句,更重要的是,它又在定语从句中作一个成分
(三).关系代词
1.tha.指人,物,在从句中作主语,宾语,表语This isthe photothat Itook in the country.He isthe singerthat Imet yesterday.
2.whic.指物,在从句中作主语,宾语,在非限定定语从句中充当定语,或者代替前句The filmwhich wesaw lastnight wasmoving.
3.wh.指人,在从句中作主语,宾语The personwho visitedour classroomyesterday wasour new第五部分定语从句有关要注意的问题
(一)关系代词作主语时,要注意从句中谓语动词的单复数...先行词只有on.o.修饰..从句谓语用复数.e.g.H.i.on.o.th.student,i.ou.clas.wh.hav.bee.t.Haina..・This isone ofthe bestbooks thatwere writtenby thewriter....on.o.前有th..th.onl.,th.ver.,th.first..从句谓语用单数.e.g.To.i.th.onl..ver.on.o.th.boy.wh.know.th.trut..・
(二)定语从句的隔离现象..定语从句和先行词之间有时会被状语.定语或者其他成分隔开.要注意找准先行词e.g.Th.fiL brough.th.hour.bac.t.m.whe..wa.take.goo.car.o.i.tha.villag..I.ther..restauran.aroun.wher.w.ca.hav.lune...aroun.adv.在周・)Th.day,ar.gon,whe.w.use,foreig.oi..(主句谓语较短.隔开先行词及定语从句)..定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的后面有时会出现插入语.e.g.
(三)定语从句中有时会使用倒装语序e.g.headmaster.The manwho youjust talkedto isTom.
4.who.指人,在从句中作宾语That isthe professorwhom youwant toknow.
5.whos.指人,物,在从句中作定语,相当于先行词s.后接一名词I knowthe boywhose parentsare dead.I dont likethose citieswhose roadsare dirty.注关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略
1.四.关系副词
2.关系副词在从句中作状语,有时相当于介词+which,其中which指代先行词不可以指示整个句子when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于at/on/in/during which.311never forgetthe day when on which Ireached thetop ofthe HuangshanMountain.where指地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于at/in/to/which.This isthe schoolwhere atwhich Istudied.why指原因,在从句中作原因状语,相当于for which.That sthe realreason whyfor whichhe waslate.一第二部分关系代词的特殊用法二关系代词指物时,用that而不用which的情况
1.先彳亍词为somethin.,anythin.,nothin.,everything以及al..muc..littl...Io..none,few等不定代词时E.g.:My motherwas soproud ofall that I didn,t.
2.先彳亍词有th.las..th.ver..th.only以及al..muc..fe..n..an.,little等修饰时e.g.Thi.i.th.ver.boo.tha.V.lookin.for.
3.先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时..e.g.Thi.i.th.mos.excitin.fiL tha.I v.eve.seen.When peopletalk aboutHangzhou,the firstthat comesto theirmind istheWest Lake.
4.th.sam.修饰先行词..定语从句要用tha.或as引..但意义不同.e.g.Thi.i.th.sam.watc.a..los.las.Sunday.(表示相同但并非同——)....Thi.i.th.sam.knif.tha..use.yesterday.(表示就是见B个)
6.Ther.b.后面的定语从句多用that引..不用whic.o.e.g.There..sea.i.th.corne.tha.i.stil.free.
7.句子前面出现了wh..whic...后面的定语从句用that引导e.g.The.buiL.factor,whic.mad.som.ne.product,tha.ha.neve.bee.see.before.Who isthe man that youwere talkingabout justnow
8.关系代词在定语从句作表语时.常用tha..而不用whic.、wh.e.g.M.horn.tow.i.no.th.smaL villag.tha.i.wa.
1.year.ago.Tom isntthemanthathe usedto be
9.先行词既有人又有物时.只能用thatoe.g.D.yo.remembe.th.boo.an.it.autho.tha.appeare.o.T.las.Sunday
(二)关系代词指人时,有时只用who,而不用that
1.先行词为指人的代词on..thos..th.man,以及人称代词如he等.e.g.Thos.wh.ar.ofte.lat.fo.schoo.shoul.b.punished.He whodoesn treach theGreat Wallis nota trueman.
2.先行词为someon.(somebody).n.on.(nobody).anyon.(anybody).everyon.(everybody.3e.g.Anyon.wh.woul.lik.t.atten.th.part,shoul.com.o.time.
4.先行词指人时.如有序数词.最高级.th.ver..th.onl.,th.last等修..定语从句既可用that也可用who引导5e.g.H.i.th.firs,studen.wh..tha.worke.ou.th.problem.
(三)关系代词whose的用法
1.whos.在从句中作定.,表示“先行词的….,既可指人,也可指物.e.g.Joh.i.m.bes.friend,whos.fathe.i..scientist.The oldman livedinthe house whosewindow wasbroken.The boss,in whosecompany myfather worked,was veryfriendly totheworkers.
2.whos.可以转换为o.which(物)和o.whom(人.3e.g.
1.th.dictionar.whos.cove.i.missin.i.mine.(划线部分可改为the coverof which或of whichthe cover)42The.als.invite.Mr.Wang.whos.ca.wa.stole,las.Sunday.・・・(划线部分可改为the carof whom或of whomthe car)2)
(四)which的特殊用法:
31.关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从..有时不是修饰某个先行..而是指代主句的全部或部分内.特别注意,非限定定语从句中prep+whic.时,whic.只能指代先行词,不可以指代句子
4..e.g.
1.I.China,yo.sometime,ge..ho.dam.clot.t.clea.you.fac.an.hands,which,however,i.no.th.custo.i.wester,countries.Hele.ofte.cam.late.whic.mad.th.clas.teache.angry....whic.有时可在定语从句中作定..含义上相当于指示代词thi..tha..e.g.
1.・H.staye.i.Englan.fo..years,durin.whic.tim.h.learne.Englis.well.2It mayrain hardtomorrow,in whichcase Iwon tgo fishing.注意which的这种用法及whose作定语不同whose表示“先行词的….e.g.They r.talkin.abou..film.whos.nam..hav.forgotten.・・
3.以介词结尾的动词不定式作定语..可借关系代词which把介词前置e.g.
1.Tomorro.woul.b.Christma.Day.an.sh.ha.onl..
1.
2.Thos.poo.peopl.ha.n.house,t.liv.i..i.whic.t.live.注如果先行词指人,关系代词用whom e.g..wan.t.fin..perso.t.trave.t.Englan.wit..wit.who.t.trave.t.England.
(五)关系代词as的用法
1.引导限制性定语从句当先行词有such,so,the same等修饰时,关系代词要用as;as在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语e.g.
1...hav.neve.see.sue..kin.gir.a.sh.i..••••
3..Sue..studen.a.ofte.studie.har.i.sur.t.pas.thi.exa..・・・・.
4..H.bough,th.sam.bik.a..di.las.wee..・・・区别thatIdid lastweek
2.引导非限制性定语从句as不修饰某个先行词,而是指代主句的全部或部分内容,可译为“这一点,此事;正如,或不译这种从句可位于句首、句中或句尾常见于as weall know,as hasbeen saidabove,as isusual,as isoften thecase,as everybodycan see,as isknown tous all等结构e.g.1).H.ha.passe,th.exam.a.i..pleasur.t.us.2).A.w.al.know.th.eart.move,aroun.th.sun.・・・…3).Thi.experiment,a.yo.ha.expected,succeede.a.last.
(一)第四部分关系副词的特殊用法关系副词when,where,why的用法A)
1.关系代.(whic..that.及关系副.(when.where,why.的选取方法)当先行词是定语从句中的主语或宾语时,选用关系代词关系B代词指代先行词,并代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语如果先行词不是定语从句中的主语或宾语,先行词前面需要加上C一个介词才能在从句中作成分的时候,选用关系副词关系副词在从句中作状语,常可转换为“介词+which”.e.g.
1.D.yo.remembe.th.da.whic..tha.w.spen.i.th.mountai.villageDo youremember thedaywhen=onwhichwe visitedthe mountainvillage..
2.Thi.i.th.factor,whic..tha.w.visite.las.year.・・This isthe factorywhere=in whichhe workedlast year..3W.don’.believ.th.reaso.whic..tha.h.gav.fo.hi.comin.lat..・・・・We dont knowthe reasonwhy=for whichhe haschanged hismind..
2.关系副词where的从句还可以修饰point,situation,case,activit..seen..stage等地点意味不明显的先行词关系副词when的从句可以修饰occasio..stay等时间意味不明显的先行词关系副词why只修饰reaso.这一个先行词.e.g.
1.No.yo.ca.se.we・v.com.t.th.poin.wher..chang.i.badl.neede..2Today we11discuss somecases wherebeginners ofEnglish failtouse itproperly..3Ther.ar.fe.occasion,whe.m.student,can.understan.wha..tea・・・・c.i.clas..
3.when和wher.在少数情况下可作介词宾语1).Th.naught,bo.wa.hidde.behin.th.door.fro.wher.h.sa.hi.mothe.walking intothehouse.(where指代behind the door不能换为which,因为which只能指代thedoor)2The.wen.t.America,thre.year.ag.,・・・・・・sine.whe.the.hav.live.ther..(when指代three yearsago不能换为which,因为which只能指代three years=and sincethen)
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